The Medicine-Men of the Apache. (1892 N 09 / 1887-1888 (pages 443-604))

469

Von Wrangel, Polar Expedition, New York, 1842, p. 188.

470

Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 1, p. xxxiv.

471

Travels on the Amazon, p. 311.

472

Gumilla, Orinoco, Madrid, 1741, p. 102; the Guamas, also, ibid., pp. 102 and 108.

473

Malte-Brun, Univ. Geog., Phila., 1827, vol. 3, lib. 87, p. 323.

474

Anthropology, vol. 1, p. 116.

475

Spencer, Desc. Sociology.

476

Pliny, Nat. History, lib. 18, cap. 29.

477

Asiatick Researches, Calcutta, 1801, vol. 7, p. 440.

478

Blount, Tenures of Land and Customs of Manors, London, 1874, p. 2233.

479

Salverte, Philosophy of Magic, vol. 2, p. 140.

480

Voyage of Capt. Amasa Delano, Boston, 1847, p. 230. Compare with the ordeal of Scotch conspirators, who ate a fragment of barley bread together.

481

Gauthier de la Peyronie, Voyages de Pallas, Paris, 1793, vol. 4, p. 75.

482

Teutonic Mythology, vol. 1, p. 63.

483

Macaulay quoted in Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 1, p. 85.

484

Fosbrooke, British Monachism, p. 83.

485

Du Cange, Glossarium, articles "Crispellæ" and "Crespellæ."

486

Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 1, p. 88.

487

Heath, A Hoosier in Russia, p. 109.

488

Nat. Hist., lib. 18, cap. 28.

489

Wheat, which, is now the bread corn of twelve European nations and is fast supplanting maize in America and several inferior grains in India, was no doubt widely grown in the prehistoric world. The Chinese cultivated it 2700 B. C. as a gift direct from Heaven; the Egyptians attributed its origin to Isis and the Greeks to Ceres. A classic account of the distribution of wheat over the primeval world shows that Ceres, having taught her favorite Triptolemus agriculture and the art of bread-making, gave him her chariot, a celestial vehicle which he used in useful travels for the purpose of distributing corn to all nations.

Ancient monuments show that the cultivation of wheat had been established in Egypt before the invasion of the shepherds, and there is evidence that more productive varieties of wheat have taken the place of one, at least, of the ancient sorts. Innumerable varieties exist of common wheat. Colonel Le Couteur, of Jersey, cultivated 150 varieties; Mr. Darwin mentions a French gentleman who had collected 322 varieties, and the great firm of French seed merchants, Vilmorin-Andrieux et Cie, cultivate about twice as many in their trial ground near Paris. In their recent work on Les meilleurs blés M. Henry L. de Vilmorin has described sixty-eight varieties of best wheat, which he has classed into seven groups, though these groups can hardly be called distinct species, since M. Henry L. de Vilmorin has crossbred three of them, Triticum vulgare, Triticum turgidum and Triticum durum, and has found the offspring fertile.

Three small-grained varieties of common wheat were cultivated by the first lake dwellers of Switzerland (time of Trojan war), as well as by the less ancient lake dwellers of western Switzerland and of Italy, by the people of Hungary in the stone age, and by the Egyptians, on evidence of a brick of a pyramid in which a grain was embedded and to which the date of 3359 B. C. has been assigned.

The existence of names for wheat in the most ancient languages confirms this evidence of the antiquity of its culture in all the more temperate parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, but it seems improbable that wheat has ever been found growing persistently in a wild state, although the fact has often been asserted by poets, travelers, and historians. In the Odyssey, for example, we are told that wheat grew in Sicily without the aid of man, but a blind poet could not have seen this himself, and a botanical fact can hardly be accepted from a writer whose own existence has been contested. Diodorus repeats the tradition that Osiris found wheat and barley growing promiscuously in Palestine, but neither this nor other discoveries of persistent wild wheat seem to us to be credible, seeing that wheat does not appear to be endowed with a power of persistency except under culture. – Edinburgh Review.

The origin of baking precedes the period of history and is involved in the obscurity of the early ages of the human race. Excavations made in Switzerland gave evidence that the art of making bread was practiced by our prehistoric ancestors as early as the stone period. From the shape of loaves it is thought that no ovens were used at that time, but the dough was rolled into small round cakes and laid on hot stones, being covered with glowing ashes. Bread is mentioned in the book of Genesis, where Abraham, wishing to entertain three angels, offered to "fetch a morsel of bread." Baking is again referred to where Sarah has instructions to "make ready quickly three measures of fine meal, knead it and make cakes upon the hearth." Lot entertained two angels by giving them unleavened bread. The mere mention of unleavened bread shows that there were two kinds of bread made even at that time.

The art of baking was carried on to a high perfection among the Egyptians, who are said to have baked cakes in many fantastic shapes, using several kinds of flour. The Romans took up the art of baking, and public bakeries were numerous on the streets of Rome. In England the business of the baker was considered to be one so closely affecting the interests of the public that in 1266 an act of Parliament was passed regulating the price to be charged for bread. This regulation continued in operation until 1822 in London and until 1836 in the rest of the country. The art of making bread has not yet reached some countries in Europe and Asia. In the rural parts of Sweden no bread is made, but rye cakes are baked twice a year and are as hard as flint. It is less than a century ago that bread was used in Scotland, the Scotch people of every class living on barley bannocks and oaten cakes. – Chicago News.

490

Pop. Antiq., vol. 1, p. 96.

491

Shâyast lâ-Shâyast, par. 32, note 6, pp. 283, 284 (Max Müller's ed., Oxford, 1880).

492

Ibid., p. 315, note 3.

493

"And if thou bring an oblation of a meat offering baken in the oven, it shall be unleavened cakes of fine flour" (Levit., II, 4); "With all thine offerings thou shalt offer salt" (Ibid., 13) – Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 82.

494

Forlong, Rivers of Life, vol. 1, p. 441.

495

Ibid., p. 447.

496

Brand, Pop. Antiq., vol. 1, pp. 345, 346, quoting Gen. Vallencey's Essay on the Antiquity of the Irish Language.

497

Ibid., p. 345.

498

Ibid., p. 154.

499

Ibid., pp. 155, 156.

500

See also "Buns" in Inman's Ancient Faiths.

501

"Ofrecian el pan al ídolo, hincados de rodillas. Bendezianlo los sacerdotes, y repartian como pan bendito, con lo qual se acabaua la fiesta. Guardauan aquel pan todo el año, teniendo por desdichada, y sugeta a muchos peligros la casa que sin el estaua." – Padre Fray Alonso Fernandez (Dominican). Historia Eclesiastica de Nuestros Tiempos, Toledo, 1611, p. 16.

502

Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 2, pp. 100 et seq., quoting Blount, Moffet, and Moresin.

503

Torquemada, Monarchia Indiana, vol. 2, lib. 7, cap. 9, p. 100.

504

Nat. Hist., lib. xviii, caps 10 et seq. and 39.

505

"Var (from the Hebrew word var frumentum) Grain. It not only means a particular kind of grain, between wheat and barley, less nourishing than the former, but more so than the latter, according to Vossius; but it means bread corn, grain of any kind. Ætius gives this application to any kind of frumentaceous grain, decorticated, cleansed from the husks, and afterwards bruised and dried." London Medical Dictionary, Bartholomew Parr, M. D., Philadelphia, 1820, article "Far".

"Ador or Athor was the most sacred wheat, without beard, offered at adoration of gods. In Latin Adorea was a present of such after a victory, and Ad-oro is 'I adore,' from oro, 'I pray to.'" – Forlong, Rivers of Life, vol. 1, p. 473, footnote, speaking of both Greeks and Romans.

506

Sacred Books of the East, edition of Max Müller, vol. 14, pp. 131, 205.

507

Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 1, pp. 391 et seq., article "Allhallow even."

508

Ibid., p. 391.

509

Ibid., p. 392.

510

Ibid., p. 393.

511

Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 237 et seq.

512

Ibid., p. 244.

513

Strabo, Geography, Bohn's edition, London, 1854, vol. 1, pp. 341, 342, footnote.

514

Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 1, p. 460.

515

Ibid., p. 7.

516

Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, pp. 3, 180. On the same page: "Dumb cake, a species of dreaming bread prepared by unmarried females with ingredients traditionally suggested in witching doggerel. When baked, it is cut into three divisions; a part of each to be eaten and the remainder put under the pillow. When the clock strikes twelve, each votary must go to bed backwards and keep a profound silence, whatever may appear."

517

A writer in the Gentleman's Magazine for July, 1783, inquires: "May not the minced pye, a compound of the choicest productions of the East, have in view the offerings made by the wise men who came from afar to worship, bringing spices, etc." Quoted in Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 1, p. 526. The mince pie was before the Reformation made in the form of a crib, to represent the manger in which the holy child lay in the stable. Ibid., p. 178.

518

Heath, A Hoosier in Russia, p. 109.

519

Alvar Nuñez Cabeça de Vaca, in Ternaux-Compans, Voy., vol. 7, p. 220.

520

See also Davis, Conquest of New Mexico, p. 90.

521

William Coxe, Russian Discoveries between Asia and America, London, 1803, p. 57, quoting Steller.

522

Barcia, Ensayo Cronologico, Madrid, 1723.

523

Arabian Nights, Burton's edition, vol. 8, p. 10, footnote.

524

American Antiquarian, September, 1886, p. 281.

525

Maurice, Indian Antiquities, London, 1801, vol. 5, pp. 82 and 83.

526

Ibid., vol. 5, p. 85.

527

Schultze, Fetichism, N. Y., 1885, p. 32.

528

Paper by Dr. John G. Henderson on "Aboriginal remains near Naples, Ill.," Smith. Rept., 1882.

529

J. F. Snyder, "Indian remains in Cass County, Illinois," Smith. Rept., 1881, p. 575.

530

Rau, in Sm. Rept., 1872, p. 356.

531

"Ancient monuments of the Mississippi Valley," in Smithsonian Contributions, vol. 1, p. 160.

532

Relation of the Voyage of Don Fernando Alarcon, in Hakluyt's Voyages, vol. 3, p. 508.

533

Davis, Conquest of New Mexico, p. 288.

534

Davis, ibid., pp. 280, 284, 285.

535

Ibid., pp. 277, 292.

536

Catlin, North American Indians, London, 1845, vol. 2, p. 117.

537

Tanner's Narrative, p. 188.

538

Journal, p. 289.

539

North American Indians, London, 1845, vol. 1, p. 135.

540

Schultze, Fetichism, New York, 1885, p. 32, quoting Bastian.

541

Coxe, Russian Discoveries between America and Asia, London, 1803, p. 254.

542

Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 1, pp. xxix, 112.

543

Ibid., vol. 1, p. 68.

544

Pettigrew, Medical Superstitions, Philadelphia, 1844, pp. 67, 72, 74.

545

Cérémonies et Coûtumes Religieuses, Amsterdam, 1739, vol. 2, pp. 28, 29

546

Ibid., p. 29.

547

Higgins, Anacalypsis, vol. 2, book 2, p. 77

548

Pettigrew, Medical Superstitions, Philadelphia, 1844, p. 61. See also Black, Folk-Medicine, p. 93.

549

Citations, Common place Book, p. 395, London, 1872.

550

Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 3, pp. 310, 311.

551

Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 3, p. 310.

552

Holiday Customs of Ireland, pp. 381 et seq.

553

Popular Antiquities, vol. 3, p. 325.

554

Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes, etc., vol. 10, p. 56.

555

Massingberd, The English Reformation, London, 1857, p. 105.

556

Mendieta, p. 110.

557

Vol. 3, cap. 5, p. 234.

558

Herrera, dec. 2, lib. 6, p. 141.

559

Kingsborough, vol. 7, chap. 4.

560

Teutonic Mythology, vol. 3, p. 1233.

561

Ibid.

562

Fables and Rites of the Incas, Padre Christoval de Molina (Cuzco, 1570-1584), transl. by Clements R. Markham, Hakluyt Society trans., vol. 48, London, 1873, p. 48.

563

The common people wore a black "llautu." See Garcilaso, Comentarios, Markham's transl., Hak. Soc., vol. 41, pp. 88, 89.

564

Ibid., p. 85.

565

Ibid., p. 89.

566

"Quando vàn à sembrar las Tierras del Sol, vàn solos los Principales à trabajar, i vàn con insignias blancas, i en las espaldas unos Cordones tendidos blancos, à modo de Ministros del Altar." – Herrera, dec. 5, lib. 4, cap. 6, pp. 94-95.

567

Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes, etc., Amsterdam, 1735, vol. 6, p. 92.

568

Montfaucon, L'antiquité expliquée, tome 2, pt. 1, p. 33.

569

Hawkesworth, Voyages, vol. 3, p. 229.

570

Voyage to Congo, in Pinkerton's Voyages, vol. 16, p. 237.

571

Pinkerton, Voyages, vol. 16, p. 388.

572

Speke, Source of the Nile, London, 1863, p. 125.

573

London, 1877, vol. 2, p. 131.

574

Stanley, Through the Dark Continent, vol. 2, p. 330.

575

Schweinfurth, Heart of Africa, London, 1873, vol. 1, p. 154.

576

Winstanley, Abyssinia, vol. 2, p. 68.

577

This cord is worn about the neck. Ibid., p. 257.

578

Ibid., vol. 1, p. 235.

579

Ibid., vol. 2, p. 132.

580

Ibid., p. 165.

581

Ibid., p. 292.

582

Malte-Brun, Universal Geography, vol. 4, p. 259, Phila., 1832.

583

Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. 2, p. 640.

584

Nightingale, quoted in Madden, Shrines and Sepulchres, vol. 1, pp. 557, 558.

585

Leems, Account of Danish Lapland, in Pinkerton, Voyages, London, 1808, vol. 1, p. 471.

586

Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 3, p. 5. See also John Scheffer, Lapland, Oxford, 1674, p. 58.

587

Act IV, scene 1.

588

Benjamin, Persia, London, 1877, p. 99.

589

Cérémonies et Coûtumes, vol. 7, p. 320.

590

Du Halde, History of China, London, 1736, vol. 4, pp. 244, 245, and elsewhere.

591

Higgins, Anacalypsis, vol. 2, p. 218.

592

Vining, An Inglorious Columbus, p. 635.

593

Du Halde, History of China, London, 1736, vol. 1, p. 270.

594

Univ. Geog., vol. 3, book 75, p. 144, Phila., 1832.

595

Brinton, Myths of the New World, N. Y., 1868, p. 15.

596

Early History of Mankind, London, 1870, p. 156.

597

Voyages, vol. 3, p. 102.

598

Shâyast lâ-Shâyast, cap. 4, pp. 285, 286. In Sacred Books of the East, Max Müller's edition, vol. 5.

599

Monier Williams, Modern India, p. 56.

600

Ibid., pp. 179, 180.

601

Cérémonies et Coûtumes, vol. 7, p. 28.

602

Marco Polo, Travels, in Pinkerton's Voyages, vol. 7, p. 163.

603

Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes, etc., vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 99.

604

Malte-Brun, Univ. Geog., vol. 2, lib. 50, p. 235, Philadelphia, 1832.

605

Dr. J. L. August Von Eye, The history of culture, in Iconographic Encyc., Philadelphia, 1886, vol. 2, p. 169.

606

Forlong, Rivers of Life, vol. 1, p. 120.

607

Ibid., pp. 240-241.

608

Forlong, Rivers of Life, vol. 1, p. 328.

609

Ibid., p. 323.

610

Dubois, People of India, p. 9.

611

Mythology of the Hindus.

612

Mythology of the Hindus, pp. 9, 10, 11.

613

Ibid., p. 92.

614

Ibid., p. 155.

615

Ibid., pp. 135, 154, 155.

616

Maurice, Indian Antiquities, London, 1801, vol. 5, p. 205.

617

Ibid., vol. 4, p. 375, where a description of the mode of weaving and twining is given.

618

Ibid., p. 376.

619

Ibid., vol. 5, p. 206.

620

Notes of Richard Johnson, Voyages of Sir Hugh Willoughby and others to the northern part of Russia and Siberia, Pinkerton's Voyages, vol. 1, p. 63.

621

Caron's account of Japan in Pinkerton's Voyages, vol. 7, p. 631.

622

Rev. Father Dandini's Voyage to Mount Libanus, in Pinkerton's Voyages, vol. 10, p. 286.

623

Henry Charles Lea, History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages, vol. 1, p. 92, New York, 1888.

624

Müller, Sacred Books of the East, vol. 14, Vasishtha, cap. 2, par 6.

625

Ibid., Baudhâyana, prasna 1, adhyâya 5, kandikâ 8, pars. 5-10, p. 165.

626

Saxon Leechdoms, vol. 1, pp. xli-xliii.

627

Ibid., p. xliii.

628

Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 2, pp. 108,109.

629

Browne, Religio Medici, p. 392.

630

Brand, op. cit., p. 110.

631

Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. 28, cap. 22.

632

Ibid., lib. 28, cap. 17.

633

Ibid.

634

Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. 3, p. 1169.

635

Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, London, 1827, vol. 1, p. 91; vol. 2, pp. 288, 290.

636

Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, London, 1827, vol. 1, p. 91; vol. 2, p. 290.

637

Picart, Cérémonies et Coûtumes, etc., vol. 10, pp. 69-73.

638

Dæmonology, p. 100.

639

Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 3, p. 299.

640

Ibid., p. 170.

641

Frommann, Tractatus de Fascinatione, Nuremberg, 1675, p. 731.

642

Markham, Bogle's mission to Tibet, London, 1876, p. 85.

643

Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 149.

644

Thomas Wright, Sorcery and Magic, London, 1851, vol. 2, p. 10.

645

Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 143.

646

Pennant, in Pinkerton, Voyages, vol. 3, p. 382.

647

Hoffman, quoting Friend, in Jour. Am. Folk Lore, 1888, p. 134.

648

Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, pp. 127 et seq.

649

Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. 3, p. 1174. He also speaks of the "nouer l'aiguillette", ibid., p. 1175.

650

Saxon Leechdoms, vol. 1, p. xliv.

651

Black, Folk-Medicine, London, 1883, pp. 185, 186.

652

Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. 28, cap. 9.

653

Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 67.

654

Ibid., p. 170.

655

Sextus Placitus, De Medicamentis ex Animalibus, Lyons, 1537, pages not numbered, article "de Puello et Puellæ Virgine."

656

Etmüller, Opera Omnia, Lyons, 1690, vol. 2, p. 279, Schroderii Dilucidati Zoologia.

657

Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 68, footnote.

658

Ibid., p. 67.

659

Paracelsus, Chirurgia Minora, in Opera Omnia, Geneva, 1662, vol. 2, p. 70.

660

Ibid., p. 174.

661

Beckherius, Medicus Microcosmus, London, 1660, p. 174.

662

Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. 3, p. 1094, footnote.

663

Ibid., p. 1096.

664

Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. 30, cap. 12.

665

Etmüller, Opera Omnia, Lyons, 1690, vol. 2, pp. 282, 283, Schroderii Dilucidati Zoologia.

666

Ibid., p. 278a.

667

Black, Folk-Medicine, London, 1883, p. 113.

668

Forlong, Rivers of Life, London, 1883, vol. 2, p. 313.

669

Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 2, p. 69.

670

Notes and Queries, 1st series, vol. 4, p. 500.

671

See also Black, Folk-Medicine, London, 1883, p. 79.

672

Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, vol. 3, p. 1233.

673

Black, Folk-Medicine, London, 1883, p. 114.

674

Herrera, dec. 6, lib. 8, cap. 1, p. 171.

675

Ibid., dec. 7, lib. 4, cap. 5, p. 70.

676

Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 1, p. 351. See also previous references to the use of such cords by the Australians.

677

Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. 28, cap. 27.

678

Highlands of Æthiopia, vol. 1, p. 247.

679

Through the Dark Continent, vol. 1, p. 398.

680

Pliny, Nat. Hist., lib. 28, cap. 11.

681

Notes and Queries, 4th series, vol. 5, pp. 295, 390.

682

Traité des Superstitions, tome 1, chap. 3, paragraph 8.

683

Pop. Ant., vol. 3, p. 276.

684

Black, Folk-Medicine, p. 109.

685

Anatomy of Melancholy, vol. 2, pp. 288, 290.