A Gothic Grammar

Note. Cp. also kaupatjan (§ 187, n. 1), which has, however, the formativ i in the pp.

CHAP. VI. PARTICLS

1. ADVERBS

§ 210. Adverbs of Manner ar formd from adjectivs. (a) The commonest adverbial suff. is -ba which is added to the stem of the adjectiv.

Thus, from a-stems (§§ 123. 124); e. g., ubilaba, evilly; baírhtaba, brightly; from a ja-stem (§ 125 et seq.): sunjaba, truly. – The original i- and u-stems (§§ 129-131) also show here their real stem-endings; e. g., analaugniba, secretly; anasiuniba, visibly; arniba, surely; gatêmiba, fitly; —harduba, hard, severely; manwuba, redily; glaggwuba, accurately.

Note. a for u is found onse each in hardaba; II. Cor. XIII, 10 (in Cod. A, harduba in B); glaggwaba; Lu. XV, 8. – Cp. brôþra-lubô (in A), § 88a, n. 2.

§ 211. (b) Another class of adverbs formd from adjectivs hav the suffix -ô which contains the final vowel of the adjectival stem; e. g., galeikô, similarly; ûhteigô, seasonably; þiubjô, secretly; glaggwô (beside glaggwuba, accurately).

Note. The same adverbial ending also in auftô, perhaps; sprautô, quickly; missô, reciprocally; sundrô, especially; unwêniggô, unexpectedly; ufarô, abuv; undarô, below; aftarô, behind, from behind.

§ 212. From comparativ adjectivs an adverbial form has developt which ends in the bare comparativ suffix (-iz), -is; e. g., háuhis, higher; áiris, erlier; mais, more; haldis, rather, more; framis, further; nêƕis, nearer.

Note 1. Without the i of the suffix ar formd: mins (§ 78, n. 1), less; waírs, wurse; þana-seiþs, further, more.

Note 2. With the comparativ suffix -ôs appear sniumundôs, more speedily; aljaleikôs, otherwise.

Note 3. As superlativ adverbs occur the neuter forms frumist, first; maist, most.

§ 213. Adverbs of Place ar formd either without a suffix or by means of the suffixes -þ (-d) and -drê to denote motion towards a place; by means of the suffixes -r and -a to denote rest in a place; with the suffixes -þrô and -ana to denote motion from a place.

Note 1. From pronominal stems ar thus formd the correlativs:

Note 2. Other exampls: (a) 'Whither'? dalaþ, down; samaþ, together; iup, upwards; ût, out; inn, into. (b) 'Where'? dalaþa, below; iupa, abuv; ûta, out; inna, in; faírra, far; afta, behind. (c) 'Whense'? dalaþrô, from below; iupaþrô and iupana, from abuv; ûtaþrô and ûtana, from without; innaþrô and innana, from within; allaþrô, from all sides; faírraþrô, from afar; aftana, from behind; hindana, from behind, beyond.

§ 214. Adverbs of Time ar for the most part represented by cases of substantivs; e. g., gistradagis, to-morrow; himma daga, to-day; du maúrgina, to-morrow; ni aiw, never (acc. of aiws, time); framwigis, continually.

Note. Simpl adverbs of time are rare: nu, now; ju, alredy; áir, erly; simlê, onse; ufta, often; from pronominal stems: þan, then; ƕan, when?, whenever; suman, in times past.

§ 215. Other nominal cases than those givn in § 214 ar also uzed as adverbs; e. g., landis, far away, lit. 'of land'; allis, holely; sunja and bi sunjai, truly.

§ 216. Questions and Answers ar mostly accumpanied by adverbial particls. Interrogativ particls ar: -u (niu, not?, § 18, n. 2); an, nuh, then?; ibai, whether; jau (ja-u), whether; þau, perhaps. – Affirmativ particls: ja, jai, yes, truly!; a negativ particl is nê, no! These particls, however, ar rarely uzed 'alone' as answers, the verb of the question being uzually repeated, in negativ sentences with the adv. ni.

Note. The interrogativ particl -u is enclitically attacht to the first word of the sentence; as, skuldu; e. g., skuldu ist kaisaragild giban; Mk. XII, 14. In combinations with a prefix the u is attacht to the prefix; e. g., galaubjats þatei magjau þata taujan? Mk. IX, 28.

2. PREPOSITIONS

§ 217. (a) With the Dativ: alja, except; af, of; du, to; miþ, with; us, out, out of; faúra, before; fram, from; nêƕa, near; faírra, far off; undarô, under.

(b) With the Accusativ: and, along; þaírh, thru, by; inuh, without; undar, under; wiþra, against; faúr, for.

(c) With Dativ and Accusativ: ana, on, upon; at, at, by; afar, after; bi, by, according to, against, about, concerning; hindar, behind, beyond; und w. dat., for; w. acc., unto, to, until; uf, under, beneath; ufar, over, abuv.

(d) With Genitiv and Dativ: ufarô, over, abuv, upon.

(e) With Genitiv, Dativ, and Accusativ: in w. gen., on account of, for … sake; w. dat., in, into, within, among, on, at; w. acc., in, into, toward, against, etc. (s. the Glossary).

Note. Also adverbs ar uzed as prepositions with the genitiv; as, utaþrô, utana, hindana, innana (§ 213, n. 2).

3. CONJUNCTIONS

§ 218. (a) Copulativ: jah, and, also; -uh, and (cp. § 24, n. 2); nih, and not. (b) Disjunctiv: aíþþau, or; andizuh… aíþþau, either … or; jaþþê…jaþþê, whether … or; þau (þáuh), or. (c) Adversativ: iþ, þan, aþþan, akei, but, however; ak, but. (d) Causal: allis, auk, untê, raíhtis, for, because. (e) Conclusiv: þanuh, þaruh, eiþan, nu, nuh, þannu, nunu, now, therefore, hense. (f) Conditional: jabai, if, niba, nibai, if not, unless (§ 10, n. 2). (g) Concessiv: þáuhjabai, even if, tho; swêþauh, yet, indeed, however. (h) Final: ei, þatei, þêei, þei, that, in order that; ei, swaei, waswê, so that; ibai (iba), that not, lest. (i) Comparativ: ƕaiwa, how?; swê, as; swaswê, so as, as; þau, (þáuh), than. (k) Temporal: swê, as, when; þan, þandê, when, as long as; biþê, miþþanei, while; sunsei, as soon as; faúrþizei, before; untê, und þatei, þandê, til, until, as long as.

Note. Sum of these conjunctions ar uzed also as adverbs. The adverbial origin of a few is even recognizabl from their form; e. g., allis, raihtis, faúrþizei (faúrþis, adv., beforehand).

4. INTERJECTIONS

§ 219. ô, oh! ah!; wai, woe!; sai, behold!– Interjectional in meaning ar the sg. hiri, the du. hirjats, and the pl. hirjiþ, cum here! (cp. § 20, n. 1; § 187, n. 4).

APPENDIX

Cp. Sievers 'Grundr.', I, 407-416 ('Geschichte der got. sprache'); II, 1, 65-70 ('Gotische literatur'); Kögel, Geschichte der deutsch. litteratur, I, 1, 176-195.

§ 220. THE GOTHS

(a) The Gothic language is the language of the Gothic peple (Gut-þiuda) which, divided into the two great tribes of the East and West Goths, figured in history in the time of the great migration. Together with the fall of the East Gothic kingdom in Italy and of the West Gothic kingdom in Spain the Gothic nation also past away. Only scatterd remains of the Goths and their language remaind until the beginning of the modern era in the Crimea. ('Crimean' or 'Tetraxitic' Goths.)

Note 1. The Goth. spelling of the name of the Goths as a peple is *Gutans and *Gutôs, with t, not with þ according to J. Grimm's suggestion which is supported by Kremer (Beitr., 8, 447). Concerning the form, inflection, and etymology of the name of the Goths, cp. Zs. fda., 9, 243 et seq.; Grundr., I, 407; Wrede, 'Ostg.', 44 et seq.; Beitr., 17, 178 et seq.; Ax. Erdmann, folknamnen 'Götar' och 'Goter', Stockholm 1891 (cp. Litbl. 1894, 249).

Note 2. The current interpretation of the two Lt. names Austro-, Ostrogot(h)æ, – i and Wisigot(h)æ, – i, as East Goths and West Goths, which dates back to Jordanes, might hold good for the former only; the name of the Wisigothæ which ar simply calld also Vesi, Visi, has nothing to do with 'west'. Ep. IF., 4, 300 et seq.

Note 3. Concerning the Crimean Goths and the remains of their language, s. Zs. fda., 1, 345-366; W. Tomaschek, 'Die Goten in Taurien', Wien 1881; Beitr., 11, 563 et seq.; F. Braun, 'Die letzten schicksale der Krimgoten'. Program St. Petersburg 1890 (cp. Anz. fda. 17, 167 f.).

(b) It was for the Gothic peple that the group of Germanic tribes to which the Goths belongd has been frequently calld the 'Gothic Group'. For this there has been recently proposed the name 'Vandilians' (according to Pliny, 'nat. hist.', IV, 99). The most important of these Vandilians ar the Goths, the Gepidae, the Vandals, the Burgundi, the Heruli, and the Rugii. At the beginning of the Christian era their abodes wer between the Elbe and the Vistula. The languages of these peples wer closely related. The extant literary remains, however, except in Gothic, ar very few, and these ar almost entirely proper nouns.

Note 4. Concerning the Vandilians, cp. F. Wrede, 'Ueber die sprache der Wandalen', Strassburg, 1886 (QF., 59), p. 3 et seq.; F. Dahn, 'Urgeschichte der germ. und rom. völker', vol. I (Berlin 1881), p. 139 et seq.; R. Much, 'Goten und Ingvaeonen. (Beitr., 17, 178-221).

(c) The Gothic or Vandilian group of tribes together with the Scandinavians constitute the 'East Germanic' division as opposed to the 'West Germanic' division which embraces the remaining Germanic tribes.

Note 5. Concerning the division of the Germanic race into East Germanic and West Germanic tribes, cp. H. Zimmer, 'Ostgermanisch und Westgermanisch', in Zs. fda., 19, 393 et seq.; Beitr. 9, 546 et seq.; Grundr., I, 362 et seq.; concerning the separate position of the Scandinavian as compared with the Gothic, s. Noreen, 'altisl. gr.2', § 2, and Grundr., I, 419 et seq.

§ 221. SOURCES OF THE GOTHIC LANGUAGE

We know the Gothic language from the fragments of the biblical translation which is safely ascribed to bishop Ulfilas (or, in Gothic spelling, Wulfila; cp. Bernhardt, Vulfila, p. VII; Anz. fda., 14, 285; Grundr., II, 674). Wulfila was born in 310 and died at the end of 380 or erly in 381 after Christ. During the last 33 years of his life he was bishop of that part of the West Goths which, when persecuted by their heathen kinsmen, he led across the Danube where they wer permitted by Constantius to setl in Moesia (Moeso-Goths or Goti minores). – The fragments of the biblical version hav cum down to us in the following manuscripts: —

1. 'Codex Argenteus' at Upsala. It containd on 330 leavs the four gospels in the following order: Matthew, John, Luke, Mark. Of these 330 leavs 187 ar extant. The gospel of Lu. shows yunger forms of speech which differ in many respects from the normal forms (cp. §§ 7, n. 2; 14, n. 3; 56, n. 1; 62, n. 3; 67, n. 2; a 74, n. 1; 105, n. 2; 204, n. 1; probably thru the influence of the dialect of the East Gothic writers; cp. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 200 et seq.).

2. 'Codex Carolinus', a 'codex rescriptus' at Wolfenbüttel, which contains portions of the 11. -15. chaps. of the epistl to the Romans.

3. 'Codices Ambrosiani', five fragments ('codices rescripti') in the Ambrosian library at Milan, which contain chiefly St. Paul's epistls. They are clast as follows: —

Codex A contains on 95 leavs fragments of the epistls to the Romans, Corinthians, Ephesians, Galatians, Philippians, Colossians, Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus, Philemon, and a fragment of a Gothic calendar.

Codex B contains on 77 leavs all of the second epistl to the Corinthians, fragments of the first epistl to the Corinthians, of the epistls to the Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus. – In contents Codex A and Codex B ar partly the same, which is important for the criticism of the text.

Codex C. Two leavs with fragments of Mt. XXV-XXVII.

Codex D. Three leavs with fragments of the books of Ezra and Nehemiah.

Codex E. Eight leavs three of which ar in the Vatican library at Rome, and contain the fragments of an interpretation of the gospel of St. John. They wer calld by their editor (Massmann): Skeireins aíwaggêljôns þaírh Jôhannên, and are therefore stil cited as Skeireins (concerning which cp. Zs. fda., 37, 320; Anz. fda., 20, 148 et seq.).

4. 'Codex Taurinensis', four considerably damaged leavs with scanty fragments of the epistls to the Galatians and Colossians, which remain to be deciferd.

Note 1. Concerning Wulfila, cp. Waitz, 'Ueber das leben und die Lehre des Ulfila' (Hannover 1840); Bessell, 'Ueber das leben des Ulfilas' (Göttingen 1860); G. Kaufmann, 'Kritische untersuchung der quellen zur geschichte Ulfilas', in Zs. fda., 27, 193 et seq.; Grundr. II, 68; Kögel, 'Gesch. der dtsch. Litt.', I, 1, 182.

Note 2. For more on the Gothic manuscripts, s. Bernhardt's 'Vulfila', Introduction, p. XXXIX et seq.; for the history of the 'Codex Argenteus', cp. also the recent articls by Schulte, 'Gotthica minora', in Zs. fda., 23, 51. 318 and 24, 324 et seq.: lastly, J. Peters, 'Germania', 30, 314 et seq.

Note 3. Beside the translation of the Bible (and the Skeireins) there ar no Gothic literary monuments of great moment. The most important ones ar two Latin title deeds with Gothic signatures at Naples and Arezzo, and the abuv (with Codex A) mentiond fragment of a Gothic calendar. The editions of Wulfila contain these remains also. Concerning the Gothic words and alfabets in the Salzburg-Vienna manuscript (§ 1, n. 5; § 2, n. 2) and other remains of the Gothic language, cp. Massmann's articl 'Gotthica minora', in Zs. fda., 1, 294-393. – Concerning Gothic runic inscriptions, s. Wimmer, 'Die runenschrift' (1887), p. 62 et seq.; R. Henning, 'Die deutschen runendenkmäler', Strassburg 1889 (and Zs. fdph., 23, 354 et seq.; Wimmer, 'de tyske runemindesmærker, Aarb. f. nord. oldk. og hist.', 1894, 1 et seq.). The most important inscription is that of the Bukarest ring ('gold-ring of Pietroassa', Henning, 27 et seq.): gutaniowi hailag.

Note 4. The numerous proper nouns in Gothic, which ar containd in Greek and stil more so in Latin sources, hav been utilized by Dietrich ('Ausspr.') and by Bezzenberger, 'Ueber die A-reihe der got. sprache', Göttingen 1874, p. 7 et seq. A monografic treatment of the East Gothic names has been givn us by F. Wrede, 'Ueber die sprache der Ostgoten in Italien', Strassburg 1891 (OF., 68); cp. review of this book in Litbl. 1891, p. 333; Anz. fda., 18, 43 et seq., 309 et seq.

§ 222. EDITIONS

The first printed edition of the 'Codex Argenteus' is that by Fr. Junius, Dortrecht 1665. All the erlier editions (the titles of which s. in Bernhardt's 'Vulfila', p. LXIII et seq., and in Balg's 'First Germanic Bible', p. XVII et seq.; cp. also v. Bahder, 'Die deutsche philologie', Paderborn 1883, p. 44 et seq.) hav now only historical value. For the study of the Gothic language the following editions ar of importance: —

(a) The large edition of Ulfilas by v. d. Gabelentz and Löbe, which appeard in 1843-46 in three volumes 4to. Altho the text in the first volume is antiquated in consequence of Uppström's editions, the glossary (vol. II, 1) and particularly the grammar (vol. II, 2) ar of great value for their abundant compilations and syntactic elaboration.

(b) For an exact establishment of the manuscripts ar exceedingly important the new readings of the learnd Swedish Professor Andreas Uppström who issued exact reprints of the text according to these readings: Codex Argenteus, Upsala 1854, – Decem codicis argentei rediviva folia, Upsala 1857, – Fragmenta gothica selecta 1861, – Codices gotici ambrosiani 1864-68. – (For complete titles, s. v. Bahder, loc. cit.; cp. also Balg, loc. cit.).

(c) A critically amended text based on Uppström's readings, with critical exegetic notes and the original Greek text, is givn in E. Bernhardt's edition: 'Vulfila oder die gotische bibel'. Halle 1876. Cp. review of it in Zs. fdph., 7, 103 et seq.

(d) A good manual of Ulfilas, with a glossary and a grammar, is that by M. Heyne, 8th edition. Paderborn 1885. Its text is likewise based on Uppström's readings, but it is treated more conservativly than Bernhardt's. The fonological and inflectional parts of the grammar rest on antiquated views, but the glossary is a recommendabl handbook containing all the words of the Gothic language.

Note. Other later editions of the texts ar: (a) Bernhardt's, Halle 1884 (a reprint of the text of his larger edition, with a concise glossary); cp. review of it in Zs. fdph., 17, 249 et seq. (b) The first Germanic Bible translated from the Greek by the Gothic bishop Wulfila in the fourth century, and the other remains of the Gothic language, edited (according to Bernhardt's edition), with an introduction, a syntax, and a glossary, by G. H. Balg. Milwaukee, Wis. 1891.

§ 223. GRAMMATICAL AND LEXICAL HELPS

I. Fonology and Inflection

(a) The Gothic grammar by v. d. Gabelentz and Löbe, mentiond in § 222, a.

(b) Leo Meyer, Die gotische Sprache. Berlin 1869. A comparativ treatment of the Gothic fonology, with complete material.

(c) The treatment of the Gothic fonology, in Holtzmann's 'Altdeutsche Grammatik'. Leipzig 1870.

II. Word-Formation

(a) The 2nd and 3d volumes of J. Grimm's 'Deutsche Grammatik' (reprinted, Berlin 1878. 1890) ar stil the fundamental helps on word-formation.

(b) The section on word-formation in v. d. Gabelentz and Löbe's 'Grammatik', pp. 108-135.

(c) From a comparativ point of view: Fr. Kluge, 'Nominale stammbildungslehre der altgermanischen dialekte'. Halle 1886. – See also Brugmann, II, the sections concerning Gothic.

III. Lexicografy

(a) The glossary in v. d. Gabelentz and Löbe's edition, II, 1 (s. § 222, a). (Arranged according to the Gothic alfabet).

(b) Ernst Schulze, 'Gotisches Glossar. Mit einer vorrede von J. Grimm'. Magdeburg 1847. The most complete Gothic Glossary. – An extract (without citations, but with etymological references and based on Uppström's readings): 'Gotisches wörterbuch nebst flexionslehre' by E. Schulze. Züllichau 1867.

(c) Heyne's glossary, s. § 222, d.

(d) Lorenz Diefenbach, 'Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache', vols. 1. and 2. Frankfurt 1851.

(e) Sigmund Feist, 'Grundriss der gotischen Etymologie'. Strassburg 1888. For reviews of it, cp. Anz. fda., 16, 61 et seq.; Litbl. 1889, 365 et seq.; 1890, 47.

Note 1. Sum grammatical facts hav been laid down in the useful articls of J. H. Gallée, 'Gutiska' (I.) 'Lijst van gotische woorden, wier geslacht of buiging naar analogie van andere gotische woorden, of van het oudgermaansch wordt opgegeven'. Haarlem 1880; (cp. also the addenda to this in the 'Tijdschrift voor Nederl. taal-en letterk.', I, 220 et seq.); – (II.) 'De adjectiva in het gotisch en hunne suffixen'. Utrecht 1882.

Note 2. Concise treatments of the Gothic word-formation also in the grammars of Le M. Douse and Bernhardt (s. § 224, n. 1).

Note 3. Further lexical works: W. W. Skeat, 'A Moeso-Gothic glossary, with an introduction, an outline of Moeso-Gothic grammar, and a list of Anglo-Saxon and old and modern English words etymologically connected with M. – G.' London 1868. – G. H. Balg, 'A comparativ glossary of the Gothic language, with especial reference to English and German'. Milwaukee, Wis. 1887-1889. Cp. Zs. fdph., 24, 236 et seq. – O. Priese, 'Deutsch-gotisches wörterbuch', with an appendix, containing a topically arranged survey of the Gothic vocabulary and a collection of idioms and proverbs. Leipzig 1890.

§ 224. LITERATURE OF THE GOTHIC SYNTAX

(a) General works: J. Grimm, 'Deutsche grammatik', vol. 4. Göttingen 1837, (syntax of the simpl sentence). – v. d. Gabelentz and Löbe, in vol. II, 2 of their edition (an elaborate treatment of the hole syntax).

Note. Concise works on Gothic syntax, which ar useful to the beginner, and which rest in part on independent investigation, ar the respectiv parts in: T. Le Marchant Douse's 'An introduction, phonological, morphological, syntactic, to the Gothic of Ulfilas'. London 1886 (pp. 208-268); E. Bernhardt's 'Kurzgefasste got. grammatik'. Halle 1885 (cp. Zs. fdph., 17, 254 et seq.); Heyne's Ulfilas (§ 222 d); Balg's 'First Germanic Bible' (pp. 222-292; cp. § 222, n. 1).