The Journal of Negro History, Volume 6, 1921

301

Ibid.

302

Journal of Negro History, Vol. III, p. 354.

303

Woodson, Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, p. 286.

304

Journal of Negro History, Vol. III.

305

Hurd's Law of Freedom-Bondage, p. 81.

306

African Repository, September, 1846, p. 278.

307

Ibid., 1851, p. 263.

308

Narrative of Sojourner Truth, p. 99.

309

Ibid., p. 99.

310

Martin Delaney, Condition of Colored People, p. 139.

311

Ibid., p. 102.

312

Ibid., p. 106.

313

Austin Steward, Condition of Colored People, p. 102.

314

Ibid., p. 102.

315

Austin Steward, Condition of Colored People, p. 102.

316

Ibid., p. 132.

317

Seventh Census of the United States.

318

J. F. Clarke, Present Condition of People of Color, p. 14.

319

Ibid.

320

Afro-American Press, p. 27.

321

Minutes of the Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies, 1795, pp. 26-31.

322

Minutes of the Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies, 1796, pp. 23-25.

323

Minutes of the Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies, 1796, p. 28.

324

Minutes of the Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies, 1797, pp. 22-25.

325

Minutes of the Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies, 1798, pp. 15-20.

326

Minutes of the Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies, 1800, pp. 20-23.

327

Minutes of the Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies, 1801, pp. 42-46.

328

Minutes of the Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies, 1803, pp. 29-34.

329

Minutes of the Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies, 1804, pp. 35-39.

330

Minutes of Proceedings of Tenth American Convention for the Abolition of Slavery, 1805, pp. 26-35.

331

Minutes of the Proceedings of the Twelfth American Convention for promoting the Abolition of Slavery and improving the condition of the African Race Assembled at Philadelphia, 1809, pp. 26-31.

332

Minutes of the Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies, 1812, pp. 25-28.

333

Minutes of the Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies, 1827, pp. 20-22.

334

Minutes of the Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies, 1827, pp. 22-25.

335

Minutes of the Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies, 1828, pp. 28-30.

336

Minutes of the Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies, 1829, pp. 19-21.

337

Quoted by Leo Frobenius, Voice of Africa, Vol. 1, p. 1.

338

H. Ling Roth, Great Benin, p. 217.

339

Jour. Anthrop. Inst., February, 1898, p. 371.

340

F. L. Lugard, A Tropical Dependency, p. 154.

341

Lugard, A Tropical Dependency, p. 154.

342

Translated into English by Rudolf Blind. Published by Hutchinson and Company, London, 1913.

343

Old Dutch and Portuguese manuscripts have been collected and studied by Ling Roth and the findings appear in his Great Benin quoted in this paper.

344

Ling Roth, Great Benin, p. 157.

345

Dr. Olfert Dapper, "Nauwkeurige. Beschrijvenge der Afrikansche Geweslen." (As listed and quoted by Ling Roth, in Great Benin.)

346

Ling Roth, Great Benin, p. 2.

347

The Benin Massacre, p. 81.

348

Quoted by Roth in Great Benin, p. 161.

349

Ibid., p. 162.

350

Ibid., p. 163.

351

Leo Frobenius, Voice of Africa, Vol. 1, pp. 21-25.

352

Leo Frobenius, Voice of Africa, Vol. 1, pp. 21-25.

353

Le Plateau Central Nigerien, Paris, 1907.

354

Frobenius, Voice of Africa, Vol. 1, p. 25.

355

Ling Roth, Great Benin, p. 193.

356

Ling Roth, Great Benin, p. 196.

357

Ling Roth, Great Benin, p. 205.

358

Ibid., p. 209.

359

Ling Roth, Great Benin, p. 209.

360

Frobenius, Voice of Africa, Vol. 1, p. 297.

361

Ibid.

362

Ibid., p. 302.

363

Frobenius, The Voice of Africa, Vol. 1, p. 305.

364

Frobenius, The Voice of Africa, p. 305.

365

Ibid., p. 105.

366

E. A. W. Budge, The Egyptian Sudan, Vol. 1, p. 526.

367

Fawckner, Travels on the Coast of Benin, London, 1837, p. 32.

368

A. B. Ellis, A History of the Gold Coast, p. 9.

369

Bowdich, Mission to Coomassee, p. 218. Quoted by Ellis.

370

Frobenius, The Voice of Africa.

371

It was such reports by the natives and the nature of the objects which they claimed to have found at this place that led Frobenius to excavate here. See pages 306-307 of his Voice of Africa, Vol. 1.

372

Frobenius, The Voice of Africa, p. 309.

373

Ibid., p. 313.

374

Frobenius, The Voice of Africa, p. 313.

375

Frobenius, The Voice of Africa, p. 313.

376

Ibid., p. 313.

377

Frobenius, The Voice of Africa, p. 313.

378

Ling Roth, Great Benin, p. 217.

379

Frobenius, Voice of Africa, p. 310.

380

Ling Roth, Great Benin, p. 31.

381

Ibid., p. 33.

382

Ling Roth, Great Benin, p. 225.

383

Ibid., p. 223.

384

Ling Roth, Great Benin, p. 223.

385

See an article by Dalton and Read in the Journal Anthrop. Inst., February, 1898, p. 372; also Ling Roth, Great Benin, p. 216.

386

Frobenius, The Voice of Africa, Vol. 1, p. 310.

387

"Works of art from Benin City," Jour. Anthrop. Inst., 1898, p. 321.

388

Ibid.

389

Ling Roth, Great Benin, p. 226.

390

Jour. Anthrop. Inst., 1898, p. 372.

391

Ibid., p. 272.

392

Mission to Ashanti, pp. 311-312.

393

Haussaland, p. 118.

394

Quoted by Ling Roth, in Great Benin, p. 232.

395

Ibid., p. 232.

396

Ibid., p. 219.

397

Lugard, A Tropical Dependency.

398

The facts concerning South Africa herein given are obtained from select constitutional documents in the appendix of The Bantu, by S. M. Molema. This book was published by W. Green and Son, Ltd., Edinburgh, 1920.

399

Molema, The Bantu, p. 220.

400

Ibid., p. 237.

401

Molema, The Bantu, p. 241.

402

Molema, The Bantu (appendix), p. 378.

403

Ibid.

404

Ibid., p. 378.

405

Molema, The Bantu, p. 368.

406

Molema, The Bantu (appendix), p. 384.

407

Molema, The Bantu, pp. 245-246.

408

Molema, The Bantu, pp. 264-266.

409

American Convention, Abolition Societies, Minutes, 1821-1829, pp. 42-48.

410

Minutes of the Proceedings of the Fourth American Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies, 1797, pp. 37-43.

411

American Convention Abolition Societies, Minutes, 1821, pp. 50-55.

412

American Convention Abolition Societies, Minutes, 1828, pp. 21-24.

413

American Convention Abolition Societies, Minutes, 1828, pp. 25-27.

414

American Convention Abolition Societies, Minutes, 1829, pp. 16-18.

415

American Convention Abolition Societies, Minutes, 1795-1804, pp. 24-29.

416

Minutes of Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates, from the Abolition Societies, 1794, pp. 26-27.

417

Minutes of Proceedings, Convention of Abolition Societies, Philadelphia, 1821, pp. 41-42.

418

American Convention Abolition Societies, Minutes, 1821, pp. 46-48.

419

American Convention Abolition Societies, Minutes, 1827, pp. 29-30.

420

Minutes of Proceedings, Convention of Abolition Societies, Baltimore, 1827, pp. 30-31.

421

American Convention Abolition Societies, Minutes, 1828, pp. 33-35.

422

American Convention Abolition Societies, Minutes, 1829, pp. 21-24.

423

"The holy fathers, monks and friars, had in their confessions and specially in their extreme and deadly sickness, convinced the laity how dangerous a practice it was, for one Christian man to hold another in bondage; so that temporal men by little and little, by reason of that terror in their consciences, were glad to manumit all their villeins."—Sir T. Smith His. Common, vide 2. Blackstone, p. 96.

424

Two thousand slaves are said to be now offered to the Colonization Society for transportation.

425

The slave population in 1810 was 1,191,364; in 1820, 1,531,436. Increasing in the same ratio, in 1830 it will be 1,948,587.

426

The increase in ten years is about twenty-eight per centum, but as the increase of the latter portion of the period is much greater than that of the former portion, it will be evident that our estimate for a single year is correct.

427

In 1828 it was $24,789,463. See Treasury Report for 1829.

428

American Convention Abolition Societies, Minutes, 1821-1829, pp. 25-35.

429

Minutes of Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies, 1794, pp. 22-25.

430

American Convention Abolition Societies, Minutes, 1801, pp. 37-41.

431

American Convention Abolition Societies, Minutes, 1821, pp. 57-58.

432

American Convention Abolition Societies, Minutes, 1825, pp. 31-32.

433

American Convention Abolition Societies, Minutes, 1825, pp. 33-35.

434

American Convention Abolition Societies, Minutes, 1827, p. 19.

435

American Convention Abolition Societies, Minutes, 1828, pp. 17-20.

436

American Convention Abolition Societies, Minutes, 1829, pp. 37-40.

437

This dissertation was presented by Henderson H. Donald to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Yale University in candidacy for the degree of Master of Arts, May, 1920. Since then it has been considerably revised and augmented.

In the preparation of this work the following books were used: James Bryce, The American Commonwealth, Volume II; F. S. Chapin, Introduction to the Study of Human Evolution; H. P. Fairchild, Immigration; H. E. Gregory, A. G. Keller, and A. L. Bishop, Physical and Commercial Geography; A. G. Keller, Societal Evolution; R. F. Hoxie, Trade Unionism in the United States; E. J. Scott, Negro Migration during the War; W. G. Sumner, Folkways; F. J. Warne, The Immigration Invasion; C. G. Woodson, A Century of Negro Migration.

The following magazine articles were also helpful: Ray S. Baker, "The Negro Goes Forth" (World's Work, 34: 314-17, July, 1917); W. E. B. DuBois, "The Migration of Negroes" (The Crisis, 14: 63-66, June, 1917); B. M. Edens, "When Labor is Cheap" (Survey, 38: 511, September 8, 1917); H. A. Hoyer, "Migration of Colored Workers" (Survey, 45: 930, March 26, 1921); G. E. Haynes, "Negroes Move North" (Survey, 40: 115-22, May 4, 1917) and "Effect of War Conditions on Negro Labor" (Academy of Political Science, 8: 299-312, February, 1919); T. A. Hill, "Why Southern Negroes Don't go South" (Survey, 43: 183-85, November 29, 1919); H. W. Horwill, "A Negro Exodus" (Contemporary Review, 114: 299-305, September, 1918; Literary Digest, 54: 1914, January 23, 1917); "The South Calling Negroes Back; An Exodus in America" (Living Age, 295: 57-60, October 6, 1917); "The Negro Migration" (New Republic, 7: 213-14, January 1, 1916; New York Times, November 12, 1916, 11, 12: 1; September 4, 1917, 3: 6; October 7, 1917, 111, 10: 1; January 21, 1919, 3: 6; June 14, 1919, 3: 6; June 16, 1919, 12: 5; June 11, 1920, 18: 1; December 12, 1921, 14: 1); H. B. Pendleton, "Cotton Pickers in Northern Cities" (Survey, 37: 569-71, February 17, 1917); W. O. Scroggs, "Interstate Migration of Negroes" (Journal of Political Economy, 25: 1034-43, December, 1917); "The Lure of the North for Negroes" (Survey, 38: 27-28, April 7, 1917); "Reasons why Negroes go North" (Survey, 38: 226-7, June 2, 1917); "Negro Migration as the South sees It" (Survey, 38: 428, August 11, 1917); "Health of the Negro" (Survey, 42: 596-7, June 19, 1919); "Negroes in Industry" (Survey, 42: 900, September 27, 1919); "A New Migration" (Survey, 45: 752, February 26, 1921); F. B. Washington, "The Detroit New Comers' Greeting" (Survey, 38: 333-5, July 14, 1917); W. F. White, "The Success of Negro Migration" (The Crisis, 19: 112-15, January, 1920); T. J. Woofter, Jr., "The Negro and Industrial Peace" (Survey, 45: 420-421, December 17, 1921); J. A. Wright, "Conditions among Negro Migrants in Hartford, Connecticut" (a letter).

The following pamphlets and reports were also valuable: Branson and others, Migration, Minutes of University Commission on Southern Race Questions, pp. 48-49, 1917; Bureau of the United States Census, Negro Population in the United States, 1790-1916, and Negroes in the United States, Bulletin 129: A. Epstein, The Negro Migrant in Pittsburg; G. E. Haynes, Negro New-comers in Detroit, Michigan; Home Mission Council, The Negro Migration; E. K. Jones, The Negro in Industry, Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work, pp. 494-503, June, 1917; United States Department of Labor, Negro Migration in 1916-17, and The Negro at Work during the War and Reconstruction.

438

Chapin, F. S., Introduction to the Study of Human Evolution, pp. 30-31.

439

This law, of course, does not fully operate among men in a highly civilized state of living, for in this state its force is much diminished by various uplift, or counter-selective, agencies.

440

Gregory, Keller, and Bishop, Physical and Commercial Geography, pt. II, p. 126.

441

Gregory, Keller, and Bishop, Physical and Commercial Geography, pt. II, p. 126.

442

Keller, A. G., Societal Evolution, pp. 24-37.

443

What is said here, and also in the remaining pages of this chapter, are for the most part reproductions of parts of Chapter I of Immigration, by H. P. Fairchild. In some cases quotations and paraphrases from this source are also given. The acknowledgment here, however, is once and for all.

444

Scroggs, W. O., Jour. Pol. Econ., 25: 1034, Dec., 1917.

445

Woodson, C. G., A Century of Negro Migration, pp. 117-20.

446

Ibid., pp. 120-21.

447

Scroggs, W. O., Jour. Pol. Econ., 25: 1035-37, Dec., 1917.

448

Woodson, C. G., A Century of Negro Migration, p. 146.

449

Negro Population in U. S., 1790-1915, Bureau of Census, pp. 69-70.

450

Journal of Pol. Econ., 25: 1040, D. '17.

451

Negro Population in U. S., 1790-1915, Bureau of Census, pp. 69-70.

452

Negroes in the U. S., Bulletin 129, p. 17. Census Bureau.

453

Negro Population in U. S., 1790-1915, Bureau of Census, pp. 69-70.

454

Negro Population in U. S., 1790-1915, Bureau of Census, p. 65.

455

Scroggs, W. D., Jour. Pol. Econ., 25: 1038, D. '17.

456

Ibid., D. '17.

457

Woodson, C. G., A Century of Negro Migration, pp. 123-4.

458

Negro Population in the U. S., 1790-1915, p. 65.

459

Haynes, G. E., New York Times, Nov. 12, 1916, II, 12: 1.

460

Tyson, F. D., Negro Migration in 1916-17, Rep. U. S. Dept. of Labor, p. 121.

461

Pendleton, H. B., Survey, 37: 569, Feb. 17, 1917.

462

Baker, Ray S., World's Work, 34: 315, July, 1917.

463

Lit. Digest, 54: 1914, Jn. 23, 1917.

464

Dillard, James H., Negro Migration in 1916-17, Rep. U. S. Dept. Lab., p. 11.

465

Haynes, G. E., Survey, 40: 116, May 4, 1918.

466

The Crisis, 14: 63-66, June, 1917.

467

Horwill, H. W., Contemp. Rev., 114: 299, Sept., 1918.

468

Ibid., p. 299.

469

Negro Migration in 1916-17, Rep. U. S. Dept. Lab., p. 11.

470

Baker, R. S., World's Work, 34: 315, July, 1917.

471

Haynes, G. E., Survey, 40: 116, May 4, 1918

472

Lit. Digest, 54: 1914, June 23, 1917.

473

Scott, E. J., Negro Migration During The War, p. 71.

474

Tyson, F. D., Negro Migration in 1916-17, U. S. Dept. Lab., p. 157.

475

Ibid., pp. 157-8.

476

Ibid., pp. 157-8.

477

Negro Migration, Rep. Home Missions Council, Jan., 1919.

478

Ibid.

479

Tyson, F. D., Negro Migration in 1916-17, U. S. Dept. Lab., p. 117.

480

Wright, J. A., Letter on Conditions Among Negro Migrants in Hartford.

481

Du Bois, W. E. B., Survey, 38: 227, June 2, 1917.

482

Edens, B. M., Survey, 38: 511, Sept. 8, 1917.

483

Ibid.

484

Haynes, G. E., Survey, 40: 116, May 4, 1918.

485

Negro Migration in 1916-17, Rep. U. S. Dept. of Lab., p. 145.

486

Haynes, G. E., Survey, 40: 116, May 4, 1918.

487

Ibid., May 4, 1918.

488

Survey, 38: 227, Je. 2, 1917.

489

Ibid., 40: 116, May 4, 1918.

490

Ibid., 38: 28, April 7, 1917.

491

Scroggs, W. O., Jour. Pol. Econ., 25: 1040-41, Dec., 1917.

492

Ibid., pp. 1040-41.

493

Dillard, J. H., Rep. U. S. Dept. of Lab., Negro Migration, pp. 11-12.

494

Dillard, J. H., Rep. U. S. Dept of Lab., Negro Migration, pp. 58-66, Snavety, T. R.

495

Snavely, T. R., Negro Migration in 1916-17, Rep. U. S. Dept. Lab., pp. 58-66.

496

Woofter, T. J., Jr., Negro Migration in 1916-17, U. S. Dept. Lab., pp. 86-89.

497

Woofter, T. J., Jr., Negro Migration in 1916-17, U. S. Dept. Lab., pp. 86-89.

498

Leavell, R. H., Ibid., pp. 21-22.

499

What will be said from this point on through the remainder of this chapter will be based largely on information taken from the preceding reference, pp. 100-111.

500

Robertson, W. T., Mayor of Montgomery, Ala., Contemp. Rev., 114: 300, Sept., 1918.

501

Williams, W. T. B., Negro Migration in 1916-17, Rep. U. S. Dept. Lab., p. 101.

502

Fairchild, H. P., Immigration, p. 226.

503

Williams, W. T. B., Negro Migration in 1916-17, Rep. U. S. Dept. Lab., p. 98.

504

Ibid., pages 98-99.

505

Leavell, R. H., Negro Migration in 1916-17, Rep. U. S. Dept. Lab., pp. 17-19.

506

Snavely, T. R., Negro Migration in 1916-17, Rep. U. S. Dept. Lab., pp. 70-73.

507

Woofter, T. J., Jr., Negro Migration in 1916-17, Rep. U. S. Dept. Lab., p. 90.

508

Snavely, T. R., Negro Migration in 1916-17, Rep. U. S. Dept. Lab., pp. 73-74.

509

Baker, R. S., World's Work, 34: 315-16, Je., 1917.

510