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France and England in N America, Part V: Count Frontenac, New France, Louis XIV
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1
Memoires de Mademoiselle de Montpensier, I. 358-363 (ed. 1859).
2
Memoires de Mademoiselle de Montpensier, II. 265. The curé's holy water, or his exhortations, were at last successful.
3
Pinard, Chronologie Historique-militaire, VI.; Table de la Gazette de France; Jal, Dictionnaire Critique, Biographique, et d'Histoire, art. "Frontenac;" Goyer, Oraison Funèbre du Comte de Frontenac.
4
Historiettes de Tallemant des Réaux, IX. 214 (ed. Monmerqué); Jal, Dictionnaire Critique, etc.
5
Mémoires de Mademoiselle de Montpensier, II. 267.
6
Mémoires de Mademoiselle de Montpensier, II. 279; III. 10.
7
Memoires de Mademoiselle de Montpensier, III. 270.
8
Oraison funèbre du Comte de Frontenac, par le Père Olivier Goyer. A powerful French contingent, under another command, co-operated with the Venetians under Frontenac.
9
Memoires du Duc de Saint-Simon, II. 270; V. 336.
10
Note of M. Brunet, in Correspondance de la Duchesse d'Orléans, I. 200 (ed. 1869).
The following lines, among others, were passed about secretly among the courtiers:—
"Je suis ravi que le roi, notre sire,Aime la Montespan;Moi, Frontenac, je me crève de rire,Sachant ce qui lui pend;Et je dirai, sans être des plus bestes,Tu n'as que mon reste,Roi,Tu n'as que mon reste."Mademoiselle de Montpensier had mentioned in her memoirs, some years before, that Frontenac, in taking out his handkerchief, dropped from his pocket a love-letter to Mademoiselle de Mortemart, afterwards Madame de Montespan, which was picked up by one of the attendants of the princess. The king, on the other hand, was at one time attracted by the charms of Madame de Frontenac, against whom, however, no aspersion is cast.
The Comte de Grignan, son-in-law of Madame de Sévigné, was an unsuccessful competitor with Frontenac for the government of Canada.
11
On Frontenac and his family, see Appendix A.
12
Frontenac au Ministre, 2 Nov., 1672.
13
Talon au Ministre, 2 Nov., 1671.
14
Registre du Conseil Souverain.
15
Frontenac au Roi, 2 Nov., 1672; Ibid., 13 Nov., 1673; Harangue du Comte de Frontenac en l'Assemblée à Quebec; Prestations de Serment, 23 Oct., 1672; Réglement de Police fait par Monsieur le Comte de Frontenac; Colbert à Frontenac, 13 Juin, 1673.
16
Frontenac au Ministre, 2 Nov., 1672.
17
Frontenac au Ministre, 13 Nov., 1673.
18
Laval à—–, 1674. The letter is a complete summary of the contents of Colbert's recent despatch to Frontenac. Then follows the injunction to secrecy, "estant de très-grande conséquence que l'on ne sache pas que l'on aye rien appris de tout cela, sur quoi néanmoins il est bon que l'on agisse et que l'on me donne tous les advis qui seront nécessaires."
19
Discovery of the Great West, chap. vi.
20
Frontenac au Ministre, 2 Nov., 1672.
21
Mémoire des Motifs qui ont obligé M. le Comte de Frontenac de faire arrêter le Sieur Perrot.
22
Mémoire des Motifs, etc.
23
Édits et Ordonnances, I. 73.
24
Information faite par nous, Charles le Tardieu, Sieur de Tilly. Tilly was a commissioner sent by the council to inquire into the affair.
25
Mémoire de M. d'Urfé à Colbert, extracts in Faillon.
26
All the proceedings in the affair of Perrot will be found in full in the Registre des Jugements et Déliberations du Conseil Supérieur. They extend from the end of January to the beginning of November, 1674.
27
Conteste entre le Gouverneur et l'Abbé de Fénelon; Jugements et Déliberations du Conseil Supérieur, 21 Août, 1674.
28
Frontenac au Ministre, 14 Nov., 1674. In a preceding letter, sent by way of Boston, and dated 16 February, he says that he could not suffer Perrot to go unpunished without injury to the regal authority, which he is resolved to defend to the last drop of his blood.
29
Le Roi à Frontenac, 22 Avril, 1675.
30
Colbert à Frontenac, 13 Mai, 1675.
31
Lettre de Bretonvilliers, 7 Mai, 1675; extract in Faillon. Fénelon, though wanting in prudence and dignity, had been an ardent and devoted missionary. In relation to these disputes, I have received much aid from the research of Abbé Faillon, and from the valuable paper of Abbé Verreau, Les deux Abbés de Fénelon, printed in the Canadian Journal de l'Instruction Publique, Vol. VIII.
32
Édits et Ordonnances, I. 84.
33
The Old Régime in Canada.
34
Colbert à Duchesneau, 1 Mai, 1677.
35
Ibid., 18 Mai, 1677.
36
Le Roy à Frontenac, 25 Avril, 1679.
37
Colbert à Duchesneau, 8 Mai, 1679
38
Frontenac au Ministre, 14 Nov., 1674
39
Declaration du Roy, 23 Sept., 1675.
40
"Présider au Conseil Souverain en l'absence du dit Sieur de Frontenac."—Commission de Duchesneau, 5 Juin, 1675.
41
This letter, still preserved in the Archives de la Marine, is dated 12 Mai, 1678. Several other letters of Louis XIV. give Frontenac the same designation.
42
Le Roy à Frontenac, 29 Avril, 1680. A decree of the council of state soon after determined the question of presidency in accord with this letter. Édits et Ordonnances, I. 238.
43
Colbert à Frontenac, 4 Dec., 1679. This letter seems to have been sent by a special messenger by way of New England. It was too late in the season to send directly to Canada. On the quarrel about the presidency, Duchesneau au Ministre, 10 Nov., 1679; Auteuil au Ministre, 10 Aug., 1679; Contestations entre le Sieur Comte de Frontenac et M. Duchesneau, Chevalier. This last paper consists of voluminous extracts from the records of the council.
44
Registre du Conseil Supérieur, 16 Aoûst, 1681.
45
Registre du Conseil Supérieur, 4 Nov., 1681.
46
Registre de Conseil Supérieur, 1681.
47
Colbert à Duchesneau, 15 Mai, 1678.
48
Le Roy à Frontenac, 12 Mai, 1678.
49
Colbert à Duchesneau, 25 Avril, 1679.
50
Duchesneau au Ministre, 10 Nov., 1679.
51
Le Roy à Frontenac, 29 Avril, 1680.
52
Frontenac au Maréchal de Bellefonds, 14 Nov., 1680.
53
Mémoire et Preuves du Désordre des Coureurs de Bois.
54
Frontenac au Roy, 2 Nov., 1681.
55
Duchesneau au Ministre, 13 Nov., 1681.
56
Frontenac au Ministre, 2 Nov., 1681.
57
Mémoire de l'Evesque de Quebec, Mars, 1681 (printed in Revue Canadienne, 1873). The bishop is silent about the barricades of which Frontenac and his friends complain in several letters.
58
See, among other instances, the Défense de M. de Frontenac par un de ses Amis, published by Abbé Verreau in the Revue Canadienne, 1873.
59
Plumitif du Conseil Souverain, 1681.
60
Conduite du Sieur Perrot, Gouverneur de Montréal en la Nouvelle France, 1681; Plainte du Sieur Bouthier, 10 Oct., 1680; Procès-verbal des huissiers de Montréal.
61
Conduite du Sieur Perrot. La Barre, Frontenac's successor, declares that the charges against Perrot were false, including the attestations of Migeon and his friends; that Dollier de Casson had been imposed upon, and that various persons had been induced to sign unfounded statements without reading them. La Barre au Ministre, 4 Nov., 1683.
62
Le Roy à Frontenac, 30 Avril, 1681.
63
La Barre says that Duchesneau was far more to blame than Frontenac. La Barre au Ministre, 1683. This testimony has weight, since Frontenac's friends were La Barre's enemies.
64
Registre du Conseil-Supérieur, 16 Fév., 1682.
65
Frontenac, Mémoire adressé à Colbert, 1677. This remarkable paper will be found in the Découvertes et Établissements des Français dans l'Amérique Septentrionale; Mémoires et Documents Originaux, edited by M. Margry. The paper is very long, and contains references to attestations and other proofs which accompanied it, especially in regard to the trade of the Jesuits.
66
Note by Abbé Verreau, in Journal de l'Instruction Publique (Canada), VIII. 127.
67
Chartier de Lotbinière, Procès-verbal sur l'Incendie de la Basse Ville; Meules au Ministre, 6 Oct., 1682; Juchereau, Histoire de l'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 256.
68
Meules au Ministre, 6 Oct., 1682.
69
Jesuits in North America.
70
Discovery of the Great West.
71
Duchesneau, Memoir on Western Indians in N. Y. Colonial Docs., IX. 160.
72
For the papers on this affair, see N. Y. Colonial Docs., IX.
73
P. Jean de Lamberville à Frontenac, 20 Sept., 1682.
74
La Barre au Roy, (4 Oct.?) 1682.
75
La Barre à Seignelay, 1682.
76
He was made governor of Cayenne, and went thither with Tracy in 1664. Two years later, he gained several victories over the English, and recaptured Cayenne, which they had taken in his absence. He wrote a book concerning this colony, called Description de la France Équinoctiale. Another volume, called Journal du Voyage du Sieur de la Barre en la Terre Ferme et Isle de Cayenne, was printed at Paris in 1671.
77
La Barre à Seignelay, 1682.
78
Conference on the State of Affairs with the Iroquois, Oct., 1682, in N. Y. Colonial Docs., IX. 194.
79
La Barre au Ministre, 4 Nov., 1683.
80
La Barre au Roy, 30 Mai, 1683.
81
La Barre au Ministre, 30 Mai, 1683.
82
Meules au Roy, 2 Juin, 1683.
83
Soon after La Barre's arrival, La Chesnaye is said to have induced him to urge the Iroquois to plunder all traders who were not provided with passports from the governor. The Iroquois complied so promptly, that they stopped and pillaged, at Niagara, two canoes belonging to La Chesnaye himself, which had gone up the lakes in Frontenac's time, and therefore were without passports. Recueil de ce qui s'est passé en Canada au Sujet de la Guerre, etc., depuis l'année 1682. (Published by the Historical Society of Quebec.) This was not the only case in which the weapons of La Barre and his partisans recoiled against themselves.
84
Belmont, Histoire du Canada (a contemporary chronicle).
85
See Discovery of the Great West. La Barre denies the assertion, and says that he merely told the Iroquois that La Salle should be sent home.
86
Mémoire adressé a MM. les Intéressés en la Société de la Ferme et Commerce du Canada, 1683.
87
These statements are made in a memorial of the agents of the custom-house, in letters of Meules, and in several other quarters. La Barre is accused of sending furs to Albany under pretext of official communication with the governor of New York.
88
Meules à Seignelay, 8 July, 1684. This accords perfectly with statements made in several memorials of La Salle and his friends.
89
There appears no doubt that La Barre brought this upon himself. His successor, Denonville, writes that the Iroquois declared that, in plundering the canoes, they thought they were executing the orders they had received to plunder La Salle's people. Denonville, Mémoire adressé ou Ministre sur les Affaires de la Nouvelle France, 10 Août, 1688. The Iroquois told Dongan, in 1684, "that they had not don any thing to the French but what Monsr. delaBarr Ordered them, which was that if they mett with any French hunting without his passe to take what they had from them." Dongan to Denonville, 9 Sept., 1687.
90
"Ce qui mit M. de la Barre en fureur." Belmont, Histoire du Canada.
91
La Barre au Roy, 5 Juin, 1684.
92
Sir John Werden to Dongan, 4 Dec., 1684; N. Y. Col. Docs., III. 353. Werden was the duke's secretary.
Dongan has been charged with instigating the Iroquois to attack the French. The Jesuit Lamberville, writing from Onondaga, says, on the contrary, that he hears that the "governor of New England (New York), when the Mohawk chiefs asked him to continue the sale of powder to them, replied that it should be continued so long as they would not make war on Christians." Lamberville à La Barre, 10 Fév., 1684.
The French ambassador at London complained that Dongan excited the Iroquois to war, and Dongan denied the charge. N. Y. Col. Docs., III. 506, 509.
93
Report of Conferences at Albany, in Colden, History of the Five Nations, 50 (ed. 1727, Shea's reprint).
94
La Barre à Dongan, 15 Juin, 1684.
95
Dongan à La Barre, 24 Juin, 1684.
96
Speech of the Onondagas and Cayugas, in Colden, Five Nations, 63 (1727).
97
Except the small tribe of the Oneidas, who addressed Corlaer as Father. Corlaer was the official Iroquois name of the governor of New York; Onas (the Feather, or Pen), that of the governor of Pennsylvania; and Assarigoa (the Big Knife, or Sword), that of the governor of Virginia. Corlaer, or Cuyler, was the name of a Dutchman whom the Iroquois held in great respect.
98
Journal of Wentworth Greenhalgh, 1677, in N. Y. Col. Docs., III. 250.
99
Journal of Greenhalgh. The site of Onondaga, like that of all the Iroquois towns, was changed from time to time, as the soil of the neighborhood became impoverished, and the supply of wood exhausted. Greenhalgh, in 1677, estimated the warriors at three hundred and fifty; but the number had increased of late by the adoption of prisoners.
100
Letters of Lamberville in N. Y. Col. Docs., IX. For specimens of Big Mouth's skill in drawing, see ibid., IX. 386.
101
Lamberville to La Barre, 11 July, 1684, in N. Y. Col. Docs., IX. 253.
102
Colden, Five Nations, 80 (1727).
103
Lamberville to La Barre, 28 Aug., 1684, in N. Y. Col. Docs., IX. 257.
104
La Barre au Ministre, 9 July, 1684.
105
La Barre au Roy, même date.
106
Meules à La Barre, 15 July, 1684.
107
Meules à La Barre, 14 Août, 1684. This and the preceding letter stand, by a copyist's error, in the name of La Barre. They are certainly written by Meules.
108
The famous voyageur, Nicolas Perrot, agrees with the intendant. "Ils (La Barre et ses associés) s'imaginèrent que sitost que le François viendroit à paroistre, l'Irroquois luy demanderoit miséricorde, quil seroit facile d'establir des magasins, construire des barques dans le lac Ontario, et que c'estoit un moyen de trouver des richesses." Mémoire sur les Mœurs, Coustumes, et Relligion des Sauvages, chap. xxi.
109
Meules au Ministre, 8-11 Juillet, 1684.
110
La Hontan attempted to impose on his readers a marvellous story of pretended discoveries beyond the Mississippi; and his ill repute in the matter of veracity is due chiefly to this fabrication. On the other hand, his account of what he saw in the colony is commonly in accord with the best contemporary evidence.
111
The articles of peace will be found in N. Y. Col. Docs., IX. 236. Compare Memoir of M. de la Barre regarding the War against the Senecas, ibid., 239. These two documents do not agree as to date, one placing the council on the 4th and the other on the 5th.
112
This appears from the letters of Denonville, La Barre's successor.
113
La Potherie, II. 159 (ed. 1722). Perrot himself, in his Mœurs des Sauvages, briefly mentions the incident.
114
Lamberville to La Barre, 9 Oct., 1684, in N. Y. Col. Docs., IX. 260.
115
Meules au Ministre, 10 Oct., 1684.
116
Saint-Vallier, État Présent de l'Église, 4 (Quebec, 1856).
117
Juchereau, Hôtel-Dieu, 283.
118
Denonville au Ministre, 12 Juin, 1686.
119
New York had about 18,000 inhabitants (Brodhead, Hist. N. Y., II. 458). Canada, by the census of 1685, had 12,263.
120
Seignelay to Barillon, French Ambassador at London, in N. Y. Col. Docs., IX. 269.
121
Denonville à Seigneloy, 8 Nov., 1686.
122
Denonville à Seignelay, 12 Juin, 1686.
123
Ibid.
124
Dongan to Denonville, 13 Oct., 1685, in N. Y. Col. Docs., IX, 292.
125
Denonville to Dongan, 5 Juin, 1686, N. Y. Col. Docs., III. 456.
