France and England in North America, Part VI : Montcalm and Wolfe

717

Événements de la Guerre en Canada (Hist. Soc. Quebec, 1861). Mémoires sur le Canada, 1749-1760. Vaudreuil au Ministre, 5 Oct. 1759. L'Abeille, II. No. 14 (a publication of the Quebec Seminary). Journal du Siége de Québec (Bibliothêque de Hartwell). Panet, Journal du Siége. Foligny, Journal mémoratif. Memoirs of the Siege of Quebec, by John Johnson, Clerk and Quartermaster-Sergeant to the Fifty-eighth Regiment.

718

The above is from a comparison of the rather discordant accounts of Johnstone, the Journal tenu à l'Armée, the Journal of Panet, and that of the Hartwell Library. The last says that Lévis crossed the Montmorenci. If so, he accomplished nothing. This affair should not be confounded with a somewhat similar one which took place on the 26th.

719

Knox, I. 347; compare pp. 339, 341, 346.

720

Journal du Siége (Bibliothêque de Hartwell).

721

Journal tenu à l'Armée que commandoit feu M. le Marquis de Montcalm.

722

Panet, Journal.

723

Pitt to Amherst, 23 Jan., 10 March, 1759.

724

Amherst to Pitt, 19 June, 1759. Amherst to Stanwix, 6 May, 1759.

725

Mante, 210.

726

Orderly Book of Commissary Wilson in the Expedition against Ticonderoga, 1759. Journal of Samuel Warner, a Massachusetts Soldier, 1759. General and Regimental Orders, Army of Major-General Amherst, 1759. Diary of Sergeant Merriman, of Ruggles's Regiment, 1759. I owe to William L. Stone, Esq., the use of the last two curious documents.

727

Vaudreuil au Ministre, 8 Nov. 1759. Instructions pour M. de Bourlamaque, 20 Mai, 1759, signé Vaudreuil. Montcalm à Bourlamaque, 4 Juin, 1759.

728

Journal of Colonel Amherst (brother of General Amherst). Vaudreuil au Ministre, 8 Nov. 1759. Amherst to Prideaux, 28 July, 1759. Amherst to Pitt, 27 July, 1759. Mante, 213. Knox, I., 397-403. Vaudreuil à Bourlamaque, 19 Juin, 1759.

729

Amherst to Pitt, 5 Aug. 1759.

730

Ibid., 19 June, 1759.

731

Amherst to Gage, 1 Aug. 1759.

732

General Orders, 13 Aug. 1759.

733

Amherst to Pitt, 22 Oct. 1759. This letter, which is in the form of a journal, covers twenty-one folio pages.

734

Instructions of Amherst to Prideaux, 17 May, 1759. Prideaux to Haldimand, 30 June, 1759.

735

Journal of Colonel Amherst.

736

Pouchot, II. 130. Compare Mémoires sur le Canada, 1749-1760; N. Y. Col. Docs., VII. 395; and Letter from Oswego, in Boston Evening Post, No. 1,248.

737

Pouchot says 515, besides 60 men from Little Niagara; Vaudreuil gives a total of 589.

738

Pouchot, II. 52, 59. Procès de Bigot, Cadet, et autres, Mémoire pour Daniel de Joncaire-Chabert.

739

Letters of Colonel Hugh Mercer, commanding at Pittsburg, January-June, 1759. Letters of Stanwix, May-July, 1759. Letter from Pittsburg, in Boston News Letter, No. 3,023. Narrative of John Ormsby.

740

Pouchot, II. 46.

741

Rutherford to Haldimand, 14 July, 1759. Prideaux was extremely disgusted. Prideaux to Haldimand, 13 July, 1759. Allan Macleane, of the Highlanders, calls the engineers "fools and blockheads, G—d d—n them." Macleane to Haldimand, 21 July, 1759.

742

"Il n'y avoit que 1,100 François et 200 sauvages." Vaudreuil au Ministre, 30 Oct. 1759. Johnson says "1,200 men, with a number of Indians." Johnson to Amherst, 25 July, 1759. Portneuf, commanding at Presquisle, wrote to Pouchot that there were 1,600 French and 1,200 Indians. Pouchot, II. 94. A letter from Aubry to Pouchot put the whole at 2,500, half of them Indians. Historical Magazine, V., Second Series, 199.

743

Johnson to Amherst, 25 July, 1759. Knox, II. 135. Captain Delancey to–, 25 July, 1759. This writer commanded the light infantry in the fight.

744

Johnson gives the names in his private Diary, printed in Stone, Life of Johnson, II. 394. Compare Pouchot, II. 105, 106. Letter from Niagara, in Boston Evening Post, No. 1,250. Vaudreuil au Ministre, 30 Oct. 1759.

745

Amherst to Gage, 28 July, 1 Aug., 14 Aug., 11 Sept. 1759. Diary of Sir William Johnson, in Stone, Life of Johnson, II. 394-429.

746

Bourlamaque à (Bernetz?), 22 Sept. 1759.

747

Montcalm à Bourlamaque, 9 Août, 1759. Rigaud à Bourlamaque, 14 Août, 1759. Lévis à Bourlamaque, 25 Août, 1759.

748

Amherst to Wolfe, 7 Aug. 1759.

749

Amherst to Pitt, 22 Oct. 1759. Rogers, Journals, 144.

750

Orderly Book of Commissary Wilson.

751

Lévis à Bourlamaque, 1 Nov. 1759.

752

Rogers says "about six hundred." Other accounts say six or seven hundred. The late Abbé Maurault, missionary of the St. Francis Indians, and their historian, adopts the latter statement, though it is probably exaggerated.

753

Événements de la guerre en Canada, 1759, 1760. Compare N. Y, Colonial Docs., X. 1042.

754

Fraser Journal. Fraser was an officer under Montgomery, of whom he speaks with anger and disgust.

755

Knox, II. 32. Most of the contemporary journals mention the incident.

756

This statement is made by the Chevalier Johnstone, and, with some variation, by the author of the valuable Journal tenu à l'Armée que commandoit feu M. le Marquis de Montcalm. Bigot says that, after the battle, he was told by British officers that Wolfe meant to risk only an advance party of two hundred men, and to reimbark if they were repulsed.

757

Vaudreuil au Ministre, 5 Oct. 1759.

758

Journal du Siége (Bibliothêque de Hartwell). Journal tenu à l'Armée, etc. Vaudreuil au Ministre, 5 Oct. 1759.

759

Pontbriand, Jugement impartial.

760

Montcalm à Vaudreuil, 27 Juillet. Ibid., 29 Juillet, 1759.

761

Foligny, Journal mémoratif. Journal tenu à l'Armée, etc.

762

Vaudreuil au Ministre, 5 Oct. 1759.

763

Knox, II. 61, 65.

764

Letters in Boston Post Boy, No. 97, and Boston Evening Post, No. 1,258.

765

Memoirs of Major Robert Stobo. Curious, but often inexact.

766

See supra,Vol I. p. 253.

767

Joannès, Major de Québec, Mémoire sur la Campagne de 1759.

768

SeeNote, end of chapter.

769

Including Bougainville's command. An escaped prisoner told Wolfe, a few days before, that Montcalm still had fourteen thousand men. Journal of an Expedition on the River St. Lawrence. This meant only those in the town and the camps of Beauport. "I don't believe their whole army amounts to that number," wrote Wolfe to Colonel Burton, on the tenth. He knew, however, that if Montcalm could bring all his troops together, the French would outnumber him more than two to one.

770

Journal of the Particular Transactions during the Siege of Quebec. The writer, a soldier in the light infantry, says he was one of the first eight who came forward. See Notes and Queries, XX. 370.

771

Tucker, Life of Earl St. Vincent, I. 19. (London, 1844.)

772

Journal tenu à l'Armée, etc.

773

Mémoires sur le Canada, 1749-1760.

774

Foligny, Journal mémoratif. Journal tenu à l'Armée, etc.

775

Johnstone, Dialogue. Vaudreuil au Ministre, 5 Oct. 1759.

776

See a note of Smollett, History of England, V. 56 (ed. 1805). Sergeant Johnson, Vaudreuil, Foligny, and the Journal of Particular Transactions give similar accounts.

777

Saunders to Pitt, 20 Sept. Journal of Sergeant Johnson. Compare Knox, II. 67.

778

SeeNote, end of chapter.

779

Johnstone, Dialogue.

780

Malartic à Bourlamaque,—Sept. 1759.

781

Recollections of Joseph Trahan, in Revue Canadienne, IV. 856.

782

Sir Denis Le Marchant, cited by Wright, 579. Le Marchant knew the captain in his old age. Monckton kept Wolfe's promise.

783

"Les Canadiens, qui étaient mêlés dans les bataillons, se pressèrent de tirer et, dès qu'ils l'eussent fait, de mettre ventre à terre pour charger, ce qui rompit tout l'ordre." Malartic à Bourlamaque, 25 Sept. 1759.

784

Daine au Ministre, 9 Oct. 1759.

785

Vaudreuil au Ministre, 21 Sept. 1759.

786

Ibid., 5 Oct. 1759.

787

Confirmed by Journal tenu à l'Armée, etc. "Divers officiers des troupes de terre n'hésitèrent point à dire, tout haut en présence du soldat, qu'il ne nous restoit d'autre ressource que celle de capituler promptement pour toute la colonie," etc.

788

Bougainville à Bourlamaque, 18 Sept. 1759.

789

Bigot, as well as Vaudreuil, sets Bougainville's force at three thousand. "En réunissant le corps M. de Bougainville, les bataillons de Montréal [laissés au camp de Beauport] et la garnison de la ville, il nous restoit encore près de 5,000 hommes de troupes fraîches." Journal tenu à l'Armée. Vaudreuil says that there were fifteen hundred men in garrison at Quebec who did not take part in the battle. If this is correct, the number of fresh troops after it was not five thousand, but more than six thousand; to whom the defeated force is to be added, making, after deducting killed and wounded, some ten thousand in all.

790

Vaudreuil au Ministre, 5 Oct. 1759.

791

Mémoires sur le Canada, 1749-1760.

792

Livre d'Ordres, Ordre du 13 Sept. 1759.

793

Foligny, Journal mémoratif.

794

I am indebted to Abbé Bois for a copy of this note. The last words of Montcalm, as above, are reported partly by Johnstone, and partly by Knox.

795

Ursulines de Québec, III. 10.

796

SeeAppendix J.

797

Mémoire du Sieur de Ramesay.

798

Mémoire pour servir d'Instruction à M. de Ramesay, 13 Sept. 1759. Appended, with the foregoing notes, to the Mémoire de Ramesay.

799

The English returns give a total of 615 French regulars in the place besides sailors and militia.

800

Copie du Conseil de Guerre tenu par M. de Ramesay à Québec, 15 Sept. 1759.

801

Lévis à Bourlamaque, 15 Sept. 1759. Lévis, Guerre du Canada.

802

Bigot au Ministre, 15 Oct. 1759. Malartic à Bourlamaque, 28 Sept. 1759.

803

"Je fus bien charmé," etc. Vaudreuil au Ministre, 5 Oct. 1759.

804

Lévis au Ministre, 10 Nov. 1759.

805

Livre d'Ordres, Ordre du 17-18 Sept. 1759.

806

Lévis a Bourlamaque, 18 Sept. 1759.

807

Articles de Capitulation, 18 Sept. 1759.

808

Letter to an Honourable Brigadier-General [Townshend], printed in 1760. A Refutation soon after appeared, angry, but not conclusive. Other replies will be found in the Imperial Magazine for 1760.

809

See ante,p. 167.

810

Vaudreuil au Ministre de la Guerre, 1 Nov. 1759.

811

See ante,p. 31.

812

Vaudreuil au Ministre de la Marine, 30 Oct. 1759.

813

Procès de Bigot, Cadet, et autres.

814

Letters of Horace Walpole, III. 254, 257 (ed. Cunningham, 1857).

815

Walpole, Memoirs of George II., II. 384.

816

Drawings made on the spot by Richard Short. These drawings, twelve in number, were engraved and published in 1761.

817

Short's Views in Quebec, 1759. Compare Pontbriand, in N. Y. Col. Docs., X. 1,057.

818

Casgrain, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 445.

819

Berniers à Bourlamaque, 27 Sept. 1759.

820

Alexander Campbell to John Floyd, 22 Oct. 1759. Campbell was a lieutenant of the Highlanders; Lloyd was a Connecticut merchant.

821

Murray to Pitt, 25 May, 1760. Murray, Journal, 1759, 1760.

822

Murray to Amherst, 25 Jan. 1760. Not, as some believed, by a train laid by the French.

823

Knox, II. 275. Murray, Journal. Fraser, Journal. Vaudreuil, in his usual way, multiplies the English force by three.

824

Ordonnance faite à Québec le 21 Avril, 1760, par son Excellence, Jacques Murray.

825

Return of the present State of His Majesty's Forces in Garrison at Quebec, 24 April, 1760 (Public Record Office).

826

Vaudreuil au Ministre, 30 Oct. 1759.

827

Vaudreuil au Ministre, 15 Avril, 1760.

828

Vaudreuil au Ministre, 23 Avril, 1760.

829

Vaudreuil aux Capitaines de Milice, 16 Avril, 1760. I am indebted to Abbé H. R. Casgrain for a copy of this letter.

830

Murray to Pitt, 25 May, 1760.

831

Knox, II. 295.

832

SeeAppendix K.

833

Thompson, deceived by Hazen's baptismal name, Moses, thought that he was a Jew. (Revue Canadienne, IV. 865.) He was, however, of an old New England Puritan family. See the Hazen genealogy in Historic-Genealogical Register, XXXIII.

834

Return of Killed, Wounded, and Missing, signed J. Murray.

835

Thompson in Revue Canadienne, IV. 866.

836

Vaudreuil au Ministre, 22 Juin, 1760.

837

Lévis à Bourlamaque, Juillet, Août, 1760.

838

Return of the Present State of His Majesty's Forces in Garrison at Quebec, 21 May, 1760.

839

Knox, II. 344, 348.

840

Murray to Pitt, 24 Aug. 1760.

841

Knox, II. 382, 384. Mante, 340.

842

Vaudreuil au Ministre, 29 Août, 1760.

843

Lévis à Bourlamaque, 25 Août, 1760.

844

Vaudreuil au Ministre, 29 Août, 1760.

845

A List of the Forces employed in the Expedition against Canada, 1760. Compare Mante, 340, Knox, II. 392, and Rogers, 188. Chevalier Johnstone, who was with Bougainville, says "about four thousand," which Vaudreuil multiplies to twelve thousand.

846

Rogers, Journals. Diary of a Sergeant in the Army of Haviland. Johnstone, Campaign of 1760. Bigot au Ministre, 29 Août, 1760.

847

A List of the Forces employed in the Expedition against Canada. Compare Mante, 301, and Knox, II. 403.

848

On the capture of Fort Lévis, Amherst to Pitt, 26 Aug. 1760. Amherst to Monckton, same date. Pouchot, II. 264-282. Knox, II. 405-413. Mante, 303-306. All Canada in the Hands of the English (Boston, 1760). Journal of Colonel Nathaniel Woodhull.

849

Amherst to Pitt, 8 Sept. 1760.

850

An East View of Montreal, drawn on the Spot by Thomas Patten (King's Maps, British Museum), Plan of Montreal, 1759. A Description of Montreal, in several magazines of the time. The recent Canadian publication called Le Vieux Montréal, is exceedingly incorrect as to the numbers of the British troops and the position of their camps.

851

A List of the Forces employed in the Expedition against Canada. See Smith, History of Canada, I. Appendix xix. Vaudreuil writes to Charles Langlade, on the ninth, that the three armies amount to twenty thousand, and raises the number to thirty-two thousand in a letter to the Minister on the next day. Berniers says twenty thousand; Lévis, for obvious reasons, exaggerates the number to forty thousand.

852

Vaudreuil au Ministre, 10 Sept. 1760.

853

Procès-verbal de la Déliberation du Conseil de Guerre tenu à Montréal, 6 Sept. 1760.

854

Articles of Capitulation, 8 Sept. 1760. Amherst to Pitt, same date.

855

Protêt de M. de Lévis à M. de Vaudreuil contre la Clause dans les Articles de Capitulation qui exige que les Troupes mettront bas les Armes, avec l'Ordre de M. de Vaudreuil au Chevalier de Lévis de se conformer à la Capitulation proposée. Vaudreuil au Ministre de la Marine, 10 Sept. 1760. Lévis au Ministre de la Guerre, 27 Nov. 1760.

856

Le Ministre à Vaudreuil, 5 Déc. 1760.

857

Le Ministre au Vicomte de Vaudreuil, Frère du Gouverneur, 21 Déc. 1760.

858

Lévis à Belleisle, 27 Nov. 1760.

859

Faillon, Vie de Mademoiselle Le Ber, 363-370.

860

Journal du Voyage de M. Saint-Luc de la Corne. This is his own narrative.

861

Jugement rendu souverainement et en dernier Ressort dans l'Affaire du Canada. Papers at the Châtelet of Paris, cited by Dussieux.

862

The above extracts are as translated by Carlyle in his History of Frederick II. of Prussia.

863

Stanley to Pitt, 6 Aug. 1761, in Grenville Correspondence, I. 367, note.

864

Flassan, Diplomatie Française, V. 376 (Paris, 1809).

865

See the proposals in Entick, V. 161.

866

Beatson, Military Memoirs, II. 434. The Count de Fuentes to the Earl of Egremont, 25 Dec. 1761, in Entick, V. 264.

867

On this negotiation, see Mémoire historique sur la Négociation de la France et de l'Angleterre (Paris, 1761), a French Government publication containing papers on both sides. The British Ministry also published such documents as they saw fit, under the title of Papers relating to the Rupture with Spain. Compare Adolphus, George III., I. 31-39.

868

Flassan, Diplomatie Française, V. 317 (Paris, 1809).

869

Beatson, II. 438.

870

Annual Register, 1761, p. 44. Adolphus, George III., I. 40. Thackeray, Life of Chatham, I. 592.

871

Walpole, George III., I. 80, and note by Sir Denis Le Marchant, 80-82.

872

Nuthall to Lady Chatham, 12 Nov. 1761, in Chatham Correspondence, II. 166.

873

Declaration of War against the King of Spain, 4 Jan. 1762.

874

Journal of the Siege, by the Chief Engineer, in Beatson, II. 544. Mante, 398-465. Entick, V. 363-383.

875

Kalm, Travels in North America, I. 207.

876

Interest of Great Britain in regard to her Colonies (London, 1760).