Полная версия
France and England in North America, Part VI : Montcalm and Wolfe
Fort Gaspereau, at Baye Verte, twelve miles distant, was summoned by letter to surrender. Villeray, its commandant, at once complied; and Winslow went with a detachment to take possession.261 Nothing remained but to occupy the French post at the mouth of the St. John. Captain Rous, relieved at last from inactivity, was charged with the task; and on the thirtieth he appeared off the harbor, manned his boats, and rowed for shore. The French burned their fort, and withdrew beyond his reach.262
Конец ознакомительного фрагмента.
Текст предоставлен ООО «ЛитРес».
Прочитайте эту книгу целиком, купив полную легальную версию на ЛитРес.
Безопасно оплатить книгу можно банковской картой Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, со счета мобильного телефона, с платежного терминала, в салоне МТС или Связной, через PayPal, WebMoney, Яндекс.Деньги, QIWI Кошелек, бонусными картами или другим удобным Вам способом.
1
Censuses of Canada, iv. 61. Rameau (La France aux Colonies, II. 81) estimates the Canadian population, in 1755, at sixty-six thousand, besides voyageurs, Indian traders, etc. Vaudreuil, in 1760, places it at seventy thousand.
2
La Galissonière, Mémoire sur les Colonies de la France dans l'Amérique septentrionale.
3
Gordon, Journal, 1766, appended to Pownall, Topographical Description. In the Dépôt des Cartes de la Marine at Paris, C. 4,040, are two curious maps of the Illinois colony, made a little after the middle of the century. In 1753 the Marquis Duquesne denounced the colonists as debauched and lazy.
4
"De toutes les nations domiciliées dans les postes des pays d'en haut, il n'y a que les hurons du détroit qui aient embrassé la Réligion chretienne." Mémoirs du Roy pour servir d'instruction au Sr. Marquis de Lajonquière.
5
Dinwiddie to Hamilton, 21 May, 1753. Hamilton to Dinwiddie,—May, 1753.
6
Céloron, Journal. Compare the letter as translated in N. Y. Col. Docs., VI. 532; also Colonial Records of Pa., V. 425.
7
There was another Chiningué, the Shenango of the English, on the Alleghany.
8
O. H. Marshall, in Magazine of American History, March, 1878.
9
For papers relating to it, see Trans. Amer. Antiq. Soc., II.
10
For a fac-simile of the inscription on this plate, see Olden Time, I. 288. Céloron calls the Kenawha, Chinodahichetha. The inscriptions as given in his Journal correspond with those on the plates discovered.
11
Céloron, Journal. Compare A Message from the Twightwees (Miamis) in Colonial Records of Pa., V. 437, where they say that they refused the gifts.
12
Journal de la Campagne que moy Céloron, Chevalier de l'Ordre Royal et Militaire de St. Louis, Capitaine Commandant un détachement envoyé dans la Belle Rivière par les ordres de M. le Marquis de La Galissonière, etc.
Relation d'un voyage dans la Belle Rivière sous les ordres de M. de Céloron, par le Père Bonnecamp, en 1749.
13
Instructions to Gist, in appendix to Pownall, Topographical Description of North America.
14
Mr. Croghan's Transactions with the Indians, in N. Y. Col. Docs., VII. 267; Croghan to Hamilton, 16 Dec. 1750.
15
This is stated by Count Zinzendorf, who visited her among the Senecas. Compare Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV., p. 376. In a plan of the "Route of the Western Army," made in 1779, and of which a tracing is before me, the village where she lived is still called "French Catharine's Town."
16
Journal of Zinzendorf, quoted in Schweinitz, Life of David Zeisberger, 112, note.
17
Compare Message of Miamis and Hurons to the Governor of Pennsylvania in N. Y. Col. Docs., VI. 594; and Report of Croghan in Colonial Records of Pa., V. 522, 523.
18
Journal of Christopher Gist, in appendix to Pownall, Topographical Description. Mr. Croghan's Transactions with the Indians in N. Y. Col. Docs., VII. 267.
19
Joncaire made anti-English speeches to the Ohio Indians under the eyes of the English themselves, who did not molest him. Journal of George Croghan, 1751, in Olden Time, I. 136.
20
Mr. Croghan's Transactions with the Indians, N. Y. Col. Docs., VII. 267.
21
Colonial Records of Pa., V. 515, 529, 547. At a council at Logstown (1751), the Indians said to Croghan: "The French want to cheat us out of our country; but we will stop them, and, Brothers the English, you must help us. We expect that you will build a strong house on the River Ohio, that in case of war we may have a place to secure our wives and children, likewise our brothers that come to trade with us." Report of Treaty at Logstown, Ibid., V. 538.
22
Dinwiddie to the Lords of Trade, 6 Oct. 1752.
23
Journals of New York Assembly, II. 283, 284. Colonial Records of Pa., V. 466.
24
Clinton to Hamilton, 18 Dec. 1750. Clinton to Lords of Trade, 13 June, 1751; Ibid., 17 July, 1751.
25
Clinton to Bedford, 30 July, 1750.
26
Johnson to Clinton, 28 April, 1749.
27
The estimate of a French official report, 1736, and of Sir William Johnson, 1763.
28
La Jonquière au Ministre, 27 Fév. 1750. Ibid., 29 Oct. 1751. Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres, 1751. Notice biographique de la Jonquière. La Jonquière, governor of Canada, at last broke up their contraband trade, and ordered Tournois to Quebec.
29
I once saw a contemporary portrait of him at the mission of Two Mountains, where he had been stationed.
30
Rouillé à la Jonquière, 1749. The Intendant Bigot gave him money and provisions. N. Y. Col. Docs., X. 204.
31
Journal of Conrad Weiser, 1750.
32
Lalande, Notice de l'Abbé Piquet, in Lettres Édifiantes. See also Tassé in Revue Canadienne, 1870, p. 9.
33
Piquet à la Jonquière et Bigot, 8 Fév. 1752. SeeAppendix A. In spite of Piquet's self-laudation, and in spite also of the detraction of the author of the Mémoires sur le Canada, 1749-1760, there can be no doubt of his practical capacity and his fertility of resource. Duquesne, when governor of the colony, highly praises "ses talents et son activité pour le service de Sa Majesté."
34
Appendix A.
35
On Toronto, La Jonquière et Bigot au Ministre, 1749. La Jonquière au Ministre, 30 Août, 1750. N. Y. Col. Docs., X. 201, 246.
36
La Jonquière au Ministre, 23 Fév. 1750. Ibid., 6 Oct. 1751. Compare Colonial Records of Pa., V. 508.
37
Lieutenant Lindesay to Johnson, July, 1751.
38
Clinton to Lords of Trade, 30 July, 1750.
39
Journal of Conrad Weiser, 1750.
40
Compare Doc. Hist. N. Y., I. 463.
41
Journal qui peut servir de Mémoire et de Relation du Voyage que j'ay fait sur le Lac Ontario pour attirer au nouvel Établissement de La Présentation les Sauvages Iroquois des Cinq Nations, 1751. The last passage given above is condensed in the rendering, as the original is extremely involved and ungrammatical.
42
La Jonquière au Ministre, 24 Août, 1750.
43
Relation du Voiage de la Belle Rivière, 1749.
44
A plan of Detroit is before me, made about this time by the engineer Lery.
45
Le Ministre à la Jonquière et Bigot, 14 Mai, 1749. Le Ministre à Céloron, 23 Mai, 1749.
46
Ordonnance du 2 Jan. 1750. La Jonquière et Bigot au Ministre, 1750. Forty-six persons of all ages and both sexes had been induced by La Galissonière to go the year before. Lettres communes de la Jonquière et Bigot, 1749. The total fixed population of Detroit and its neighborhood in 1750 is stated at four hundred and eighty-three souls. In the following two years, a considerable number of young men came of their own accord, and Céloron wrote to Montreal to ask for girls to marry them.
47
Le Ministre à la Galissonière, 14 Mai, 1749.
48
Mémoires sur le Canada, 1749-1760. The charges made here and elsewhere are denied, somewhat faintly, by a descendant of La Jonquière in his elaborate Notice biographique of his ancestor.
49
Le Ministre à La Jonquière, Mai, 1749. The instructions given to La Jonquière before leaving France also urge the necessity of destroying Oswego.
50
Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres; à MM. de la Jonquière et Bigot, 15 Avril, 1750. SeeAppendix A. for original.
51
Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres, 1750.
52
Chalmers, Collection of Treaties, I. 382.
53
La Jonquière à Clinton, 10 Août, 1751.
54
Deposition of Morris Turner and Ralph Kilgore, in Colonial Records of Pa., V. 482. The deponents had been prisoners at Detroit.
55
Précis des Faits, avec leurs Pièces justificatives, 100.
56
Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres, 1750.
57
Ibid., 6 Juin, 1751.
58
La Jonquière au Ministre, 19 Oct. 1751.
59
Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres, 1751.
60
He died on the sixth of March, 1752 (Bigot au Ministre, 6 Mai); not on the seventeenth of May, as stated in the Mémoires sur le Canada, 1749-1760.
61
Dépêches de Longueuil; Lettres de Raymond; Benoit de Saint-Clerc à la Jonquière, Oct. 1751.
62
Longueuil au Ministre, 21 Avril, 1752.
63
Le Ministre à la Jonquière, 1752. Le Ministre à Duquesne, 9 Juillet, 1752.
64
La Jonquière à Céloron, 1 Oct. 1751.
65
On the attack of Pickawillany, Longueuil au Ministre, 18 Août, 1752; Duquesne au Ministre, 25 Oct. 1752; Colonial Records of Pa., V. 599; Journal of William Trent, 1752. Trent was on the spot a few days after the affair.
66
Ordres du Roy et Dépêches des Ministres, 1753.
67
Duquesne au Ministre, 29 Sept. 1754.
68
Pouchot, Mémoire sur la dernière Guerre de l'Amérique septentrionale (ed. 1781), I. 8.
69
Duquesne au Ministre, 27 Oct. 1753.
70
Johnson to Clinton, 20 April, 1753, in N. Y. Col. Docs., VI. 778.
71
Holland to Clinton, 15 May, 1753, in N. Y. Col. Docs., VI. 780.
72
See the numerous papers in Selections from the Public Documents of the Province of Nova Scotia (Halifax, 1869), pp. 1-165; a Government publication of great value.
73
The oath was literatim as follows: "Je Promets et Jure Sincerement en Foi de Chrétien que Je serai entierement Fidele, et Obeierai Vraiment Sa Majesté Le Roy George Second, qui (sic) Je reconnoi pour Le Souvrain Seigneur de l'Accadie ou Nouvelle Ecosse. Ainsi Dieu me Soit en Aide."
74
Description de l'Acadie, avec le Nom des Paroisses et le Nombre des Habitants, 1748. Mémoire à présenter à la Cour sur la Necessité de fixer les Limites de l'Acadie, par l'Abbé de l'Isle-Dieu, 1753 (1754?). Compare the estimates in Censuses of Canada (Ottawa, 1876.)
75
La Jonquière à l'Évêque de Québec, 14 Juin, 1750. Mémoire du Roy pour servir d'Instruction au Comte de Raymond, commandant pour Sa Majesté à l'Isle Royale [Cape Breton], 24 Avril, 1751.
76
SeeAppendix B.
77
Public Documents of Nova Scotia, 173.
78
See Ibid., 174, where the answer is printed.
79
Cornwallis to the Board of Trade, 11 Sept. 1749.
80
La Jonquière au Ministre, 9 Oct. 1749. SeeAppendix B.
81
Resumé des Lettres lues au Travail du Roy, Mai, 1750.
82
In 1750 nine captured deserters from Phillips's regiment declared on their trial that the French had aided them and supplied them all with money. Public Documents of Nova Scotia, 193.
83
Le Ministre à Desherbiers, 23 Mai, 1750; Ibid., 31 Mai, 1750.
84
Mémoire du Roy pour servir d'Instruction au Comte de Raymond, 24 Avril, 1751.
85
Lettre commune de Desherbiers et Bigot au Ministre, 15 Août, 1749.
86
Longueuil au Ministre, 26 Avril, 1752.
87
Bigot au Ministre, 1749.
88
Dépêches de la Jonquière, 1 Mai, 1751. SeeAppendix B.
89
Prévost au Ministre, 12 Mars, 1753; Ibid., 17 July, 1753. Prévost was ordonnateur, or intendant, at Louisbourg. The treaty will be found in full in Public Documents of Nova Scotia, 683.
90
Prévost au Ministre, 16 Août, 1753.
91
Ibid., 22 Juillet, 1750.
92
Le Ministre au Comte de Raymond, 21 Juillet, 1752. It is curious to compare these secret instructions, given by the Minister to the colonial officials, with a letter which the same Minister, Rouillé, wrote ostensibly to La Jonquière, but which was really meant for the eye of the British Minister at Versailles, Lord Albemarle, to whom it was shown in proof of French good faith. It was afterwards printed, along with other papers, in a small volume called Précis des Faits, avec leurs Pièces justificatives which was sent by the French Government to all the courts of Europe to show that the English alone were answerable for the war. The letter, it is needless to say, breathes the highest sentiments of international honor.
93
L'Isle-Dieu, Mémoire sur l'État actuel des Missions, 1753 (1754?).
94
Longueuil au Ministre, 27 Avril, 1752.
95
Cornwallis to the Bishop of Quebec, 1 Dec. 1749.
96
Daudin, prêtre, à Prévost, 23 Oct. 1753. Prévost au Ministre, 24 Nov. 1753.
97
Mémoire à présenter à la Cour, 1753.
98
Roma au Ministre, 11 Mars, 1750.
99
Mémoires sur le Canada, 1749-1760.
100
Bonaventure à Desherbiers, 26 Juin, 1751.
101
Prévost au Ministre, 25 Nov. 1750.
102
Bonaventure, ut supra.
103
Girard à (Bonaventure?), 27 Oct. 1753.
104
The above passages are from two address of Cornwallis, read to the Acadian deputies in April and May, 1750. The combined extracts here given convey the spirit of the whole. See Public Documents of Nova Scotia, 185-190.
105
Public Documents of Nova Scotia, 197.
106
L'Évêque de Québec à Le Loutre; translation in Public Documents of Nova Scotia, 240.
107
Mémoires sur le Canada, 1749-1760.
108
On Le Loutre, compare Public Documents of Nova Scotia, 178-180, note, with authorities there cited; N. Y. Col. Docs., X. 11; Mémoires sur le Canada, 1749-1760 (Quebec, 1838).
109
La Jonquière himself admits that he thought so. "Cette partie là étant, à ce que je crois, dépendante de l'Acadie." La Jonquière au Ministre, 3 Oct. 1750.
110
It has been erroneously stated that Beaubassin was burned by its own inhabitants. "Laloutre, ayant vu que les Acadiens ne paroissoient pas fort pressés d'abandonner leurs biens, avoit lui-même mis le feu à l'Église, et l'avoit fait mettre aux maisons des habitants par quelques-uns de ceux qu'il avoit gagnés," etc. Mémoires sur le Canada, 1749-1760. "Les sauvages y mirent le feu." Précis des Faits, 85. "Les sauvages mirent le feu aux maisons." Prévost au Ministre, 22 Juillet, 1750.
111
La Vallière, Journal de ce qui s'est passé à Chenitou [Chignecto] et autres parties des Frontières de l'Acadie, 1750-1751. La Vallière was an officer on the spot to the footnote written.
112
Prévost au Ministre, 27 Sept. 1750.
113
"Les sauvages et Accadiens mirent le feu dans toutes les maisons et granges, pleines de bled et de fourrages, ce qui a causé une grande disette." La Vallière, ut supra.
114
Maillard, Les Missions Micmaques. On the murder of Howe, Public Documents of Nova Scotia, 194, 195, 210; Mémoires sur le Canada, 1749-1760, where it is said that Le Loutre was present at the deed; La Vallière, Journal, who says that some Acadians took part in it; Dépêches de la Jonquière, who says "les sauvages de l'Abbé le Loutre l'ont tué par trahison;" and Prévost au Ministre, 27 Oct. 1750.
115
Mémoires sur le Canada, 1749-1760.
116
Ordonnance du 12 Avril, 1751.
117
Écrit donné aux Habitants réfugiés à Beauséjour, 10 Août, 1754.
118
Copie de la Lettre de M. l'Abbé Le Loutre, Prêtre Missionnaire des Sauvages de l'Accadie, à M. Lawrence à Halifax, 26 Août, 1754. There is a translation in Public Documents of Nova Scotia.
119
Public Documents of Nova Scotia, 205, 209.
120
Compare Mémoires, 1749-1760, and Public Documents of Nova Scotia, 229, 230.
121
The commission of De Monts, in 1603, defines Acadia as extending from the fortieth to the forty-sixth degrees of latitude,—that is, from central New Brunswick to southern Pennsylvania. Neither party cared to produce the document.
122
"L'Acadie suivant ses anciennes limites est la presquisle bornée par son isthme." La Galissonière au Ministre, 25 Juillet, 1749. The English commissioners were, of course, ignorant of this admission.
123
Mémoire de l'Abbé de l'Isle-Dieu, 1753 (1754?).
124
The extent of British claims is best shown on two maps of the time, Mitchell's Map of the British and French Dominions in North America and Huske's New and Accurate Map of North America; both are in the British Museum. Dr. John Mitchell, in his Contest in America (London, 1757) pushes the English claim to its utmost extreme, and denies that the French were rightful owners of anything in North America except the town of Quebec and the trading-post of Tadoussac. Besides the claim founded on the subjection of the Iroquois to the British Crown, the English somewhat inconsistently advanced others founded on titles obtained by treaty from these same tribes, and others still, founded on the original grants of some of the colonies, which ran indefinitely westward across the continent.
125
Mémoires des Commissaires de Sa Majesté Très Chrétienne et de ceux de Sa Majesté Brittanique. Paris, 1755. Several editions appeared.
126
Roman politique sur l'État présent des Affaires de l'Amérique (Amsterdam, 1756). For extracts from French Documents, seeAppendix B.
127
Pouchot, Mémoires sur la dernière Guerre de l'Amérique Septentrionale, I. 8.
128
Duquesne au Ministre, 2 Nov. 1753; compare Mémoire pour Michel-Jean Hugues Péan.
129
Duquesne à Marin, 27 Août, 1753.
130
Mémoire ou Journal sommaire du Voyage de Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre.
131
Rapports de Conseils avec les Sauvages à Montreal, Juillet, 1753. Duquesne au Ministre, 31 Oct. 1753. Letter of Dr. Shuckburgh in N. Y. Col. Docs., VI. 806.
132
Duquesne au Ministre, 29 Nov. 1753. On this expedition, compare the letter of Duquesne in N. Y. Col. Docs., X. 255, and the deposition of Stephen Coffen, Ibid., VI. 835.
133
Journal of Major Washington. Journal of Mr. Christopher Gist.
134
Marin had sent sixty men in August to seize the house, which belonged to the trader Fraser. Dépêches de Duquesne. They carried off two men whom they found here. Letter of Fraser in Colonial Records of Pa., V. 659.
135
Journal of Washington, as printed at Williamsburg, just after his return.
136
"La Distinction qui convient à votre Dignitté à sa Qualité et à son grand Mérite." Copy of original letter sent by Dinwiddie to Governor Hamilton.
137
Journal of Mr. Christopher Gist, in Mass. Hist. Coll., 3rd Series, V.
138
Instructions to Our Trusty and Well-beloved Robert Dinwiddie, Esq., 28 Aug. 1753.
139
Address of Lieutenant-Governor Dinwiddie to the Council and Burgesses, 1 Nov. 1753.
140
Dinwiddie Papers.
141
Ibid. Instructions to Major George Washington, January, 1754.
