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And then the most interesting part begins.
Production.
Put simply, the cell gradually breaks incoming substances down into smaller components and extracts useful energy from them.
It is much like processing raw materials at an industrial facility.
Some of that energy is used immediately.
Some is directed toward the production of ATP.
This entire process is known as energy metabolism.
At this point, it is useful to become familiar with two important mechanisms.
The first is called glycolysis.
The name may sound complicated, but the idea is quite simple.
Imagine an economy that urgently needs money.
Right now.
There is no time to launch major production lines.
No time for lengthy resource processing.
So a rapid liquidity injection is activated.
In our economic model, this is exactly the role of glycolysis.
It allows the body to produce a small amount of ATP from glucose very quickly.
It is not the most efficient method of production, but it is extremely fast.
When the body suddenly needs energy, this mechanism becomes incredibly useful.
The second mechanism is associated with the work of the mitochondria.
Here, the process takes longer, but it is far more efficient.
If glycolysis resembles an emergency release of cash into circulation, mitochondrial production resembles the full-scale operation of a central banking system.
Using incoming resources and oxygen, mitochondria generate much larger amounts of ATP.
This is why oxygen plays such a critical role.
Without it, the production of the money supply drops dramatically.
You can think of the economy as operating in two different modes.
The first mode is fast.
Get money now.
Maybe not much.
Maybe not very efficiently.
The important thing is immediate availability.
The second mode is full-scale production.
Slower.
More complex.
But far more profitable.
The body can use both approaches.
In fact, it constantly switches between them depending on circumstances.
Interestingly, energy metabolism never comes to a complete stop.
Not even when you are asleep.
Not even when you are lying completely still.
Not even when it seems that nothing is happening.
The heart continues to work.
The lungs continue to support international resource exchange.
The brain continues to coordinate the system.
Cells continue repairing damage.
The immune system remains on duty.
All of this requires money.
ATP continues to be spent.
Which means production cannot stop.
In essence, life is a continuous process of turning resources into work.
Food enters the economy.
Oxygen makes production possible.
Water keeps processes moving.
Blood delivers everything to the cells that need it.
And the issuing banks produce the body’s currency.
When you look at the body as a whole, it becomes clear that energy is not some mysterious force that simply exists within us.
Energy is the result of an enormous system at work.
Resources enter.
Logistics delivers them where they are needed.
Issuing banks produce the money supply.
Cells spend it to perform their functions.
And the process repeats itself again and again.
Every second.
For as long as life exists.
That is why energy metabolism is not just another biochemical process buried deep inside a cell.
It is the foundation of the body’s entire economy.
The process that transforms incoming resources into the ability to live, move, think
1.4 Mitochondria: The Body’s Issuing Banks. Not an Energy Warehouse, but the Place Where the Money Supply Is Created
Sometimes you hear people say:
«Mitochondria are the cell’s energy storage units.»
It sounds logical.
If mitochondria are connected to energy, then there must be energy reserves stored somewhere inside them.
Almost like a country’s gold reserves kept in a secure vault.
But if you look more closely, that is not quite how things work.
Mitochondria do not store energy.
They produce it.
And the difference between those two ideas is far more important than it might seem at first glance.
Imagine the economy of a large country.
It may have warehouses filled with raw materials.
It may have bank accounts.
It may have reserves for times of crisis.
But reserves alone do not solve the problem of day-to-day expenses.
The country needs money that can be used to pay for work right now.
That is why there is a system for issuing money.
As long as that system functions, the economy stays alive.
If it stops, problems begin regardless of how large the reserves may be.
The body works in a similar way.
It has resources.
There is glucose — fast income.
There are fatty acids — long-term assets.
There is glycogen — a bank account.
There is adipose tissue — a sovereign wealth fund.
But none of these resources is money.
They merely create the possibility of producing it.
The body’s money is ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
ATP is what pays for the work performed by cells.
Muscle contraction.
The transmission of nerve signals.
The creation of new proteins.
The operation of cellular pumps.
The repair of damage.
Almost everything that happens inside a living organism.
This raises an important question:
Who issues this money?
This is where mitochondria enter the stage.
Using the economic model of our book, mitochondria are the body’s issuing banks.
Not warehouses.
Not vaults.
Not savings funds.
Banks that issue the money supply.
This distinction is important.
Imagine a national mint.
Paper, ink, and security materials are delivered there.
But those materials are not money by themselves.
They become money only after a complex production process.
Something very similar happens inside mitochondria.
Resources obtained from food arrive there.
Oxygen delivered through the body’s transportation network arrives there as well.
After a series of complex processes, ATP appears.
New money.
A new money supply.
A new ability to pay for the work of cells.
Interestingly, mitochondria do not operate as a centralized system.
There is no single giant energy bank inside the body.
Every cell has its own banking system.
Sometimes small.
Sometimes very large.
It all depends on demand.
For example, skin cells use relatively little energy.
Heart cells, on the other hand, work continuously for decades.
Imagine a company that never closes for a single minute after it begins operating.
That is how the heart works.
As a result, its cells contain enormous numbers of mitochondria.
They require a constant issuance of money.
No weekends.
No vacations.
No holidays.
The brain is also one of the body’s largest consumers of energy.
Although it makes up only a small portion of total body mass, its economic activity is extraordinarily high.
The government’s job is to constantly receive information, analyze it, make decisions, and coordinate the work of the entire system.
All of that requires a continuous flow of ATP.
And that means continuously operating issuing banks.
At this point, another interesting idea becomes clear.
Energy problems do not always mean a shortage of resources.
Sometimes resources are plentiful.
Glucose is available.
Fat reserves are present.
Oxygen is sufficient.
But the mitochondria themselves are operating less efficiently.
In that situation, the economy finds itself in an unusual position.
There is raw material.
There is not enough money.
Imagine a country with enormous reserves of oil, metals, and food.
At first glance, it should be thriving.
But if its banking system cannot efficiently convert resources into money, the economy will still struggle.
A similar logic applies to the body.
What matters is not only the amount of resources available.
What matters is the quality of their conversion.
That is why mitochondria occupy such a special place in our model.
They stand at the intersection of two worlds.
On one side, they receive resources from outside.
On the other, they provide the internal economy with money.
They connect the supply of raw materials to the actual work performed by cells.
If you look at the body as a nation, it becomes clear that life depends not only on reserves and not only on supplies.
It depends on the ability to convert resources into usable currency.
Food provides raw materials.
The lungs ensure a supply of oxygen.
Blood delivers everything through the transportation network.
But it is the mitochondria that perform the economy’s most important act — issuing the body’s money.
That is why mitochondria are not an energy warehouse.
Not a battery.
Not a storage room for resources.
They are far more important than that.
They are issuing banks where, every second, the money supply required for the entire economy of the body is created.
And as long as these banks continue to operate, life goes on.
1.5 Metabolism as Resource Turnover: Income, Expenses, and Investments
Imagine someone who decides to take a closer look at their finances.
They open their banking app and see only one number — the balance in their account.
Let’s say it shows one hundred thousand rubles.
Is that a lot or a little?
In reality, it is impossible to tell.
If that person earns two hundred thousand rubles each month and spends one hundred and fifty thousand, their financial situation is quite stable.
If they are unemployed and spending the last of their savings every month, the picture looks very different.
The same account balance can represent either prosperity or an approaching crisis.
To understand the state of an economy, it is not enough to know the size of its capital.
You need to understand the movement of resources.
Income.
Expenses.
Savings.
Investments.
This is what economists call turnover.
The body operates according to a similar principle.
When people talk about metabolism, they often imagine something mysterious.
Something invisible.
Something happening deep inside cells.
But when viewed through the lens of our economic model, the picture becomes much clearer.
Metabolism is the turnover of resources within the body.
A continuous movement of income, expenses, savings, and redistribution.
The economic life of the body.
Every day, new resources enter the system.
Food brings in raw materials.
The lungs provide a supply of oxygen.
Water maintains the liquidity of the system.
Through the digestive economy, resources are processed and distributed.
After that, they become part of the body’s internal turnover.
This is the revenue side of the body’s budget.
But no economy survives on income alone.
It also carries expenses.
And the body is no exception.
In fact, most expenses occur even when a person appears to be doing nothing.
As you read these lines, your heart continues to work.
Your lungs continue to support resource exchange.
Your brain continues to coordinate the system.
Your kidneys continue to clean the internal environment.
The ministry of defense remains on alert.
Billions of cells continue performing their duties.
Every operation requires payment.
Every operation spends ATP.
This creates an interesting paradox.
Even complete rest does not mean the absence of costs.
The body’s economy never comes to a complete stop.
It can slow down.
It can speed up.
But it cannot switch off.
Life itself requires continuous spending.
When income exceeds expenses, the system gains the ability to build reserves.
In a country, those reserves may take the form of savings funds or bank accounts.
In the body, that role is played by glycogen and adipose tissue.
Some resources are set aside for the future.
Not because they are needed right now.
But because the system understands that tomorrow may look different.
You can think of glycogen as a bank account for short-term needs.
When the body needs rapid access to resources, this is where it turns first.
Adipose tissue serves a different purpose.
It is a sovereign wealth fund.
A long-term reserve.
A strategic stockpile designed for more serious periods of shortage.
But an economy is not limited to income, expenses, and savings.
There is another category.
Investments.
Imagine a company that spends all its money only on current expenses.
It pays its bills.
It pays salaries.
It keeps its equipment running.
But it never develops.
It never modernizes production.
It never invests in the future.
Over time, such a company begins to lose ground to more forward-thinking competitors.
The body knows how to invest as well.
And it does so constantly.
Muscle growth after training.
Tissue repair.
The creation of new cells.
Learning and memory formation.
The development of the reproductive system.
All of these require resources that could have been spent immediately.
Instead, the system chooses to invest them in the future.
That is why the body’s investments are always connected to a choice.
Use resources immediately or direct them toward growth.
Spend everything today or expand tomorrow’s possibilities.
At this point, the special role of hormones becomes easier to understand.
In our model, hormones are not money.
They do not participate in transactions.
They do not function as resources.
Their role is different.
They help the body make economic decisions.
In practice, they are signals that guide investment policy.
Sex hormones help shift the system into a mode of growth and reproduction.
Adrenaline can temporarily move the economy into a state of emergency mobilization.
Cortisol helps the system endure difficult periods and redistribute resources.
Thyroid hormones influence the pace of economic activity throughout the body.
None of them brings money into the system.
Each one helps determine how that money will be used.
When you look at metabolism as a whole, it becomes clear that it is far more than simply the «rate of metabolism.»
It is the continuous turnover of resources within a vast living economy.
Resources enter the system.
They are distributed.
They are converted into money.
They are spent.
They are saved.
They are invested.
And then they return to circulation once again.
That is why questions about health are often not questions about the quantity of resources.
Sometimes the problem arises from insufficient income.
Sometimes from excessive expenses.
Sometimes from inefficient distribution.
And sometimes because the body’s economy has stopped investing wisely in its own future.
If you remember only one idea from this chapter, let it be this:
Metabolism is not a single process taking place inside a cell.
Metabolism is the entire economic life of the body.
The movement of resources from arrival to expenditure.
From income to investment.
From today’s needs to tomorrow’s opportunities.
And as long as that turnover continues, the economy of the body remains alive.
1.6 Energy Balance: When the Economy Operates Sustainably
Imagine a small country.
Every day, resources flow into it.
Businesses operate.
Salaries are paid.
Roads are built.
Security is maintained.
Transportation systems keep moving.
The economy goes about its daily life.
And then a question arises:
What makes such a system sustainable?
Large financial reserves?
Massive warehouses?
Powerful industries?
In reality, sustainability rarely depends on any single factor.
More often, it is determined by balance.
Even the wealthiest country can run into trouble if its expenses consistently exceed its income.
But the opposite situation is not always beneficial either.
If an economy does nothing but accumulate resources and rarely uses them for development, it can also become less efficient.
Sustainability emerges when income, expenses, reserves, and investments remain in reasonable balance.
The body operates according to the same principles.
Every day, resources enter the system.
Food provides raw materials.
The lungs support international resource exchange and the delivery of oxygen.
Water maintains the liquidity of the system.
The digestive economy processes incoming resources and passes them on.
At first glance, it may seem that the problem has been solved.
But in reality, this is only the beginning.
The resources that enter the body must be allocated.
Some will be used immediately.
Some will be placed into reserves.
Some will be directed toward tissue repair.
Some will become investments in the body’s future development.
This is where the concept of energy balance appears.
Put simply, energy balance is the relationship between incoming and outgoing resources.