Полная версия
Body as an Economy
The metaphorical model of energy and money in the human body
Aidai Imankulova
Editor Айдай Иманкулова
Translator Айдай Иманкулова
Cover designer Айдай Иманкулова
Cover designer DALL-E
© Aidai Imankulova, 2026
© Айдай Иманкулова, translation, 2026
© Айдай Иманкулова, cover design, 2026
© DALL-E, cover design, 2026
ISBN 978-5-0070-6896-3
Created with Ridero smart publishing system
A note to the reader
Why the Body Can Be Viewed as an Economy
Almost every chapter in this book begins with the words:
«Imagine…»
Not because I was too lazy to come up with a different opening.
And not because all the chapters were written from the same template.
It’s simply because every act of understanding begins exactly there.
When we encounter something complex, the brain first builds a model. It tries to understand the invisible through something familiar. That’s why children play with miniature cities, engineers draw diagrams, and scientists create models that help them see what cannot be observed directly.
This book offers one such model.
It invites you to look at the human body not only as a collection of organs, tissues, and biochemical reactions, but also as a vast and remarkably complex economy.
At first, that may sound strange.
We usually associate the word economy with countries, companies, banks, markets, investments, and financial crises. It seems like all of those things exist somewhere outside the human body.
But if you look more closely, an astonishing similarity begins to emerge.
Every economy operates with limited resources. It must acquire them, distribute them, store them, protect them, and use them as efficiently as possible.
The body does exactly the same thing.
Every second, it receives resources from the outside world, processes them, distributes them among its organs, builds reserves for the future, protects itself from threats, and constantly decides where available energy should be directed.
When we eat, new resources enter the system.
When we move, resources are spent.
When we sleep, restoration and redistribution take place.
When we experience stress, spending priorities change.
When we become ill, part of the available resources is redirected toward defense and recovery.
The body continuously manages its internal budget, even when we never stop to think about it.
Of course, this is not a literal economy.
There are no actual banks, ministries, or financial markets inside us.
But there are processes that can be explained remarkably well through these images.
Throughout this book, we will use a simple metaphorical model.
In it, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) becomes the body’s internal currency.
Glycogen resembles a bank account.
Adipose tissue functions as a sovereign wealth fund.
Blood serves as the transportation network.
The brain acts as the government.
The immune system becomes the ministry of defense.
And hormones serve as the tools of long-term strategic management.
There is one important thing to understand.
The economic analogies in this book are not meant to replace biology.
They exist to make biology easier to understand.
Biology answers the question:
«What is the system made of?»
The economic model helps answer a different question:
«Why does the system behave the way it does?»
That is why some chapters begin with unusual situations.
Some begin with everyday examples.
Others begin with economic images that may seem far removed from physiology at first glance.
This is intentional.
Complex systems rarely become clear after a single definition.
More often, understanding emerges when the same principle can be viewed from different angles.
That is why certain ideas will appear again and again.
Not as repetition.
But as an opportunity to gradually assemble separate pieces into a single picture.
And there is one more important point.
This book is not trying to turn the reader into a physician, biochemist, or physiology specialist.
Its goal is much more modest.
To help you see the body as a unified resource-management system.
A system that is constantly balancing income and expenditure, reserves and shortages, risk and security, immediate needs and future investments.
If, at some point while reading, you find yourself thinking:
«This is strange. It’s only a metaphor, yet now I understand much better what’s happening inside my body,»
then this book is accomplishing exactly what it was meant to do.
Welcome to the economy that operates inside every one of us.
PART I. ENERGY
1.1 What Is the Body’s Energy Currency? ATP as the Cell’s Money
Imagine a country with factories, roads, warehouses, ministries, transportation companies, and millions of workers.
But one morning, all the money disappears.
Not the food.
Not the raw materials.
Not the businesses.
The money itself.
What would happen?
Factories would stop operating. Transport companies would cease their work. Workers would no longer be able to receive payment. Even if warehouses were overflowing with resources, the economy would begin to grind to a halt.
The problem would not be a lack of wealth. The problem would be the absence of something that can pay for work right now.
The body faces a similar challenge every second.
Many people think that the body’s energy is food.
Eat an apple — get energy.
Eat porridge — get energy.
Eat a chocolate bar — get energy.
At first glance, that seems exactly right.
But if you look a little deeper, something interesting appears.
Cells cannot pay with apples, sugar, or fat.
To them, these are simply resources.
In the same way that oil, timber, or metal are not money in an economy.
They are valuable assets.
But they are not convenient for paying for every transaction.
A universal currency is needed.
That currency in the body is ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
The name may sound complicated, but for the purposes of this book, it is enough to remember one idea:
ATP is the cell’s money.
Not a savings account.
Not an investment.
Not a bank account.
It is the money used to pay for work here and now.
When a muscle contracts, it spends ATP.
When a neuron sends a signal, it spends ATP.
When a cell builds a protein, powers a membrane pump, or transports a substance across its cellular border, ATP is being spent.
Every action has a price.
Every operation requires payment.
Without payment, work stops.
This brings us to an important distinction between resources and money.
Imagine a person who owns an apartment, a car, and a large bank deposit.
That person is wealthy.
But if they have no cash or available funds at the moment, they may not even be able to buy a cup of coffee.
The problem is not a lack of assets.
The problem is a lack of spending money for current expenses.
Something similar happens in the body.
You can have large fat reserves.
You can have full glycogen stores.
You can have plenty of food available.
But if a cell cannot quickly obtain ATP, it begins to experience an energy shortage.
This creates an interesting picture.
Glucose is not money.
Fat is not money either.
Glycogen is not money.
These are resources and reserves.
They are more like raw materials, warehouses, and bank accounts.
To use them, the body must first convert them into real currency.
That is the job of the mitochondria.
If we continue the economic model of this book, mitochondria can be viewed as issuing banks.
This is where the body’s energy currency is created.
Raw materials enter.
Numerous biochemical processes take place.
And the result is ATP — the cell’s money supply.
That is why the question, «Where does the body get its energy?» is not entirely accurate.
A more precise question would be:
How does the body produce its currency?
Because energy becomes useful to a cell only when it is converted into a form that can pay for work.
This is why health cannot be judged solely by the amount of food consumed.
What matters is not only how many resources enter the body’s economy.
What also matters is how efficiently those resources are converted into money.
A person can receive plenty of fuel and still experience an energy deficit.
And another can have relatively modest resources but a highly effective ATP production system.
If you view the body as an economy, ATP turns out to be one of the most important players in the entire system.
It is not a warehouse.
Not a reserve.
Not an investment.
It is the currency of everyday circulation.
The money that changes hands every second inside a vast nation called the body.
And before we talk about reserves, crises, investments, and governance, we need to understand one essential idea:
The life of a cell is not paid for with glucose.
It is not paid for with fat.
The life of a cell is paid for with ATP.
1.2 Where Resources Come From: Food, Oxygen, and Water
Imagine a city that decides to live without supplies.
Its warehouses gradually empty.
Fuel runs out.
Transportation begins to break down.
Production slows.
At first, the residents barely notice anything. Then the first problems appear. And later it becomes obvious: an economy cannot exist on its own. It constantly needs new resources.
The human body works in a similar way.
We often think of energy as something that simply exists inside us. But in reality, the body depends continuously on the outside world.
Every day, new resources enter the system.
Every day, it receives the raw materials for its internal economy.
And there are three main sources:
• food;
• oxygen;
• water.
At first glance, they seem completely different.
We eat food.
We drink water.
We breathe air.
But for the body, they all serve the same purpose — they keep the system running.
After the previous chapter, a logical question may arise.
If ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the body’s money, where does that money come from?
After all, nobody prints money out of thin air.
Any bank must first receive resources before it can create a money supply.
The mitochondria — the issuing banks of the body — work in exactly the same way.
To produce ATP, they need raw materials.
That is why the body constantly requires supplies from the outside world.
The first source of resources is food.
If we continue the economic metaphor, food is like cargo arriving in a country through seaports, rail terminals, and transportation hubs.
But arriving cargo does not automatically become part of the economy.
It must be received, inspected, distributed, and prepared for use.
This is where the body’s food economy begins.
The stomach can be imagined as a cargo port where raw materials are unloaded.
Everything a person eats arrives here first.
The cargo is then sent onward.
The small intestine acts as both a customs service and a distribution center.
This is where the body decides which substances will be accepted and which will pass through.
After that, nutrients enter the transportation network and begin their journey throughout the body.
However, food itself is not money.
A piece of bread cannot directly make a muscle contract.
An apple cannot immediately power a neuron.
The substances contained in food must first go through a long process of transformation.
Only then can they participate in ATP production.
So food is not money.
Food is the raw material of the economy.
But even enormous reserves of raw materials are not enough.
Imagine a modern factory.
It may be full of materials.
Its warehouses may contain everything needed for production.
But if the electricity is cut off, the factory stops.
The body faces a similar limitation.
To produce its energy currency, it needs oxygen.
Oxygen is often viewed as simply a component of air.
In reality, its role is much more important.
In the body’s economic model, oxygen is an essential condition for carrying out energy transactions.
It is not money.
It is not raw material.
But without it, the production of the money supply falls dramatically.
That is why a person can survive for weeks without food, days without water, but only minutes without air.
The body’s economy depends too heavily on a continuous supply of oxygen.
Entering through the lungs, oxygen passes into the blood.
From there, the body’s transportation network delivers it throughout the entire country.
Red blood cells function as transportation units.
They pick up cargo in the lungs and deliver it to billions of cells.
Every cell is waiting for that shipment.
Every cell depends on it.
Because without oxygen, its ability to produce ATP is drastically reduced.
There is one more resource that people rarely take seriously.
Water.
Most people notice its absence only when they become thirsty.
But in the body’s economy, water plays a unique role.
It is not raw material.
It is not money.
It creates the conditions that make the movement of resources possible.
That is why, in our model, water represents system liquidity.
In economics, liquidity is the ability of money to move freely between participants in a market.
When liquidity is insufficient, delays, disruptions, and payment problems begin to appear.
Something very similar happens in the body.
When there is not enough water, the blood becomes more concentrated.
Transporting substances becomes more difficult.
The functioning of countless processes is disrupted.
Even when food and oxygen are available, the system begins to operate less efficiently.
This creates an interesting picture.
You can have enough raw materials.
You can have fully functioning issuing banks.
You can have cells that are ready to work.
But if liquidity is impaired, the economy begins to struggle.
When you look at the body as a country, it becomes clear that its prosperity does not depend on a single resource.
It is not enough just to eat.
It is not enough just to drink.
It is not enough just to breathe.
The system can function only when all major resources arrive at the same time.
Food supplies raw materials.
Oxygen makes energy transactions possible.
Water maintains liquidity and keeps resources moving.
And only together do they allow the mitochondria to issue the very currency we discussed in the previous chapter.
ATP.
The money on which the entire economy of the body depends.
So the next time you drink a glass of water, take a breath, or sit down for a meal, you can look at it a little differently.
These are not just everyday actions.
They are the arrival of new supplies into a vast economic system that is operating inside you every second.
1.3 How the Body Produces Energy: The Basics of Energy Metabolism
Imagine that a country is receiving shipments around the clock.
Trains bring in raw materials.
Trucks deliver supplies.
Essential resources cross the border every day.
The supply chain is working perfectly.
Warehouses are full.
But then an unexpected question arises.
What happens next?
Raw materials alone do not produce anything.
Steel does not turn into a car simply because it is sitting in a warehouse.
Oil does not start moving vehicles simply because it has been extracted.
Flour does not become bread the moment it arrives at a bakery.
Between receiving resources and using them, there is always another stage.
Processing.
This is where a real economy begins.
In the previous chapter, we discussed the three main resources the body receives: food, oxygen, and water.
But if receiving resources automatically meant receiving energy, life would be much simpler.
Eat an apple — get ATP.
Drink some water — get ATP.
Take a breath — get ATP.
In reality, things work differently.
The body does not receive energy in a ready-made form.
It produces it.
Every second.
In every cell.
Throughout an entire lifetime.
This is an important point.
People often say:
«This food gives you energy.»
In fact, food does not provide energy directly.
It supplies the raw materials needed to produce energy.
In much the same way that timber is not a finished house and iron ore is not a finished car.
Between a resource and a result, there is always a production process.
If we look at the body as an economy, energy production resembles the issuance of money.
First, resources enter the system.
Then they are processed.
After that, specialized structures create a universal currency from them.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
The very money of the body that we discussed in the previous chapter.
The primary producers of this currency are the mitochondria.
In our model, they serve as issuing banks.
Not warehouses.
Not transportation companies.
Not the government.
Banks.
They issue the money supply required to keep the entire system running.
Every cell has its own tiny issuing banks.
Some cells contain especially large numbers of them.
For example, the cells of the heart, muscles, and brain.
The circulation of money in these areas is so intense that they require the constant work of large numbers of mitochondria.
But even an issuing bank cannot print money out of thin air.
It needs resources.
Glucose arrives as fast income.
Fatty acids arrive as long-term assets.
Blood delivers oxygen.
Water provides the liquidity that keeps all processes moving smoothly.