Грамматика английского для начинающих

cat → cats

Существительные на -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z: добавляем -es

bus → buses

box → boxes

watch → watches

Существительные на -y после согласной: меняем y на -ies

baby → babies

city → cities

Некоторые существительные неправильные:

man → men

woman → women

child → children

foot → feet

tooth → teeth

mouse → mice

Существительные, которые не изменяются:

sheep → sheep

fish → fish

Использование с глаголом to be или другими глаголами:

Единственное число → глагол в форме для 3-го лица единственного: is/has

Множественное число → глагол в форме для множественного числа: are/have

Примеры:

The cat is black. — Кошка чёрная.

The cats are black. — Кошки чёрные.

A child is playing. — Ребёнок играет.

Children are playing. — Дети играют.

Практика (Fill in the gaps)

Напишите множественное число существительного в скобках или используйте форму единственного числа, если нужно:

I have two ___ (book).

She sees three ___ (cat).

There is one ___ (dog).

We bought five ___ (box).

The ___ (child) are playing.

I have a ___ (pen).

They have many ___ (city).

The ___ (man) are working.

She has a ___ (baby).

I like the ___ (fish).

One ___ (woman) is singing.

The ___ (mouse) are in the kitchen.

I see two ___ (bus).

He has a ___ (tooth).

The ___ (foot) are tired.

I bought three ___ (watch).

A ___ (sheep) is in the field.

There are many ___ (sheep) in the field.

The ___ (child) is happy.

My ___ (man) are friends.

Ответы с пояснениями

I have two books. — book → books (добавляем -s)

She sees three cats. — cat → cats (добавляем -s)

There is one dog. — dog → dog (единственное число)

We bought five boxes. — box → boxes (оканч. -x → -es)

The children are playing. — child → children (неправильная форма)

I have a pen. — pen → pen (единственное число)

They have many cities. — city → cities (y после согласной → ies)

The men are working. — man → men (неправильная форма)

She has a baby. — baby → baby (единственное число)

I like the fish. — fish → fish (неизменяемое)

One woman is singing. — woman → woman (единственное число)

The mice are in the kitchen. — mouse → mice (неправильная форма)

I see two buses. — bus → buses (оканч. -s → -es)

He has a tooth. — tooth → tooth (единственное число)

The feet are tired. — foot → feet (неправильная форма)

I bought three watches. — watch → watches (оканч. -ch → -es)

A sheep is in the field. — sheep → sheep (неизменяемое)

There are many sheep in the field. — sheep → sheep (множественное число = форма единственного)

The child is happy. — child → child (единственное число)

My men are friends. — man → men (неправильная форма)

There is / There are

Объяснение

Конструкция there is / there are используется, чтобы сказать, что что-то существует или находится где-то.

There is — для единственного числа или неисчисляемых существительных

There are — для множественного числа

Схема:

There is + существительное (ед. число)

There are + существительное (мн. число)

Примеры:

There is a cat on the roof. — На крыше есть кошка.

There are two cats on the roof. — На крыше есть две кошки.

There is some water in the glass. — В стакане есть вода.

There are many books on the table. — На столе много книг.

Вопросы и отрицания:

Is there a cat on the roof? — На крыше есть кошка?

Are there two cats on the roof? — На крыше есть две кошки?

There isn’t a cat on the roof. — На крыше нет кошки.

There aren’t any cats on the roof. — На крыше нет кошек.

Практика (Fill in the gaps)

Вставьте there is или there are.

___ a book on the table.

___ two chairs in the room.

___ a dog in the garden.

___ many trees in the park.

___ an apple on the plate.

___ three pens in my bag.

___ some milk in the fridge.

___ a cat under the table.

___ four children in the classroom.

___ a teacher in the office.

___ some flowers in the vase.

___ a bird on the roof.

___ two cars in the parking lot.

___ a bag on the chair.

___ many students in the library.

___ a mouse in the kitchen.

___ some books on the shelf.

___ an orange in the basket.

___ five windows in this room.

___ a dog near the door.

Ответы с пояснениями

There is a book on the table. — book (ед. число) → there is

There are two chairs in the room. — chairs (мн. число) → there are

There is a dog in the garden. — dog (ед. число) → there is

There are many trees in the park. — trees (мн. число) → there are

There is an apple on the plate. — apple (ед. число) → there is

There are three pens in my bag. — pens (мн. число) → there are

There is some milk in the fridge. — milk (неисчисляемое) → there is

There is a cat under the table. — cat (ед. число) → there is

There are four children in the classroom. — children (мн. число) → there are

There is a teacher in the office. — teacher (ед. число) → there is

There are some flowers in the vase. — flowers (мн. число) → there are

There is a bird on the roof. — bird (ед. число) → there is

There are two cars in the parking lot. — cars (мн. число) → there are

There is a bag on the chair. — bag (ед. число) → there is

There are many students in the library. — students (мн. число) → there are

There is a mouse in the kitchen. — mouse (ед. число) → there is

There are some books on the shelf. — books (мн. число) → there are

There is an orange in the basket. — orange (ед. число) → there is

There are five windows in this room. — windows (мн. число) → there are

There is a dog near the door. — dog (ед. число) → there is

Present Simple: утверждение

Объяснение

Present Simple используется для выражения:

регулярных действий: I go to school every day. — Я хожу в школу каждый день.

общих истин: The sun rises in the east. — Солнце встаёт на востоке.

привычек: She drinks coffee in the morning. — Она пьёт кофе по утрам.

Формы глагола:

Для I, you, we, they — глагол в основной форме:

I play, you read, we work

Для he, she, it — добавляем -s / -es к глаголу:

He plays, she watches, it goes

Особенности:

После глаголов на -s, -sh, -ch, -x, -o добавляем -es:

go → goes, watch → watches

После глаголов, оканчивающихся на -y после согласной, меняем y → ies:

study → studies, carry → carries

Примеры:

I read books every day. — Я читаю книги каждый день.

He reads books every day. — Он читает книги каждый день.

She watches TV in the evening. — Она смотрит телевизор вечером.

Практика (Fill in the gaps)

Вставьте глагол в форме Present Simple.

I ___ (play) football every weekend.

He ___ (read) books in the evening.

They ___ (go) to school every day.

She ___ (watch) TV after dinner.

We ___ (study) English at school.

It ___ (rain) a lot in spring.

You ___ (like) chocolate.

The dog ___ (sleep) on the sofa.

My parents ___ (work) in the office.

She ___ (carry) her bag to school.

I ___ (drink) coffee every morning.

He ___ (do) his homework in the evening.

They ___ (play) tennis on Sundays.

She ___ (go) to the park every day.

We ___ (read) newspapers in the morning.

The cat ___ (chase) the mouse.

I ___ (study) English at home.

He ___ (watch) movies on weekends.

You ___ (play) the guitar very well.

The teacher ___ (teach) us grammar.

Ответы с пояснениями

I play football every weekend. — I → основная форма глагола

He reads books in the evening. — he → добавляем -s: read → reads

They go to school every day. — they → основная форма: go → go

She watches TV after dinner. — she → глагол на -ch → добавляем -es: watch → watches

We study English at school. — we → основная форма: study → study

It rains a lot in spring. — it → глагол на согласный + s: rain → rains

You like chocolate. — you → основная форма: like → like

The dog sleeps on the sofa. — he/it → sleep → sleeps

My parents work in the office. — they → основная форма: work → work

She carries her bag to school. — she → глагол на -y после согласной: carry → carries

I drink coffee every morning. — I → основная форма: drink → drink

He does his homework in the evening. — he → глагол на -o → does

They play tennis on Sundays. — they → основная форма: play → play

She goes to the park every day. — she → глагол на -o → goes

We read newspapers in the morning. — we → основная форма: read → read

The cat chases the mouse. — it → глагол на -s → chases

I study English at home. — I → основная форма: study → study

He watches movies on weekends. — he → глагол на -ch → watches

You play the guitar very well. — you → основная форма: play → play

The teacher teaches us grammar. — he/she → глагол на -ch → teaches

Present Simple: отрицание

Объяснение

Чтобы сделать отрицательное предложение в Present Simple, используется вспомогательный глагол do / does + not (сокращённо don’t / doesn’t) + основной глагол в начальной форме.