Английские предлоги и фразовые конструкции. Простые объяснения, современные примеры, практические задания

Английские предлоги и фразовые конструкции

Простые объяснения, современные примеры, практические задания

Джуди Грэммер

© Джуди Грэммер, 2026

ISBN 978-5-0069-4218-9

Создано в интеллектуальной издательской системе Ridero

Предисловие

Изучение английского языка немыслимо без глубокого понимания предлогов, устойчивых выражений и фразовых конструкций. Они являются основой естественной речи, помогают точно передавать время, место, направление, отношения между объектами, а также эмоциональные и социальные оттенки высказывания. Несмотря на кажущуюся простоту, предлоги часто вызывают трудности у изучающих язык, так как их использование зависит от контекста, сочетаний с другими словами и устоявшихся языковых норм.

Эта книга создана с целью систематически и последовательно познакомить читателя с наиболее употребительными предлогами, фразами и коллокациями, которые встречаются в повседневной жизни, учебной и рабочей среде, путешествиях, а также в общении и выражении эмоций. Каждая глава включает ключевые слова и выражения с объяснением значения, примерами употребления, текст для практики чтения и разнообразные упражнения, направленные на закрепление материала.

Особое внимание уделено естественным, современным сочетаниям слов и фразовых конструкций, что позволяет не только расширить словарный запас, но и развить способность строить речь так, как это делают носители языка. Регулярная работа с этой книгой поможет читателю использовать предлоги уверенно, точно и естественно, облегчая понимание английского в различных ситуациях и контекстах.

Цель данной работы – сделать процесс изучения предлогов осознанным, последовательным и увлекательным, чтобы каждый читатель мог уверенно применять полученные знания в реальной коммуникации.

At, On, In – Basic Prepositions of Place and Time

Word Power

At

Значение: указывает точное место или время.

Примеры:

I will meet you at the station. – Я встречу тебя на станции.

The meeting starts at 3 p.m. – Встреча начинается в 3 часа дня.

On

Значение: используется для поверхностей или конкретных дней.

Примеры:

The book is on the table. – Книга на столе.

We have a test on Monday. – У нас тест в понедельник.

In

Значение: внутри чего-то, более широкий период времени.

Примеры:

There are many books in the library. – В библиотеке много книг.

I was born in 1995. – Я родился в 1995 году.

Reading Text

John moved to a new city last month, and he is still learning how to navigate it. Every morning, he waits at the bus stop near his apartment. He likes to sit in the small café across the street at 7 a.m., enjoying a cup of coffee while reading the newspaper. On Mondays, he has meetings on the top floor of his office building, but on Fridays, he prefers working in the garden behind the house.

John also discovered that timing is important. The bus always arrives at exactly 7:15, and he never wants to be late. On special occasions, such as holidays, buses might run late, so he checks the schedule carefully. He often goes in the evening to visit friends or on weekends to explore the city’s museums.

Using at, on, and in correctly helps John describe his life clearly. He tells people, “I am at the library on Wednesday mornings,” or “I spend time in the park in summer.” By practicing these prepositions, John feels more confident and connected to his new environment. He notices that small details, like saying “at the station” instead of “in the station,” make his English sound natural.

Check Your Understanding

Where does John wait every morning?

On which day does John have meetings on the top floor?

Why does John check the bus schedule on holidays?

How does using at, on, in correctly make John feel?

When you move to a new city, how would you use at, on, in to describe your daily routine?

Build Your Vocabulary

Exercise 1 – Multiple Choice

I was born ___ 2000.

a) at

b) on

c) in

d) by

The book is ___ the shelf.

a) at

b) on

c) in

d) to

We meet ___ the station.

a) in

b) at

c) on

d) by

I like walking ___ the park in the morning.

a) on

b) at

c) in

d) to

Exercise 2 – Fill in the Gaps

Fill in the blanks with at, on, or in:

She usually studies ___ the library in the afternoon.

We will meet ___ the café ___ Monday morning.

There are many flowers ___ the garden.

I was born ___ 1998.

He waits ___ the bus stop every morning.

The painting is ___ the wall.

John likes to go jogging ___ the park ___ summer.

Answer Key

Exercise 1: 1-c, 2-b, 3-b, 4-c

Exercise 2:

1-in

2-at, on

3-in

4-in

5-at

6-on

7-in, in

Check Your Understanding – Example Answers:

John waits at the bus stop near his apartment.

John has meetings on the top floor on Mondays.

He checks the bus schedule because buses might run late on holidays.

Using prepositions correctly makes John feel more confident and connected.

Пример личного ответа: «I usually have breakfast in the kitchen, go to school at 8 a.m., and meet friends on Saturdays.»

By, With, About – Ways, Means, and Topics

Word Power

By

Значение: способ действия, средство.

Примеры:

She travels to work by bus. – Она ездит на работу на автобусе.

The report was written by John. – Отчет был написан Джоном.

With

Значение: инструмент, средство; также указывает совместное действие.

Примеры:

He cut the paper with scissors. – Он разрезал бумагу ножницами.

I went to the cinema with my friend. – Я ходил в кино с другом.

About

Значение: тема или предмет разговора/дум.

Примеры:

We talked about our plans for the weekend. – Мы говорили о наших планах на выходные.

She is worried about the exam. – Она беспокоится из-за экзамена.

Reading Text

Anna is preparing a presentation for her class. She writes it carefully with a laptop and makes notes by hand to remember key points. She is excited because the topic is interesting – it’s about climate change and its effects on daily life. She often reads articles about environmental problems to include the latest facts in her presentation.

On the day of the presentation, Anna travels by bus to school. She carries her notes with her in a folder and checks everything one last time. During the presentation, she explains how small actions can help protect the environment. She talks about recycling, saving energy, and reducing waste. Her classmates ask questions, and she answers confidently with clear examples.

Anna realizes that preparation is important. Using tools and resources by herself and asking for help with teachers or friends allows her to create a complete presentation. She feels proud about her work and notices that talking about real issues makes the lesson more engaging. From now on, she plans to work with her classmates more often and learn new things about the world.

Check Your Understanding

What tools does Anna use to prepare her presentation?

What is the topic of Anna’s presentation?

Why does Anna read articles about environmental problems?

How does using tools and help from others affect Anna’s preparation?

How would you prepare a presentation by, with, or about a topic of your choice?

Build Your Vocabulary

Exercise 1 – Multiple Choice

She travels ___ bus every day.

a) with

b) by

c) about

d) on

I went to the park ___ my friend.

a) by

b) with

c) about

d) at

We talked ___ the new movie yesterday.

a) by

b) with

c) about

d) in

The essay was written ___ Maria.

a) by

b) with

c) about

d) on

Exercise 2 – Fill in the Gaps

Fill in the blanks with by, with, or about:

He fixed the chair ___ glue and nails.

We discussed the project ___ email.

The teacher told a story ___ animals in the forest.

She traveled to Paris ___ plane last summer.

I went shopping ___ my sister.

The article is ___ health and fitness.

He solved the problem ___ himself.

Answer Key

Exercise 1: 1-b, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a

Exercise 2:

1-with

2-by

3-about

4-by

5-with

6-about

7-by

Check Your Understanding – Example Answers:

Anna uses a laptop with notes written by hand.

The topic is about climate change and its effects.

She reads articles about environmental problems to include accurate facts.

Using tools and help from others allows Anna to prepare a complete and confident presentation.

Пример личного ответа: «I would prepare a report by researching online, with my notebook, and it would be about space exploration.»

For, To, From – Direction and Recipients

Word Power

For

Значение: предназначение или цель, польза для кого-то/чего-то.

Примеры:

I bought a gift for my mother. – Я купил подарок для мамы.

This book is very useful for students. – Эта книга очень полезна для студентов.

To

Значение: направление движения или передача чего-либо.

Примеры:

I sent a letter to my friend. – Я отправил письмо другу.

We are going to the park. – Мы идём в парк.

From

Значение: источник, отправная точка движения, происхождение.

Примеры:

This email is from my teacher. – Это письмо от моего учителя.

She walked home from school. – Она шла домой из школы.

Reading Text

Tom is preparing for his friend’s birthday. He bought a small gift for Sarah and wrapped it carefully. He also wrote a card to her, expressing his wishes. Tom always likes giving presents, so he feels happy for Sarah’s happiness.

On the day of the party, he travels to her house from his apartment. He takes the bus and carries the gift in a bag. When he arrives, he gives the gift to Sarah and sees her smile. Later, he receives a thank-you message from her, which makes him feel proud.

Tom also enjoys helping his friends. He often shares advice for solving problems and writes emails to classmates with useful information. He appreciates messages from them as well, because they show care and friendship. By paying attention to who gives and receives something, Tom feels more connected with the people around him. He notices that simple acts, like sending a note to someone or receiving a gift from them, create strong bonds and improve communication.

Check Your Understanding

What gift does Tom prepare and for whom?

Where does Tom go on the day of the party?

Why does Tom feel proud after the party?

How does giving and receiving messages affect Tom’s relationships?

Give an example from your life where you sent or received something for, to, or from someone.

Build Your Vocabulary

Exercise 1 – Multiple Choice

I sent a postcard ___ my grandmother.

a) for

b) to

c) from

d) on

She took a book ___ the library.

a) for

b) to

c) from

d) with

This present is ___ you.

a) from

b) to

c) for

d) on

He came home ___ school at 4 p.m.

a) to

b) from

c) for

d) with

Exercise 2 – Fill in the Gaps

Fill in the blanks with for, to, or from:

I bought a cake ___ my friend’s birthday.

She sent a message ___ her teacher.

The letter came ___ my uncle yesterday.

We are going ___ the museum this afternoon.

This gift is ___ you.

He walked home ___ the office.

I wrote a note ___ my neighbor ___ thanking her for help.

Answer Key

Exercise 1: 1-b, 2-c, 3-c, 4-b

Exercise 2:

1-for

2-to

3-from

4-to

5-for

6-from

7-to, for

Check Your Understanding – Example Answers:

Tom bought a small gift for Sarah.

Tom goes to Sarah’s house from his apartment.

He feels proud because he received a thank-you message from Sarah.

Giving and receiving messages helps Tom feel more connected with friends and improves relationships.

Пример личного ответа: «I sent a card to my friend for her birthday and received a letter from her.»

Over, Under, Between – Spatial Relationships

Word Power

Over

Значение: над чем-то, выше; также «покрывать» или «через» в некоторых контекстах.

Примеры:

The plane flew over the mountains. – Самолет пролетел над горами.

She put a blanket over the baby. – Она накрыла ребенка одеялом.

Under

Значение: под чем-то, ниже.

Примеры:

The cat is hiding under the table. – Кот прячется под столом.

He stood under the tree to avoid the rain. – Он стоял под деревом, чтобы укрыться от дождя.

Between

Значение: между двумя или более объектами.

Примеры:

The café is between the bank and the supermarket. – Кафе находится между банком и супермаркетом.

She sat between her friends during the concert. – Она сидела между друзьями на концерте.

Reading Text

Emily enjoys exploring her neighborhood. One morning, she notices a beautiful mural painted over the wall of a small café. She stops for a moment to admire it and takes a photo. Nearby, a little dog is playing under a tree, chasing leaves that fall from the branches. Emily smiles at the scene because it feels peaceful.

Later, she walks to the park, where a bench is located between two tall oak trees. She sits there to read a book and observes children playing. Some fly kites over the playground, and the wind moves the leaves under their feet. People pass between the benches and the flowerbeds, enjoying the sunny morning.

Emily thinks about how small details make the world interesting. The mural over the café, the dog under the tree, and the bench between the trees all create a sense of balance in her day. She decides to sketch the scene later, capturing the objects over, under, and between each other. These spatial relationships help her see the environment more clearly and appreciate simple everyday moments.

Check Your Understanding

What does Emily notice over the café wall?

Where is the little dog playing?

What is located between the two oak trees?

How do the objects over, under, and between influence Emily’s view of her neighborhood?

Describe a place you know where something is over, under, or between other objects.

Build Your Vocabulary

Exercise 1 – Multiple Choice

The lamp hangs ___ the table.

a) over

b) under

c) between

d) on

The cat is hiding ___ the sofa.

a) over

b) under

c) between

d) in

The shop is ___ the bank and the post office.

a) over

b) under

c) between

d) on

Birds fly ___ the trees in the morning.

a) over

b) under

c) between

d) on

Exercise 2 – Fill in the Gaps

Fill in the blanks with over, under, or between:

The bridge goes ___ the river.

There is a small box ___ the bed.

The school is located ___ the park and the library.

A bird flew ___ the rooftops.

The children hid ___ the tables during the game.

The bench is placed ___ two tall trees in the park.

She put a scarf ___ her shoulders.

Answer Key

Exercise 1: 1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a

Exercise 2:

1-over

2-under

3-between

4-over

5-under

6-between

7-over

Check Your Understanding – Example Answers:

Emily notices a beautiful mural over the café wall.

The little dog is playing under a tree.

A bench is located between two oak trees.

The objects over, under, and between create a sense of balance and make Emily appreciate the environment.

Пример личного ответа: «In my backyard, a swing hangs over the ground, the dog sleeps under the tree, and a small path goes between the flowerbeds.»

Above, Below, Near, Next to – Detailed Prepositions of Place

Word Power

Above

Значение: выше, над чем-то, без прямого контакта.

Примеры:

The picture hangs above the fireplace. – Картина висит над камином.

The sky is clear, and the sun is shining above the clouds. – Небо ясное, и солнце светит над облаками.

Below

Значение: ниже чего-то, под чем-то.

Примеры:

The basement is located below the ground floor. – Подвал находится ниже первого этажа.

The temperature dropped below zero last night. – Температура опустилась ниже нуля прошлой ночью.

Near

Значение: рядом, вблизи чего-то.

Примеры:

There is a small café near the station. – Рядом со станцией есть маленькое кафе.

I live near the river. – Я живу рядом с рекой.

Next to

Значение: непосредственно рядом, сбоку от чего-то.

Примеры:

The bank is next to the supermarket. – Банк находится рядом с супермаркетом.

She sat next to her best friend during the movie. – Она сидела рядом с своей лучшей подругой во время фильма.

Reading Text

Liam enjoys walking in his neighborhood park. One morning, he notices a large clock tower above the main entrance. The café where he usually drinks coffee is located near the playground. He sits on a bench next to a flowerbed, enjoying the morning sun.

He also looks around and observes the trees. Some branches hang above the paths, and the shadows stretch below them. Children play happily, running near the fountain, while a small dog sleeps next to a bench. Liam feels calm and notices how the arrangement of objects affects his mood.

Later, he walks along the path and finds a bridge above the river. From there, he sees ducks swimming below him. The café is still near the park entrance, and people are chatting next to the benches. Liam thinks about how small details, like objects above, below, near, and next to each other, make his environment more interesting. He decides to take photos to remember the view and to capture the spatial relationships he observed.

Check Your Understanding

What does Liam notice above the park entrance?

Where is the café in relation to the playground?

Where does Liam sit in the park?

How do the positions of objects affect Liam’s experience of the park?

Describe a place you know where objects are above, below, near, or next to each other.

Build Your Vocabulary

Exercise 1 – Multiple Choice

The lamp hangs ___ the table.

a) above

b) below

c) near

d) next to

The cat sleeps ___ the chair.

a) above

b) below

c) near

d) next to

The school is located ___ the library.

a) near

b) above

c) below

d) next to

The park bench is ___ the flowerbed.

a) near

b) next to

c) above

d) below

Exercise 2 – Fill in the Gaps

Fill in the blanks with above, below, near, or next to:

The painting hangs ___ the fireplace.

The basement is located ___ the ground floor.

I live ___ the train station.

She sat ___ her brother during the concert.

The bridge is ___ the river.

A café is located ___ the school entrance.

The shadows stretch ___ the tree branches.

Answer Key

Exercise 1: 1-a, 2-b, 3-a, 4-b

Exercise 2:

1-above

2-below

3-near

4-next to

5-above

6-near

7-below

Check Your Understanding – Example Answers:

Liam notices a large clock tower above the park entrance.

The café is near the playground.

He sits on a bench next to a flowerbed.

The positions of objects, like benches, trees, and paths, create a peaceful and interesting atmosphere for Liam.

Пример личного ответа: «In my backyard, the tree is above the swing, the garden is below the balcony, and the shed is next to the garage.»

Into, Onto, Out of – Movement In and Out

Word Power

Into

Значение: движение внутрь чего-то.

Примеры:

She walked into the room quietly. – Она тихо вошла в комнату.

The cat jumped into the box. – Кот прыгнул в коробку.

Onto

Значение: движение на поверхность чего-то.

Примеры:

He climbed onto the roof to fix the antenna. – Он забрался на крышу, чтобы починить антенну.

Place the vase carefully onto the table. – Аккуратно поставьте вазу на стол.

Out of

Значение: движение изнутри наружу, происхождение движения.

Примеры:

She ran out of the house to catch the bus. – Она выбежала из дома, чтобы успеть на автобус.

The dog jumped out of the garden. – Собака выбежала из сада.

Reading Text

Mark loves exploring his house and garden. One morning, he decides to play a game of hide-and-seek. He runs into his bedroom and hides behind the curtains. Later, he jumps onto the bed to get a better view of the room. His little sister watches him, laughing.

After a while, Mark rushes out of the bedroom and into the kitchen, where their mother is preparing breakfast. He climbs onto a chair to reach a cookie jar and grabs one. Then, he carefully climbs down and runs out of the kitchen into the garden. In the garden, he sees a cat jumping into a treehouse, and a bird flying onto the roof of the shed.

Mark notices how movement into, onto, and out of places makes his day exciting. He tells his sister, “Watch me jump onto the swing!” and runs into the yard again. The simple actions of moving into, onto, and out of spaces make games and daily routines more fun. He enjoys exploring and discovering new things in familiar places.

Check Your Understanding

Where does Mark hide at the beginning?

What does Mark do to reach the cookie jar?

Where does Mark go after leaving the kitchen?

How do actions using into, onto, and out of make Mark’s day interesting?

Describe a moment when you moved into, onto, or out of a place in an exciting or funny way.

Build Your Vocabulary

Exercise 1 – Multiple Choice

She ran ___ the room.

a) onto