Английская грамматика для продолжающих. Для изучающих на среднем и продвинутом уровне

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

It ______ (rain) heavily yesterday afternoon.

Anna ______ (read) a book in her room.

Peter ______ (draw) pictures at the table.

The dog ______ (run) in the garden.

The lights ______ (not / work) at 3 p.m.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

She ______ listening to music when the phone rang.

a) was

b) were

c) did

They ______ playing football at 5 p.m.

a) was

b) were

c) did

______ he drawing pictures in the morning?

a) Was

b) Were

c) Did

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

What was the weather like yesterday afternoon?

What were Anna and Peter doing at home?

What were their parents doing?

What happened at 3 p.m.?

Did everyone enjoy the afternoon?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

was raining

was reading

was drawing

was running

were not working

Exercise 2:

a) was

b) were

a) Was

Exercise 3:

It was raining heavily yesterday afternoon.

Anna was reading a book, and Peter was drawing pictures.

Their parents were cooking lunch in the kitchen.

At 3 p.m., the electricity went out, and the lights were not working.

Yes, despite the rain, everyone was enjoying the afternoon in their own way.

Mini Tips

Используйте was/were + V-ing для описания действий в конкретный момент в прошлом.

Часто сочетайте с Past Simple для событий, которые прерывают действие: «I was reading when my friend called.»

Практикуйтесь, рассказывая прошлые моменты дня: «I was cooking dinner at 6 p.m.»

Past Perfect

Grammar Focus

Past Perfect используется для описания:

Действий, которые произошли до другого события в прошлом.

Последовательности событий в прошлом.

Действий, результат которых важен для прошлого момента.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + had + V3 (Past Participle)

Отрицательная форма: Subject + had + not + V3

Вопросительная форма: Had + subject + V3?

Примеры:

I had finished my homework before dinner. – Я закончил домашнюю работу до ужина.

She had not seen this movie before yesterday. – Она не видела этот фильм до вчерашнего дня.

Had they left the office when you arrived? – Они ушли из офиса, когда ты пришёл?

Советы:

Используется с before, after, by the time для обозначения последовательности.

Past Perfect показывает, что одно действие предшествовало другому действию в прошлом.

Часто используется в сочетании с Past Simple.

Story

A Forgotten Birthday

Last Saturday, Peter was very surprised. He realized that he had forgotten his sister Anna’s birthday. Before that day, he had bought a small gift but had not prepared a card. Anna had invited all her friends for a small party. When Peter arrived, everyone had already started singing «Happy Birthday.» He felt embarrassed because he had not remembered to buy a cake. Luckily, his sister had already received many presents and was happy. Peter quickly had written a card and had given it to her. By the end of the day, Peter had learned an important lesson: never forget a birthday!

Useful Words and Expressions

Birthday – день рождения

To forget – забывать

Sister – сестра

To buy – покупать

Gift – подарок

Card – открытка

Friend – друг

Party – вечеринка

To arrive – приходить

To start – начинать

To sing – петь

Cake – торт

Happy – счастливый

Embarrassed – смущённый

To receive – получать

Lesson – урок

Before – до

After – после

Already – уже

Never – никогда

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Peter ______ (forget) his sister’s birthday.

He ______ (buy) a small gift before that day.

He ______ (not / prepare) a card.

Anna’s friends ______ (already / start) singing when he arrived.

Peter ______ (learn) an important lesson.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

She ______ already left when I called.

a) had

b) has

c) did

They ______ not finished the homework before the teacher arrived.

a) had

b) has

c) did

______ you seen this movie before yesterday?

a) Had

b) Did

c) Has

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

What did Peter forget last Saturday?

What had he bought before the day?

How had Anna’s friends prepared for the party?

How did Peter fix his mistake?

What lesson had Peter learned by the end of the day?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

had forgotten

had bought

had not prepared

had already started

had learned

Exercise 2:

a) had

a) had

a) Had

Exercise 3:

Peter forgot his sister Anna’s birthday.

He had bought a small gift but had not prepared a card.

Anna’s friends had already started singing and prepared for the party.

Peter quickly wrote a card and gave it to her.

Peter had learned an important lesson: never forget a birthday.

Mini Tips

Используйте Past Perfect для предшествующих действий: «I had eaten before he arrived.»

Часто сочетайте с Past Simple: одно действие (Past Perfect) произошло до другого (Past Simple).

Практикуйтесь, описывая прошлые события в последовательности: «I had finished homework before dinner.»

Past Perfect Continuous

Grammar Focus

Past Perfect Continuous используется для описания:

Действий, которые длились до определённого момента в прошлом.

Действий, которые имели результат в прошлом.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + had + been + V-ing

Отрицательная форма: Subject + had + not + been + V-ing

Вопросительная форма: Had + subject + been + V-ing?

Примеры:

I had been studying for two hours before my friend arrived. – Я учился два часа, прежде чем пришёл мой друг.

She had not been feeling well before the trip. – До поездки она плохо себя чувствовала.

Had they been waiting long when the bus came? – Они долго ждали, когда приехал автобус?

Советы:

Используется с выражениями времени: for, since, before, by the time.

Акцент на длительности действия до прошлого события.

Часто сочетайте с Past Simple: действие в процессе (Past Perfect Continuous) + событие, которое произошло (Past Simple).

Story

Waiting for the Bus

Tom had been waiting at the bus stop for over an hour when it finally arrived. He had been checking his watch every five minutes and had been getting increasingly impatient. Before that, he had been trying to call the bus company, but the line had not been working. The people around him had been talking quietly, sharing stories to pass the time. By the time the bus came, Tom had been standing in the rain and had been feeling cold and wet. Despite all that, he smiled because he had been looking forward to visiting his friend. The long wait had made him more patient and careful about checking bus schedules in the future.

Useful Words and Expressions

Bus stop – автобусная остановка

To wait – ждать

Hour – час

To check – проверять

Watch – часы

Impatient – нетерпеливый

To try – пытаться

Company – компания

Line – линия

Not working – не работает

To talk – говорить

Quietly – тихо

To stand – стоять

Rain – дождь

Cold – холодно

Wet – мокрый

To smile – улыбаться

To look forward – с нетерпением ждать

To make – делать

Patient – терпеливый

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Tom ______ (wait) at the bus stop for over an hour.

He ______ (check) his watch every five minutes.

He ______ (try) to call the bus company.

People around him ______ (talk) quietly.

He ______ (feel) cold and wet by the time the bus arrived.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

She ______ been working all morning before lunch.

a) had

b) has

c) did

We ______ not been walking long when it started to rain.

a) had

b) has

c) did

______ they been waiting for the train when it arrived?

a) Had

b) Did

c) Has

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

How long had Tom been waiting at the bus stop?

What had he been doing while waiting?

What problem did he face before the bus arrived?

How had the people around him been passing the time?

How did the experience affect Tom?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

had been waiting

had been checking

had been trying

had been talking

had been feeling

Exercise 2:

a) had

a) had

a) Had

Exercise 3:

Tom had been waiting at the bus stop for over an hour.

He had been checking his watch and had been getting increasingly impatient.

He had been trying to call the bus company, but the line had not been working.

The people around him had been talking quietly to pass the time.

The experience had made him more patient and careful about checking bus schedules.

Mini Tips

Используйте had been + V-ing для действий, которые длились до прошлого события.

Сочетайте с Past Simple для обозначения момента, когда процесс закончился: «I had been reading when the phone rang.»

Практикуйтесь с описанием ожидания, длительных занятий и процессов: «I had been studying for two hours before dinner.»

Future Simple (Will)

Grammar Focus

Future Simple (will) используется для:

Предсказаний о будущем.

Решений, принятых в момент речи.

Обещаний и предложений помощи.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + will + V1

Отрицательная форма: Subject + will not / won’t + V1

Вопросительная форма: Will + subject + V1?

Примеры:

I will help you with your homework. – Я помогу тебе с домашней работой.

She will not / won’t come to the party. – Она не придёт на вечеринку.

Will they visit us next week? – Они навестят нас на следующей неделе?

Советы:

Используется для спонтанных решений: «I’ll answer the phone.»

Используется с наречиями будущего: tomorrow, next week, soon, in an hour.

Для планов чаще используют going to, а для обещаний и решений – will.

Story

A Weekend Plan

Next weekend, Emma will visit her grandparents. She will take a train early in the morning. Her brother, Tom, will help her pack her bag. They will bring some fruits and gifts for their grandparents. Emma will meet her friends before the trip, and they will go to the café together. On the train, she will read a book and will listen to music. Her grandparents will be very happy to see them. After the visit, Emma will return home in the evening and will tell her parents all about the trip. She will remember this weekend for a long time.

Useful Words and Expressions

Weekend – выходные

To visit – посещать

Grandparents – бабушка и дедушка

To take – брать

Train – поезд

Early – рано

Morning – утро

Brother – брат

To help – помогать

Bag – сумка

Fruit – фрукты

Gift – подарок

Friend – друг

Café – кафе

Trip – поездка

To read – читать

Music – музыка

To return – возвращаться

To tell – рассказывать

To remember – помнить

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Emma ______ (visit) her grandparents next weekend.

Tom ______ (help) her pack her bag.

They ______ (bring) fruits and gifts.

She ______ (read) a book on the train.

Emma ______ (tell) her parents about the trip.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

I ______ call you tomorrow.

a) will

b) did

c) am

She ______ not come to the café.

a) will

b) does

c) did

______ they visit the museum next week?

a) Will

b) Did

c) Has

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

Who will Emma visit next weekend?

How will Tom help Emma?

What will Emma bring for her grandparents?

What will Emma do on the train?

How will Emma feel after the trip?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

will visit

will help

will bring

will read

will tell

Exercise 2:

a) will

a) will

a) Will

Exercise 3:

Emma will visit her grandparents next weekend.

Tom will help her pack her bag.

They will bring fruits and gifts for their grandparents.

Emma will read a book and listen to music on the train.

She will be happy and remember the weekend for a long time.

Mini Tips

Используйте will для спонтанных решений, обещаний и предсказаний: «I will help you.»

Часто сопровождается указателями времени: tomorrow, next week, soon.

Чтобы закрепить, описывайте планы на день: «I will study tomorrow», «I will call my friend in an hour.»

Be going to (Future Plans)

Grammar Focus

Be going to используется для:

Планы или намерения на будущее.

Предсказания, основанные на текущих фактах или ситуации.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + am/is/are + going to + V1

Отрицательная форма: Subject + am/is/are + not + going to + V1

Вопросительная форма: Am/Is/Are + subject + going to + V1?

Примеры:

I am going to visit my friend tomorrow. – Я собираюсь навестить друга завтра.

She is not going to eat pizza tonight. – Она не собирается есть пиццу сегодня вечером.

Are they going to watch the movie next week? – Они собираются посмотреть фильм на следующей неделе?

Советы:

Используется для личных планов и намерений.

Отличается от will: «will» – спонтанное решение, «be going to» – заранее запланированное.

Часто встречается с наречиями будущего: tomorrow, next week, soon, in an hour.

Story

A Summer Plan

Next summer, Lucy is going to travel to Italy. She is going to visit Rome, Florence, and Venice. Her brother, Jack, is going to join her for the first week. They are going to stay in a small hotel near the city center. Lucy is going to take many photos of famous places, and Jack is going to try the local food. Before the trip, they are going to buy tickets and make a schedule. Lucy’s parents are going to help them with the planning. They are very excited because this trip is going to be an unforgettable experience.

Useful Words and Expressions

Summer – лето

To travel – путешествовать

Italy – Италия

To visit – посещать

City – город

Brother – брат

To join – присоединяться

Week – неделя

To stay – останавливаться

Hotel – гостиница

To take – делать (фото)

Photo – фотография

Place – место

Food – еда

Ticket – билет

To buy – покупать

Schedule – расписание

Parents – родители

To help – помогать

Excited – взволнованный

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Lucy ______ (travel) to Italy next summer.

Jack ______ (join) her for the first week.

They ______ (stay) in a small hotel.

Lucy ______ (take) many photos.

They ______ (buy) tickets before the trip.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

She ______ going to visit her friend tomorrow.

a) is

b) are

c) am

We ______ not going to eat pizza tonight.

a) is

b) are

c) am

______ he going to watch the movie next week?

a) Is

b) Are

c) Am

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

Where is Lucy going to travel next summer?

Who is going to join her?

Where are they going to stay?

What is Lucy going to do during the trip?

How do they feel about the trip?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

is going to travel

is going to join

are going to stay

is going to take

are going to buy

Exercise 2:

a) is

b) are

a) Is

Exercise 3:

Lucy is going to travel to Italy next summer.

Her brother Jack is going to join her for the first week.

They are going to stay in a small hotel near the city center.

Lucy is going to take many photos, and Jack is going to try the local food.

They feel very excited because the trip is going to be unforgettable.

Mini Tips

Используйте be going to для планов и намерений: «I am going to visit my friend tomorrow.»

Отличайте от will: «I’ll answer the phone» – спонтанное решение, «I’m going to answer the phone» – запланированное.

Практикуйтесь, описывая свои планы на будущее: «I am going to study tomorrow», «We are going to watch a movie next week.»

Future Continuous

Grammar Focus

Future Continuous используется для:

Действий, которые будут происходить в определённый момент в будущем.

Одновременных действий в будущем.

Вежливых вопросов о планах.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + will + be + V-ing

Отрицательная форма: Subject + will not / won’t + be + V-ing

Вопросительная форма: Will + subject + be + V-ing?

Примеры:

I will be studying at 7 p.m. tomorrow. – Я буду учиться завтра в 7 вечера.

She will not be working on Sunday. – Она не будет работать в воскресенье.

Will they be traveling at this time next week? – Они будут путешествовать в это время на следующей неделе?

Советы:

Используется для фона событий в будущем, а не для завершённых действий.

Часто сопровождается временем или точкой во времени: at 8 o’clock, tomorrow morning, next week.

Можно использовать для вежливых вопросов о планах: «Will you be using the car tonight?»

Story

A Busy Sunday

Next Sunday, Anna will be cleaning her house in the morning. At the same time, her brother Peter will be playing football in the garden. Their parents will be preparing lunch in the kitchen. Later, Anna will be reading a new book while Peter will be listening to music. In the afternoon, they will be going for a walk in the park. Neighbors will be enjoying the sunny weather, and children will be riding bicycles. By the evening, everyone will be feeling tired but happy. It will be a busy and fun Sunday for the whole family.

Useful Words and Expressions

Sunday – воскресенье

Morning – утро

To clean – убирать

House – дом

Brother – брат

To play – играть

Football – футбол

Garden – сад

Parents – родители

To prepare – готовить

Lunch – обед

To read – читать

Book – книга

To listen – слушать

Music – музыка

Afternoon – после полудня

To go for a walk – идти на прогулку

Park – парк

Neighbor – сосед

Bicycle – велосипед

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Anna ______ (clean) her house in the morning.

Peter ______ (play) football in the garden.

Their parents ______ (prepare) lunch.

Anna ______ (read) a book later.

Children ______ (ride) bicycles in the afternoon.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

I ______ be studying at 8 p.m. tomorrow.

a) will

b) am

c) do

She ______ not be working on Saturday.

a) will

b) does

c) is

______ they be traveling next week?

a) Will

b) Do

c) Are

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

What will Anna be doing in the morning?

What will Peter be doing at the same time?

What will their parents be doing?

What will they do in the afternoon?

How will everyone feel by the evening?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

will be cleaning

will be playing

will be preparing

will be reading

will be riding

Exercise 2:

a) will

a) will

a) Will

Exercise 3:

Anna will be cleaning her house in the morning.

Peter will be playing football in the garden at the same time.

Their parents will be preparing lunch in the kitchen.

They will be going for a walk in the park in the afternoon.

Everyone will be feeling tired but happy by the evening.

Mini Tips

Используйте will be + V-ing для действий, происходящих в будущем в определённый момент.

Отличайте от Future Simple: «I will study tomorrow» – факт, «I will be studying at 8 p.m.» – действие в процессе.

Практикуйтесь с планами на день: «I will be meeting my friend at 5 p.m.»

Future Perfect

Grammar Focus

Future Perfect используется для:

Действий, которые будут завершены к определённому моменту в будущем.

Подчеркивания результата действия к будущему времени.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + will + have + V3 (Past Participle)

Отрицательная форма: Subject + will not / won’t + have + V3

Вопросительная форма: Will + subject + have + V3?

Примеры:

I will have finished my homework by 8 p.m. – Я закончу домашнюю работу к 8 вечера.

She will not have seen the movie by tomorrow. – Она не посмотрит фильм к завтрашнему дню.

Will they have arrived at the station by 5 p.m.? – Они приедут на станцию к 5 часам?

Советы:

Используется с выражениями времени: by tomorrow, by the time, before next week.

Акцент на завершённости действия к конкретному моменту в будущем.

Часто используется вместе с Future Simple или Future Continuous для последовательности событий.

Story

A Completed Project

By next Monday, Sam will have finished his school project. He will have written all the chapters and will have checked all the references. His friend, Anna, will have prepared the presentation slides. By that time, their teacher will have received many other students’ projects as well. Sam will not have started any new project before finishing this one. Anna will have printed all the necessary documents. When they arrive at school, everything will have been ready for the presentation. Sam and Anna will feel proud because they will have completed all the work carefully and on time.