Полная версия
Английская грамматика – просто! Для начинающих, шаг за шагом к свободному английскому
She works in ___ hospital.
a) a
b) an
c) the
Exercise 2. Choose the correct sentence
a) I study the English at school.
b) I study English at school.
c) I study an English at school.
a) The books are interesting.
b) Books are the interesting.
c) A books are interesting.
a) He lives in a London.
b) He lives in London.
c) He lives in the London.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
Where does Tom work?
What does Tom buy in the morning?
Why does Tom like the café?
Who does Tom meet there?
How does Tom feel in the evening?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
b) an
c) a
c) The
a) a
Exercise 2
b) I study English at school.
a) Books are interesting.
b) He lives in London.
Exercise 3
Tom works in an office near the centre. It is close to his workplace.
He buys a coffee and a sandwich in the morning. This is his daily routine.
Tom likes the café because the coffee is good and the service is friendly.
He meets an old friend at the café. They talk and enjoy their time.
Tom feels relaxed and happy in the evening. He thinks about his day.
Mini Tips
Используйте a / an, когда говорите о чём-то впервые.
Используйте the, когда предмет уже известен или понятен.
Если сомневаетесь, подумайте: конкретно или в общем?
This, That, These, Those
Grammar Focus
Слова this, that, these, those используются, чтобы показать, какой предмет мы имеем в виду и где он находится – близко или далеко, один или несколько.
This и these используются для предметов, которые находятся близко к говорящему.
That и those используются для предметов, которые находятся далеко от говорящего.
Также важно число:
this и that – для единственного числа,
these и those – для множественного числа.
Использование this
This используется для одного предмета рядом с говорящим.
This book is interesting. – Эта книга интересная.
This place is quiet. – Это место тихое.
Использование that
That используется для одного предмета, который находится далеко.
That house is old. – Тот дом старый.
That street is busy. – Та улица оживлённая.
Использование these
These используется для нескольких предметов рядом.
These apples are fresh. – Эти яблоки свежие.
These students are from my class. – Эти студенты из моего класса.
Использование those
Those используется для нескольких предметов далеко.
Those buildings are very tall. – Те здания очень высокие.
Those people work here. – Те люди работают здесь.
Story
Sarah is in a small market near her home. This market is clean and friendly. She likes this place because it is calm and comfortable. Sarah looks at the fruit on the table. These apples are fresh and bright, and she puts them in her bag.
Across the street, Sarah sees a café. That café is new and modern. She remembers that place because she meets her friends there. Near the café, there are some shops. Those shops sell clothes and shoes.
Sarah walks slowly and enjoys the morning. This day is warm and sunny. She feels relaxed and happy because these small moments make her day better.
Useful Words and Expressions
this – этот / эта / это
that – тот / та / то
these – эти
those – те
near – близко
far – далеко
market – рынок
fruit – фрукты
across the street – через дорогу
café – кафе
shop – магазин
clothes – одежда
shoes – обувь
moment – момент
sunny – солнечный
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose the correct word
___ book in my hands is very interesting.
a) That
b) This
c) Those
___ houses near the river are very old.
a) This
b) That
c) Those
___ apples here are fresh.
a) These
b) That
c) This
___ café across the street is popular.
a) These
b) This
c) That
Exercise 2. Choose the correct sentence
a) This shoes are new.
b) These shoes are new.
c) Those shoe are new.
a) That students are from my class.
b) These students are from my class.
c) This students are from my class.
a) Those building is very tall.
b) This buildings are very tall.
c) Those buildings are very tall.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
Where is Sarah?
What fruit does she buy?
What is across the street?
What do those shops sell?
How does Sarah feel?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
b) This
c) Those
a) These
c) That
Exercise 2
b) These shoes are new.
b) These students are from my class.
c) Those buildings are very tall.
Exercise 3
Sarah is in a small market near her home. It is a clean and friendly place.
She buys apples. They are fresh and bright.
There is a café across the street. It is new and modern.
Those shops sell clothes and shoes. They are near the café.
Sarah feels relaxed and happy. The day is warm and sunny.
Mini Tips
Спросите себя: близко или далеко? один или много?
This / these – рядом с вами.
That / those – дальше от вас.
Possessive Adjectives and ’s
Grammar Focus
В английском языке есть два основных способа показать, кому что принадлежит:
с помощью притяжательных прилагательных,
с помощью формы ’s.
Оба способа используются очень часто в повседневной речи.
Possessive Adjectives
Possessive adjectives показывают, чей это предмет, и всегда стоят перед существительным. Они не используются самостоятельно.
Основные притяжательные прилагательные:
my – мой, моя
your – твой, ваш
his – его
her – её
its – его, её (для предметов и животных)
our – наш
their – их
Примеры:
This is my book. – Это моя книга.
She likes her job. – Ей нравится её работа.
They are in their house. – Они в своём доме.
Притяжательное прилагательное не меняется в зависимости от числа существительного.
my book – my books
Форма ’s
Форма ’s используется с существительными, чаще всего с людьми, чтобы показать принадлежность.
Anna’s bag – сумка Анны
my brother’s room – комната моего брата
Если имя или слово во множественном числе и заканчивается на -s, апостроф ставится после s.
my parents’ house – дом моих родителей
Форма ’s также используется для:
времени:
today’s lesson
мест и организаций:
the school’s name
Story
Emma is a student at a small college. Her classes start early, and she likes her teachers. Emma’s favourite subject is history. She studies in the library every day.
Emma lives with her parents. Their house is not big, but it is comfortable. Emma’s room is small and clean. Her desk is near the window, and her books are always on the shelf.
Emma has a close friend. Her friend’s name is Lucy. Lucy likes Emma’s ideas and supports her plans. They often study together and help each other. Emma feels confident because her family and friends are always near.
Useful Words and Expressions
possessive adjective – притяжательное прилагательное
possession – принадлежность
belong to – принадлежать
college – колледж
subject – предмет
favourite – любимый
library – библиотека
parents – родители
room – комната
desk – письменный стол
shelf – полка
close friend – близкий друг
support – поддерживать
study together – учиться вместе
confident – уверенный
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose the correct word
This is ___ book. (I)
a) my
b) mine
c) me
She likes ___ job.
a) his
b) her
c) its
They are in ___ house now.
a) there
b) their
c) theirs
This is Anna’s bag. It is ___ bag.
a) her
b) hers
c) she
Exercise 2. Choose the correct sentence
a) This is Emma room.
b) This is Emma’s room.
c) This is Emmas room.
a) My parents house is big.
b) My parent’s house is big.
c) My parents’ house is big.
a) The dog’s name is Max.
b) The dogs name is Max.
c) The dog name’s is Max.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What does Emma study?
Where does Emma usually study?
Who does Emma live with?
Whose room is small and clean?
Why does Emma feel confident?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
a) my
b) her
b) their
a) her
Exercise 2
b) This is Emma’s room.
c) My parents’ house is big.
a) The dog’s name is Max.
Exercise 3
Emma studies history. It is her favourite subject.
She usually studies in the library. It is quiet and comfortable.
Emma lives with her parents. They support her.
Emma’s room is small and clean. It is near the window.
Emma feels confident because her family and friends support her. They help her every day.
Mini Tips
My, her, their всегда стоят перед существительным.
’s чаще используется с людьми и именами.
Если сомневаетесь, задайте вопрос: чей это?
Plural Nouns
Grammar Focus
Plural nouns – это множественное число существительных. Оно используется, когда говорим о двух или более предметах.
В английском языке существуют несколько правил образования множественного числа.
Основное правило
Большинство существительных образует множественное число добавлением -s:
book → books – книги
pen → pens – ручки
chair → chairs – стулья
Существительные, оканчивающиеся на -s, -x, -z, -ch, -sh
Для таких слов добавляем -es:
box → boxes – коробки
bus → buses – автобусы
watch → watches – часы
brush → brushes – кисти
Существительные, оканчивающиеся на -y после согласной
Меняем y → i и добавляем -es:
baby → babies – дети
city → cities – города
Если y после гласной, просто добавляем -s:
key → keys – ключи
boy → boys – мальчики
Неправильные существительные
Некоторые существительные образуют множественное число неправильно:
man → men – мужчины
woman → women – женщины
child → children – дети
foot → feet – ноги
tooth → teeth – зубы
mouse → mice – мыши
Существительные, которые не изменяются
Некоторые существительные одинаковы в единственном и множественном числе:
sheep – овца / овцы
fish – рыба / рыбы
deer – олень / олени
Story
David lives in a small town. There are many shops and cafes in the town. He likes to walk with his friends and see the shops. There are also parks and schools. The parks are green and quiet, and the schools are near the centre.
David has two dogs. The dogs are friendly and active. He often plays with them in the park. There are also some cats in his street. The cats are small and sometimes curious. David likes animals very much.
Every weekend, he visits his grandparents. They have three grandchildren, and all the grandchildren like to play with the dogs. David feels happy because there are many things to see and do in his town.
Useful Words and Expressions
plural noun – существительное во множественном числе
book – книга
pen – ручка
chair – стул
box – коробка
bus – автобус
watch – часы
baby – ребёнок
city – город
man – мужчина
woman – женщина
child – ребёнок
dog – собака
cat – кошка
park – парк
school – школа
street – улица
friendly – дружелюбный
active – активный
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose the correct plural form
baby → ___
a) babys
b) babies
c) baby
watch → ___
a) watchs
b) watches
c) watch
city → ___
a) cities
b) citys
c) city
dog → ___
a) dogs
b) doges
c) dog
man → ___
a) mans
b) men
c) man
Exercise 2. Choose the correct sentence
a) I have three cat.
b) I have three cats.
c) I have three catses.
a) There are many box in the room.
b) There are many boxes in the room.
c) There are many boxs in the room.
a) The children play in the parks.
b) The childs play in the parks.
c) The childrens play in the parks.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
How many dogs does David have?
Are the dogs friendly?
What animals are in his street?
How many children do his grandparents have?
Why does David feel happy?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
b) babies
b) watches
a) cities
a) dogs
b) men
Exercise 2
b) I have three cats.
b) There are many boxes in the room.
a) The children play in the parks.
Exercise 3
David has two dogs. They are his pets.
Yes, the dogs are friendly and active. David plays with them often.
There are some cats in his street. They are small and curious.
His grandparents have three children. All the children like to play with the dogs.
David feels happy because there are many things to see and do in his town.
Mini Tips
Большинство слов просто добавляют -s.
Проверяйте окончания слов: -s, -x, -ch, -sh → -es.
Неправильные существительные нужно запомнить отдельно.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Grammar Focus
В английском языке существительные делятся на исчисляемые (countable) и неисчисляемые (uncountable). Это важно, потому что от этого зависит использование артиклей, числительных и слов вроде some / any.
Countable Nouns (исчисляемые существительные)
Countable nouns – это предметы, которые можно посчитать. У них есть единственное и множественное число.
Примеры:
one apple → two apples – одно яблоко, два яблока
a book → three books – книга, три книги
С ними используются:
a / an с единственным числом: a pen, an orange
many / a few: many books, a few chairs
some / any с множественным числом: some apples, any pens
Uncountable Nouns (неисчисляемые существительные)
Uncountable nouns – это предметы или вещества, которые невозможно посчитать, а также абстрактные понятия.
Примеры:
water – вода
milk – молоко
sugar – сахар
information – информация
music – музыка
С ними используются:
some / any: some milk, any information
much / a little: much sugar, a little water
С неисчисляемыми существительными не используется a / an.
Сравнение
Countable: apple → apples, book → books, chair → chairs
Uncountable: water, sugar, information
Story
John is in a kitchen. He wants to make a cake. There are some eggs, sugar, and milk on the table. He takes an egg and puts it in a bowl. Then he adds some sugar and a little milk.
John has three apples. He cuts two apples for the cake. There is also some flour, and he mixes everything carefully. John likes cooking because it is interesting and creative.
After a while, John looks at the clock. It is almost noon. He puts the cake in the oven. Then he drinks some water and waits. His friend Peter comes. Peter likes the cake very much. They eat it together and enjoy the delicious food.
Useful Words and Expressions
countable noun – исчисляемое существительное
uncountable noun – неисчисляемое существительное
egg – яйцо
sugar – сахар
milk – молоко
apple – яблоко
flour – мука
bowl – миска
kitchen – кухня
cake – торт
clock – часы
water – вода
friend – друг
creative – творческий
delicious – вкусный
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose the correct type
bread →
a) countable
b) uncountable
chair →
a) countable
b) uncountable
rice →
a) countable
b) uncountable
apple →
a) countable
b) uncountable
music →
a) countable
b) uncountable
Exercise 2. Complete with some / any / a / an
I have ___ orange.
There is ___ milk in the fridge.
We need ___ chairs for the classroom.
Do you have ___ sugar?
He wants ___ apple.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What does John use to make the cake?
How many apples does John have?
What does he add to the bowl?
When does John put the cake in the oven?
Who comes to eat the cake?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
b) uncountable
a) countable
b) uncountable
a) countable
b) uncountable
Exercise 2
an orange
some milk
some chairs
any sugar
an apple
Exercise 3
John uses eggs, sugar, milk, flour, and apples to make the cake.
He has three apples.
He adds an egg, some sugar, and a little milk to the bowl.
John puts the cake in the oven almost at noon.
His friend Peter comes to eat the cake.
Mini Tips
Если предмет можно посчитать, используем countable nouns.
Если предмет не посчитать, используем uncountable nouns.
Для countable: a / an, many, a few
Для uncountable: some, any, much, a little
Some, Any, No
Grammar Focus
Слова some, any, no помогают говорить о количестве и определять наличие или отсутствие предметов. Они часто используются с исчисляемыми и неисчисляемыми существительными.
Some
Some используется:
в утвердительных предложениях,
когда предметы или количество не точно определены,
с исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе и с неисчисляемыми существительными.
Примеры:
I have some apples. – У меня есть несколько яблок.
She drinks some water. – Она пьёт немного воды.
Can I have some sugar? – Можно мне немного сахара?
Any
Any используется:
в вопросительных предложениях,
в отрицательных предложениях,
также с исчисляемыми и неисчисляемыми существительными.
Примеры:
Do you have any pens? – У тебя есть ручки?
I don’t have any money. – У меня нет денег.
Are there any students in the classroom? – Есть ли студенты в классе?
No
No используется, чтобы сказать, что чего-то нет, и ставится перед существительным. Оно создаёт отрицательное значение без использования слова «not».
Примеры:
There is no milk in the fridge. – В холодильнике нет молока.
He has no friends in this city. – У него нет друзей в этом городе.
There are no chairs in the room. – В комнате нет стульев.
Story
Anna goes to the kitchen. She wants to make a tea. She looks in the cupboard. There is some sugar and some tea. She takes it and puts it on the table.
Then she looks in the fridge. There is no milk. Anna thinks for a moment and decides to go to the shop. On the way, she sees her friend. He asks, «Do you have any apples at home?» Anna answers, «No, I have no apples.»
At the shop, Anna buys some milk and some apples. She feels happy because now she can make tea and eat the apples. After returning home, she drinks tea and enjoys her breakfast.
Useful Words and Expressions
some – немного, несколько
any – какой-либо, вообще
no – нет
tea – чай
sugar – сахар
milk – молоко
cupboard – шкаф
fridge – холодильник
shop – магазин
friend – друг
apple – яблоко
breakfast – завтрак
happy – счастливый
enjoy – наслаждаться
table – стол
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose the correct word
There is ___ sugar on the table.
a) some
b) any
c) no
I don’t have ___ money.
a) some
b) any
c) no
Are there ___ apples in the basket?
a) some
b) any
c) no
He has ___ friends in this city.
a) some
b) any
c) no
I bought ___ milk at the shop.
a) some
b) any
c) no
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences
Can I have ___ bread, please?
There are ___ students in the classroom.
She has ___ pencils.
We have ___ water in the fridge.
Do you have ___ questions?
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What does Anna want to make?
Is there any milk in the fridge?
Does Anna have any apples at home?
What does Anna buy at the shop?
How does Anna feel after returning home?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
a) some
b) any
b) any
c) no
a) some
Exercise 2
some
no
some
some
any
Exercise 3
Anna wants to make tea.
No, there is no milk in the fridge.
No, she has no apples at home.
Anna buys some milk and some apples.
She feels happy because she can make tea and eat the apples.
Mini Tips
Используй some в утвердительных предложениях, any в вопросах и отрицаниях.
No – сильное отрицание, ставится перед существительным.
Слова some и any подходят для countable и uncountable nouns.
Present Simple: Daily Routines
Grammar Focus
Present Simple используется, чтобы говорить о регулярных действиях, привычках и распорядке дня. Это основное время для описания ежедневных действий.
Формирование Present Simple
Для I, You, We, They используем основную форму глагола:
I wake up at 7 o’clock.
They go to school by bus.
Для He, She, It добавляем -s или -es к глаголу:
He wakes up at 7 o’clock.
She goes to school by bus.
Отрицательные предложения
