
Полная версия
Грамматика и лексика английского для школьников. Понятный учебник для начинающих по темам школьной программы
Useful Words and Expressions
a – неопределённый артикль перед согласным
an – неопределённый артикль перед гласным
the – определённый артикль
cat – кошка
dog – собака
apple – яблоко
park – парк
town – город
library – библиотека
book – книга
sun – солнце
star – звезда
ocean – океан
street – улица
tree – дерево
friendly – дружелюбный
to borrow – брать взаймы
to return – возвращать
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose the correct article
I saw ___ dog in the park.
She wants ___ orange.
___ sun is bright today.
Tom borrowed ___ book from the library.
There is ___ cat on the roof.
Exercise 2. Correct the mistakes
She found a apple in the garden.
I like the dog. It is a friendly.
Sun rises in the east.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What did Tom see in the park?
What did he find on the grass and what did he do with it?
Where did Tom go after the park?
What did he learn from the book?
How did Tom feel at the end of the day?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
I saw a dog in the park.
She wants an orange.
The sun is bright today.
Tom borrowed a book from the library.
There is a cat on the roof.
Exercise 2
She found an apple in the garden.
I like the dog. It is friendly.
The sun rises in the east.
Exercise 3
Tom saw a dog in the park. It was small and friendly.
He found an apple on the grass and gave it to the dog.
After the park, Tom went to the library.
From the book, he learned about the sun, stars, and oceans.
Tom felt happy at the end of the day because he spent it well and saw interesting things.
Mini Tips
a / an – когда предмет упоминается впервые или неизвестен.
the – когда мы говорим о чём-то конкретном или уникальном.
Перед словом всегда произноси его начальный звук, чтобы выбрать a или an.
Singular and Plural Nouns
Grammar Focus
Единственное и множественное число существительных
Существительные в английском языке бывают единственного числа (singular) и множественного числа (plural).
Singular (ед. число) – один предмет или человек.
book – книга
cat – кошка
child – ребёнок
Plural (мн. число) – два или более предмета.
books – книги
cats – кошки
children – дети
Правила образования множественного числа
Обычно добавляется -s:
book → books, pen → pens
Если слово оканчивается на s, x, z, ch, sh, добавляем -es:
bus → buses, box → boxes, watch → watches
Если слово оканчивается на y после согласного, меняем y → i + es:
city → cities, baby → babies
Неправильные существительные имеют особую форму:
child → children, man → men, woman → women, mouse → mice, tooth → teeth
Типичные ошибки школьников
childs вместо children
buss вместо buses
citys вместо cities
Правильно
children
buses
cities
Совет
Запоминай неправильные существительные как отдельный список.
Большинство правил образования множественного числа просты, но исключения встречаются часто.
Story
Lucy has a small collection of toys. She has one teddy bear, a doll, and a toy car. Every evening, she arranges her toys neatly on the shelf. She likes looking at her toys because they are colourful and fun.
Lucy’s friends come to her house. They bring their toys too. There are dolls, balls, and puzzles. Children play together in the living room. They laugh and share their toys carefully because everyone wants to take care of their toys.
In the afternoon, Lucy puts her books on the desk. There are many books about animals, nature, and space. She reads some of them and shows her friends interesting pictures. By evening, the children leave, and Lucy feels happy. She has her toys and books ready for the next day.
Useful Words and Expressions
singular – единственное число
plural – множественное число
child – ребёнок
children – дети
toy – игрушка
doll – кукла
teddy bear – плюшевый медведь
car – машина
book – книга
ball – мяч
puzzle – пазл
shelf – полка
desk – письменный стол
colour – цвет
nature – природа
space – космос
to arrange – расставлять
to share – делиться
Exercises
Exercise 1. Write the plural form
toy → ___
child → ___
book → ___
city → ___
mouse → ___
Exercise 2. Choose the correct form
There are many ___ in the classroom.
a) childs
b) children
c) child
She has two ___ on the desk.
a) box
b) boxes
c) boxs
My sister likes playing with her ___.
a) dolls
b) doll
c) dolly
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What toys does Lucy have?
What toys do Lucy’s friends bring?
Where do the children play?
What kind of books are on Lucy’s desk?
How does Lucy feel at the end of the day?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
toys
children
books
cities
mice
Exercise 2
b) children
b) boxes
a) dolls
Exercise 3
Lucy has a teddy bear, a doll, and a toy car.
Her friends bring dolls, balls, and puzzles.
The children play in the living room.
There are many books about animals, nature, and space.
Lucy feels happy and has her toys and books ready for the next day.
Mini Tips
Чтобы правильно образовать множественное число, сначала проверяй окончание существительного.
Неправильные существительные лучше записывать и повторять отдельно.
Большинство существительных просто добавляют -s, но исключения встречаются часто.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Grammar Focus
Счетные и несчетные существительные
Существительные бывают счетными (countable) и несчетными (uncountable).
Countable nouns (счетные)
Можно посчитать: один, два, три.
Имеют единственное и множественное число.
Перед существительным можно использовать a / an или числа.
Examples:
I have a pen. – У меня есть ручка.
There are three chairs in the room. – В комнате три стула.
Uncountable nouns (несчетные)
Нельзя посчитать поштучно.
Обычно только в единственном числе.
Не используют a / an. Чтобы указать количество, используют слова some, much, a lot of, a little.
Examples:
There is some milk in the fridge. – В холодильнике есть молоко.
She drinks a lot of water every day. – Она пьёт много воды каждый день.
Типичные ошибки школьников
I have a informations.
There are two milks.
I need a furniture.
Правильно
I have some information.
There is some milk.
I need some furniture.
Совет
Сначала определяй, можно ли посчитать предмет. Если да – countable, если нет – uncountable.
Запомни распространённые несчетные существительные: milk, water, bread, information, furniture, sugar, advice, money.
Story
Emma is in the kitchen. She wants to make a cake. First, she takes some flour and sugar. She adds an egg and mixes everything carefully. There is milk in the fridge, and she pours a little milk into the bowl. Emma likes cooking because she can measure ingredients and see how much she needs.
Her brother comes to the kitchen. He brings two apples and a bottle of water. They decide to make a fruit salad. There are apples, bananas, and some oranges on the table. They cut the fruits and put them into a big bowl. Emma is happy because she has enough ingredients and her brother’s help. After cooking, they sit at the table and eat the cake and salad together.
Useful Words and Expressions
countable – исчисляемый
uncountable – неисчисляемый
flour – мука
sugar – сахар
milk – молоко
egg – яйцо
apple – яблоко
banana – банан
orange – апельсин
water – вода
bottle – бутылка
bowl – миска
ingredient – ингредиент
to mix – смешивать
to pour – наливать
kitchen – кухня
to measure – измерять
enough – достаточно
Exercises
Exercise 1. Countable or uncountable?
bread → ___
apple → ___
milk → ___
chair → ___
sugar → ___
Exercise 2. Choose the correct form
I need ___ water.
a) a
b) some
c) many
There are three ___ on the table.
a) bananas
b) milk
c) sugar
She added ___ egg to the bowl.
a) an
b) some
c) a
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What ingredients does Emma use for the cake?
What does her brother bring to the kitchen?
What fruits are on the table?
How do Emma and her brother prepare the salad?
How do they feel after cooking?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
uncountable
countable
uncountable
countable
uncountable
Exercise 2
b) some
a) bananas
a) an
Exercise 3
Emma uses flour, sugar, milk, and an egg to make the cake.
Her brother brings two apples and a bottle of water.
On the table, there are apples, bananas, and some oranges.
They cut the fruits and put them into a big bowl to make the salad.
They feel happy and enjoy eating the cake and salad together.
Mini Tips
Countable nouns можно считать и использовать a / an или числа.
Uncountable nouns нельзя считать поштучно – используй some, a lot of, a little, much.
Запоминай часто используемые несчетные слова отдельно, они часто встречаются в жизни.
Demonstratives: this / that / these / those
Grammar Focus
Указательные местоимения
Demonstratives используются, чтобы показать, о каком предмете или человеке мы говорим. В английском языке есть четыре основных формы: this, that, these, those.
This / These
This – этот, эта, это (единственное число, близко к говорящему)
These – эти (множественное число, близко к говорящему)
Examples:
This book is interesting. – Эта книга интересная.
These chairs are comfortable. – Эти стулья удобные.
That / Those
That – тот, та, то (единственное число, далеко от говорящего)
Those – те (множественное число, далеко от говорящего)
Examples:
That tree is very tall. – То дерево очень высокое.
Those houses are old. – Те дома старые.
Типичные ошибки школьников
This chairs are new.
Those book is on the table.
These tree is big.
Правильно
These chairs are new.
That book is on the table.
This tree is big.
Совет
Сначала определяй число существительного: единственное или множественное.
Затем думай о расстоянии до говорящего: близко – this / these, далеко – that / those.
Story
Jack is in his room. On his desk, there is a notebook. This notebook is new, and Jack likes it very much. Next to the notebook, there are some pencils. These pencils are colourful and sharp.
Outside the window, Jack can see a big tree. That tree is very old and tall. On the street, there are two dogs running. Those dogs look happy and friendly.
Jack takes his notebook and pencils and goes to the park. He sits under that tree and starts drawing. He uses these pencils to make colourful pictures. Jack enjoys spending time with his art and watching those dogs playing in the sun.
Useful Words and Expressions
this – этот, эта, это
that – тот, та, то
these – эти
those – те
desk – письменный стол
notebook – тетрадь
pencil – карандаш
tree – дерево
dog – собака
window – окно
street – улица
park – парк
art – рисование, творчество
to draw – рисовать
colourful – цветной
big – большой
old – старый
tall – высокий
Exercises
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks
___ book on the desk is mine.
___ pencils are very sharp.
___ tree outside is very tall.
___ dogs on the street are friendly.
I like ___ notebook on the desk.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct option
Which is correct?
a) These tree is old.
b) This tree is old.
c) That trees is old.
Choose the correct option:
___ dogs are running in the park.
a) This
b) These
c) Those
Fill the blank:
I want ___ pencil.
a) that
b) those
c) these
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What does Jack have on his desk?
How does Jack describe his pencils?
What can Jack see outside the window?
Where does Jack go with his notebook and pencils?
How does Jack use his pencils in the park?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
This book on the desk is mine.
These pencils are very sharp.
That tree outside is very tall.
Those dogs on the street are friendly.
I like this notebook on the desk.
Exercise 2
b) This tree is old.
c) Those dogs are running in the park.
a) that
Exercise 3
On his desk, Jack has a notebook and some pencils.
Jack’s pencils are colourful and sharp.
Outside the window, Jack can see a big tree and two dogs running on the street.
Jack goes to the park with his notebook and pencils.
Jack uses his pencils to draw colourful pictures under the tree.
Mini Tips
This / These – для предметов близко к вам.
That / Those – для предметов далеко от вас.
Сначала проверяйте число существительного, затем расстояние.
Показывайте предмет руками или пальцем, когда учите детей: это помогает закрепить понимание.
Adjectives and Their Position in a Sentence
Grammar Focus
Прилагательные и их место в предложении
Adjectives (прилагательные) описывают существительные, показывая их качество, количество, цвет, размер, форму и другие характеристики.
Основные правила
Прилагательное обычно ставится перед существительным:
a big house – большой дом
a red apple – красное яблоко
После глагола to be прилагательное ставится после глагола, чтобы описать подлежащее:
The house is big. – Дом большой.
The apples are red. – Яблоки красные.
Если используется несколько прилагательных перед существительным, порядок обычно такой:
Opinion → Size → Age → Shape → Colour → Origin → Material → Noun
a beautiful small old round red Italian wooden table
Типичные ошибки
She is a beautiful.
I have apple red.
The dog is friendly big.
Правильно
She is beautiful.
I have a red apple.
The big friendly dog is in the garden.
Совет
Сначала решай, где стоит прилагательное: перед существительным или после глагола to be.
Для нескольких прилагательных можно запомнить порядок через пример: Opinion → Size → Age → Colour → Material → Noun.
Story
Anna has a small dog. It is a very friendly dog. The dog has soft brown fur and big black eyes. Every morning, Anna takes her dog for a walk in the park. She wears her favourite blue dress, and her dog has a red collar.
In the park, they meet other children and their pets. Some children have cute kittens, and some have small rabbits. Anna likes watching the animals because they are active and playful.
After walking, Anna returns home. The dog is tired but happy. She gives it some fresh water and a delicious snack. Anna is happy too because she loves her small friendly dog and their daily walks.
Useful Words and Expressions
adjective – прилагательное
opinion – мнение
size – размер
age – возраст
colour – цвет
material – материал
shape – форма
small – маленький
big – большой
friendly – дружелюбный
soft – мягкий
brown – коричневый
black – чёрный
blue – синий
red – красный
cute – милый
active – активный
playful – игривый
delicious – вкусный
favourite – любимый
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose the correct adjective
The dog is very ___. (friendly / quickly)
I have a ___ apple. (red / run)
She wears a ___ dress. (blue / swim)
The kitten is ___. (cute / swim)
He has a ___ dog. (big / eat)
Exercise 2. Correct the sentences
She is a beautiful.
I have apple red.
The dog is friendly big.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What does Anna have? Describe it.
What does the dog look like?
Where does Anna take her dog every morning?
What animals do they meet in the park?
How do Anna and her dog feel after walking?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
friendly
red
blue
cute
big
Exercise 2
She is beautiful.
I have a red apple.
The big friendly dog is in the garden.
Exercise 3
Anna has a small dog. It is very friendly.
The dog has soft brown fur and big black eyes.
Anna takes her dog for a walk in the park every morning.
They meet kittens and small rabbits in the park.
Anna and her dog feel happy after walking; the dog is tired but content.
Mini Tips
Перед существительным ставятся краткие прилагательные, после to be – описательные.
Для нескольких прилагательных запоминаем порядок: Opinion → Size → Age → Colour → Material → Noun.
Определяй, какое прилагательное описывает качество, а какое – размер или цвет, чтобы правильно поставить в предложение.
Imperatives and Classroom English
Grammar Focus
Повелительное наклонение (Imperatives)
Imperatives используются, чтобы давать команды, просьбы или советы. В английском языке они часто начинаются с глагола без подлежащего.
Основные правила
Глагол стоит в начальной форме:
Open the window. – Открой окно.
Sit down. – Садитесь.
Отрицательная форма образуется с don’t:
Don’t run in the classroom. – Не бегайте в классе.
Don’t touch the teacher’s desk. – Не трогайте стол учителя.
Вежливая форма просьбы можно усилить словами please:
Please, open your books. – Пожалуйста, откройте книги.
Типичные ошибки школьников
You open the window.
Don’t to shout in class.
Please, you sit down.
Правильно
Open the window.
Don’t shout in class.
Please, sit down.
Совет
Повелительное наклонение не требует подлежащего, если понятно, к кому обращаются.
Для школьной аудитории полезно запоминать основные команды в классе – они часто повторяются и легко закрепляются на практике.
Story
It is the first lesson at school. The teacher greets the students and says, «Good morning, everyone! Sit down, please.» The students take their seats.
«Open your books to page ten,» the teacher continues. Some students open their books quickly, and others need a little help. «Don’t talk to your friends now. Listen carefully,» the teacher adds.
During the lesson, the teacher gives many instructions: «Write the answers in your notebooks. Raise your hand if you have a question. Look at the board.» The students follow the instructions because they want to learn and participate.
After the lesson, the teacher smiles and says, «Pack up your things and line up for recess.» The students do what they are asked. They feel happy and ready for the next lesson.
Useful Words and Expressions
imperative – повелительное наклонение
command – команда
instruction – инструкция
advice – совет
please – пожалуйста
sit down – садиться
stand up – вставать
open – открывать
close – закрывать
write – писать
read – читать
look – смотреть
listen – слушать
raise your hand – поднять руку
line up – выстраиваться в ряд
pack up – собирать вещи
answer – ответ
question – вопрос
book – книга
notebook – тетрадь
Exercises
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the correct imperative
___ your books.
___ down, please.
___ your hand if you have a question.
___ the window.
___ quietly in the classroom.
Exercise 2. Correct the mistakes
You open your books.
Don’t to run in the classroom.
Please, you read the text.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What does the teacher say at the beginning of the lesson?
Which instructions does the teacher give during the lesson?
How do the students follow the teacher’s commands?
What does the teacher say after the lesson?
How do the students feel at the end of the lesson?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
Open your books.
Sit down, please.
Raise your hand if you have a question.
Open the window.
Don’t talk in the classroom.
Exercise 2
Open your books.
Don’t run in the classroom.
Please, read the text.
Exercise 3
At the beginning of the lesson, the teacher greets the students and asks them to sit down.
During the lesson, the teacher instructs the students to open their books, write answers, raise hands, and look at the board.
The students follow the teacher’s commands carefully to learn and participate.
After the lesson, the teacher asks the students to pack up their things and line up for recess.
The students feel happy and ready for the next lesson.
Mini Tips
В повелительном наклонении не нужно указывать подлежащее, если понятно, к кому обращаются.
Для отрицания используйте don’t + глагол.









