1984

1984

George Orwell

© George Orwell, 2023

ISBN 978-5-0060-2733-6

Создано в интеллектуальной издательской системе Ridero

Оруэлл, Джордж.

1984: книга для чтения на английском языке.

Предлагается вниманию читателей знаменитый роман-антиутопия английского писателя Джорджа Оруэлла «1984», в котором он изобразил возможное будущее человечества как тоталитарный иерархический строй, основанный на изощренном физическом и духовном порабощении, пронизанный всеобщим страхом и ненавистью.

Полный неадаптированный текст романа снабжен комментарием. Построчный перевод отдельных слов и выражений введен Кашаповым Уралом. Перевод существительных дан в единственном или множественном лице в именительном падеже; перевод глаголов прошедшего времени представлен как они есть, но в мужском роде в единственном числе; прилагательные даются в единственном числе мужского рода. Следует обращать внимание на причастия и деепричастия.

Для всех изучающих английский язык и любителей современной английской литературы.

Part I

Chapter I

It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen. Winston Smith, his chin (подбородок) nuzzled (уткнулся) into his breast (грудь) in an effort to escape (избежать) the vile (мерзкий) wind, slipped (проскользнувший) quickly through the glass doors of Victory Mansions (дворец), though not quickly enough to prevent a swirl (водоворот) of gritty (песчаный) dust (пыль) from entering along with him.

The hallway (коридор) smelt (вонял) of boiled (варенный) cabbage (капуста) and old rag (тряпичный) mats (коврики). At one end of it a coloured poster (плакат), too large for indoor display (помещение), had been tacked (был прикреплен) to the wall. It depicted (изображал) simply an enormous face, more than a metre wide: the face of a man of about forty-five, with a heavy (тяжелый) black moustache (усы) and ruggedly (грубо) handsome (красивый) features. Winston made for the stairs (направился к лестнице). It was no use trying the lift. Even at the best of times it was seldom working, and at present the electric current (электричество) was cut off (было отрезано) during daylight hours. It was part of the economy drive in preparation for Hate Week. The flat (квартира) was seven flights up (на седьмом этаже), and Winston, who was thirty-nine and had a varicose (варикозный) ulcer (язва) above his right ankle (лодыжка), went slowly, resting several times on the way. On each landing (площадка), opposite the lift-shaft (лифтная шахта), the poster with the enormous face gazed (смотрел) from the wall. It was one of those pictures which are so contrived (задуман) that the eyes follow you about when you move. BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, the caption (надпись) beneath (под) it ran. 1

Inside the flat a fruity (сочный) voice (голос) was reading out a list of figures which had something to do with the production of pig-iron (чугун). The voice came from an oblong (продолговатый) metal plaque (диск) like a dulled (мутный) mirror (зеркало) which formed part of the surface (поверхность) of the right-hand wall. Winston turned a switch and the voice sank (затонул) somewhat (в некотором роде), though the words were still distinguishable (различимый). The instrument (the telescreen, it was called) could be dimmed (притушен), but there was no way of shutting (отключение) it off completely. He moved over to the window: a smallish (маленькая), frail (хрупкая) figure, the meagreness (скудость) of his body merely (просто) emphasized (подчеркивался) by the blue overalls (комбинезон) which were the uniform of the party. His hair was very fair (русый), his face naturally sanguine (румяный), his skin roughened (шереховатый) by coarse (грубый) soap and blunt (тупой) razor (бритва) blades (лезвие) and the cold of the winter that had just ended.

Outside, even through the shut (закрытый) window-pane (оконное стекло), the world looked cold. Down in the street little eddies (водовороты) of wind were whirling (кружащийся) dust (пыль) and torn (разорванный) paper into spirals, and though the sun was shining (светило) and the sky a harsh (сурово) blue, there seemed to be no colour in anything, except the posters that were plastered (расклеен) everywhere. The blackmoustachio’d (черноусый) face gazed down (смотрел) from every commanding (заметный) corner. There was one on the house-front immediately opposite. BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, the caption said, while the dark eyes looked deep into Winston’s own. Down at street level another poster, torn (разорванный) at one corner, flapped (трепался) fitfully (судорожно) in the wind, alternately (попеременно) covering and uncovering (раскрывая и закрывая) the single word INGSOC. In the far distance a helicopter skimmed down (пролетел вниз) between the roofs (крыши), hovered (парил) for an instant (момент) like a bluebottle (трупная мушка), and darted away (метнулся прочь) again with a curving (изгиб) flight (полет). It was the police patrol, snooping (заглядывающий) into people’s windows. The patrols did not matter (не имел значение), however. Only the Thought Police mattered.

Behind Winston’s back the voice from the telescreen was still babbling away (болтал) about pig-iron and the overfulfilment (перевыполнение) of the Ninth Three-Year Plan. The telescreen received (получал) and transmitted (передавал) simultaneously (одновременно). Any sound that Winston made, above the level of a very low whisper (шепот), would be picked up (подобрал) by it, moreover (более того), so long as he remained (оставался) within the field of vision which the metal plaque commanded, he could be seen as well as heard. There was of course no way of knowing whether you were being watched at any given moment. How often, or on what system, the Thought Police plugged (подключал) in on any individual wire (провод) was guesswork (догадка). It was even conceivable (мыслимый) that they watched everybody all the time. But at any rate (случай) they could plug (затыкать) in your wire (провод) whenever (когда бы ни) they wanted to. You had to live – did live, from habit (привычка) that became instinct – in the assumption (предположение) that every sound you made was overheard (подслушан), and, except in darkness, every movement scrutinized (тщательно исследован).

Winston kept his back turned to the telescreen. It was safer (безопаснее), though, as he well knew, even a back can be revealing (раскрыт). A kilometre away the Ministry of Truth, his place of work, towered (возвышался) vast and white above the grimy (грязный) landscape. This, he thought with a sort (своего рода) of vague (расплывчатый) distaste (отвращение) – this was London, chief city of Airstrip (взлетно-посадочная полоса) One, itself the third most populous of the provinces of Oceania. He tried to squeeze out (выдавить) some childhood memory that should tell him whether London had always been quite like this. Were there always these vistas (вереницы) of rotting (обветшалый) nineteenth-century houses, their sides shored up (укреплен) with baulks (балки) of timber (древесина), their windows patched (залатаный) with cardboard (картон) and their roofs (крышы) with corrugated (рифленный) iron, their crazy garden walls sagging (провисающий) in all directions? And the bombed sites where the plaster (штукатурочный) dust (пыль) swirled (кружился) in the air and the willow- herb (кипрей) straggled (заблудился) over the heaps (кучи) of rubble (щебень); and the places where the bombs had cleared a larger patch (пластырь) and there had sprung up (возник вверх) sordid (грязный) colonies of wooden (деревяный) dwellings (жилища) like chicken- houses (курятники)? But it was no use, he could not remember: nothing remained of his childhood except a series of brightlit (ярко освещенный) tableaux (таблицы) occurring (происходящий) against no background (без фона) and mostly unintelligible (неразборчивый).

The Ministry of Truth-Minitrue, in Newspeak – was startlingly (поразительно) different from any other object in sight (в поле зрения). It was an enormous pyramidal structure of glittering (блестящий) white concrete (конкретный), soaring up (взмывающее вверх), terrace after terrace, 300 metres into the air. From where Winston stood it was just (просто) possible to read, picked out (выбрал) on its white face in elegant (элегантный) lettering, the three slogans of the Party:

The Ministry of Truth contained (содержал), it was said, three thousand rooms above ground level, and corresponding (соответствующий) ramifications (разветвления) below. Scattered (разбросанный) about London there were just three other buildings of similar appearance (внешность) and size (размер). So completely did they dwarf (карлик) the surrounding architecture that from the roof of Victory Mansions you could see all four of them simultaneously (одновременно). They were the homes of the four Ministries between which the entire apparatus of government was divided. The Ministry of Truth, which concerned itself (занимавшееся) with news, entertainment (развлечения), education, and the fine (изящный) arts. The Ministry of Peace, which concerned itself with war. The Ministry of Love, which maintained (поддерживал) law and order. And the Ministry of Plenty (изобилие), which was responsible for economic affairs. Their names, in Newspeak: Minitrue, Minipax, Miniluv, and Miniplenty.

The Ministry of Love was the really frightening (пугающий) one. There were no windows in it at all. Winston had never been inside the Ministry of Love, nor within half a kilometre of it. It was a place impossible to enter except on official business, and then only by penetrating (проникнув) through a maze (лабиринт) of barbedwire (колючая проволока) entanglements (заграждения), steel doors, and hidden (скрытый) machine-gun nests (пулеметные гнезда). Even the streets leading up to its outer (внешний) barriers (ограждения) were roamed (бродил) by gorilla-faced guards in black uniforms, armed with jointed (шарнирный) truncheons (дубинка).

Winston turned round abruptly (резко). He had set (придал) his features into the expression of quiet optimism which it was advisable (целесообразно) to wear (носить) when facing the telescreen. He crossed the room into the tiny (крошечный) kitchen. By leaving the Ministry at this time of day he had sacrificed (пожертвовал) his lunch in the canteen (столовая), and he was aware (знал) that there was no food in the kitchen except a hunk (кусок) of dark-coloured bread which had got to be saved for tomorrow’s breakfast. He took down from the shelf a bottle of colourless liquid (жидкость) with a plain white label marked VICTORY GIN. It gave off (исходил) a sickly (тошнотворный), oily smell (маслянистый запах), as of Chinese rice-spirit. Winston poured out (налил) nearly a teacupful (полная чашка), nerved himself for a shock (приготовился к шоку), and gulped (проглотил) it down like a dose of medicine. 2

Instantly (мгновенно) his face turned scarlet (стал багровым) and the water ran out of his eyes. The stuff (вещество) was like nitric acid (азотная кислота), and moreover, in swallowing it (при глотании) one had the sensation (ощущение) of being hit (удар) on the back of the head with a rubber club (резиновая дубинка). The next moment, however, he burning (жжение) in his belly (живот) died down and the world began to look more cheerful (веселее). He took a cigarette from a crumpled (смятый) packet marked VICTORY CIGARETTES and incautiously (неосторожно) held it upright (поднял), whereupon (после чего) the tobacco fell out on to the floor (пол). With the next he was more successful. He went back to the living-room (гостиная) and sat down at a small table that stood to the left of the telescreen. From the table drawer (ящик стола) he took out a penholder, a bottle of ink (пузырек с чернилами), and a thick (толстый), quarto-sized (размером в четверть) blank book (чистая книга) with a red back (обложка) and a marbled (мраморный) cover.

For some reason (по какой-то причине) the telescreen in the living-room was in an unusual position. Instead of being (вместо того) placed, as was normal, in the end wall, where it could command (наблюдать) the whole room, it was in the longer wall, opposite the window. To one side of it there was a shallow (неглубокий) alcove in which Winston was now sitting, and which, when the flats were built, had probably been intended (предназначался) to hold bookshelves. By sitting in the alcove, and keeping well back, Winston was able to remain outside the range (за пределами поля зрения) of the telescreen, so far as sight went (насколько хватало взгляда). He could be heard, of course, but so long as he stayed in his present position he could not be seen. It was partly (отчасти) the unusual geography of the room that had suggested (предложил) to him the thing that he was now about to do.

But it had also been suggested (указывал) by the book that he had just (только что) taken out of the drawer (ящик). It was a peculiarly (необыкновенно) beautiful book. Its smooth (гладкий) creamy (кремовый) paper, a little yellowed by age, was of a kind that had not been manufactured for at least forty years past. He could guess (догадаться), however, that the book was much older than that. He had seen it lying in the window of a frowsy (захудалый) little junk-shop (лавка старьевщика) in a slummy (трущобный) quarter of the town (just what quarter he did not now remember) and had been stricken (охватил) immediately by an overwhelming (непреодолимый) desire (желание) to possess (обладать) it. Party members were supposed (предполагался) not to go into ordinary shops (’dealing (торговля) on the free market’, it was called), but the rule was not strictly (строго) kept, because there were various (разный) things, such as shoelaces (шнурки) and razor blades, which it was impossible to get hold of in any other way. He had given a quick (быстро) glance up and down (оглядел) the street and then had slipped (проскользнул) inside and bought the book for two dollars fifty. At the time he was not conscious (осознавал) of wanting it for any particular (конкретный) purpose. He had carried it guiltily (виновато) home in his briefcase (портфель). Even with nothing written in it, it was a compromising possession (владение).

The thing that he was about to do (собирался сделать) was to open a diary (дневник). This was not illegal (nothing was illegal, since there were no longer any laws), but if detected it was reasonably (разумно) certain (определено) that it would be punished by death, or at least by twentyfive years in a forced-labour camp. Winston fitted (вставил) a nib (кончик) into the penholder and sucked (пососал) it to get the grease off (смыть жир). The pen was an archaic instrument, seldom used even for signatures (подписи), and he had procured one (раздобыл), furtively (украдкой) and with some difficulty, simply because of a feeling that the beautiful creamy (кремовый) paper deserved (заслуживал) to be written on with a real nib (перо) instead of being scratched (царапал) with an ink-pencil (чернильный карандаш). Actually he was not used to writing by hand. Apart from (за исключением) very short notes, it was usual to dictate everything into the speak-write which was of course impossible for his present purpose. He dipped (обмакнул) the pen into the ink and then faltered (запнулся) for just (просто) a second. A tremor (дрожь) had gone through his bowels (внутренности). To mark (пометить) the paper was the decisive (решающий) act. In small clumsy (корявый) letters he wrote: 3

He sat back. A sense of complete helplessness had descended upon (опустился на) him. To begin with, he did not know with any certainty (уверенность) that this was 1984. It must be round about that date, since (поскольку) he was fairly (вполне) sure (уверен) that his age was thirty-nine, and he believed that he had been born in 1944 or 1945; but it was never possible nowadays (наше время) to pin down (определить) any date within a year or two.

For whom (для кого), it suddenly occurred (пришел) to him to wonder (удивление), was he writing this diary? For the future, for the unborn (нерожденные). His mind hovered (завис) for a moment round the doubtful date on the page, and then fetched up (собрался) with a bump (толчок) against the Newspeak word DOUBLETHINK. For the first time (впервые) the magnitude (масштаб) of what he had undertaken (предпринял) came home to him. How could you communicate with the future? It was of its nature impossible. Either (или) the future would resemble (напоминать) the present, in which case it would not listen to him: or it would be different from it, and his predicament (затруднительное положение) would be meaningless (бессмысленный). 4

For some time he sat gazing (уставившись) stupidly at the paper. The telescreen had changed over (переключился) to strident (резкий) military music. It was curious (любопытно) that he seemed not merely to have lost the power of expressing himself, but even to have forgotten what it was that he had originally intended (намеревался) to say. For weeks past he had been making ready for this moment, and it had never crossed his mind that anything would be needed except courage (мужество). The actual writing would be easy. All he had (все, что ему нужно было) to do was to transfer to paper the interminable (бесконечный) restless (беспокойный) monologue that had been running inside his head, literally for years. At this moment, however, even the monologue had dried up (иссяк). Moreover his varicose ulcer had begun itching (зудеть) unbearably (нестерпимо). He dared (решался) not scratch (почесать) it, because if he did so it always became inflamed (воспалялся). The seconds were ticking by (тикал). He was conscious of nothing (он не осознавал ничего) except the blankness (пустота) of the page in front of him, the itching (зуд) of the skin above his ankle (лодыжка), the blaring (грохот) of the music, and a slight (немного) booziness (опьянение) caused (вызванный) by the gin (джинн).

Suddenly he began writing in sheer (полный) panic, only imperfectly aware of (плохо понимая) what he was setting down (устанавливал). His small but childish handwriting (почерк) straggled up and down (путался) the page, shedding (теряя) first its capital letters and finally even its full stops (точки):

April 4th, 1984.

Last night to the flicks . All war films. One very good one of a ship (корабль) full of refugees (беженцы) being bombed somewhere in the Mediterranean (Средиземном море). Audience (аудитория) much amused (позабавил) by shots (кадры) of a great huge fat (огромный жир) man trying to swim away (уплыть) with a helicopter after him, first you saw him wallowing along (барахтается) in the water like a porpoise (морская свинья), then you saw him through the helicopters gunsights (прицел), then he was full of holes (дыры) and the sea round him turned pink (розовый) and he sank (утонул) as suddenly as though the holes (дыры) had let in the water, audience shouting with laughter (смех). when he sank (тонул). then you saw a lifeboat (спасательная шлюпка) full of children with a helicopter hovering (висел) over it. There was a middle-aged woman might have been a jewess sitting up in the bow (носовая часть) with a little boy about three years old in her arms. little boy screaming (кричал) with fright (от страха) and hiding (прятал) his head between her breasts as if he was trying to burrow (зарыться) right into her and the woman putting (обнимал) her arms round him and comforting (успокаивал) him although she was blue with fright (от страха) herself, all the time covering him up as much as possible as if she thought her arms could keep the bullets off (от пуль) him. Then the helicopter planted a 20 kilo bomb in among them terrific (потрясающий) flash (вспышка) and the boat went all to matchwood (спички). Then there was a wonderful shot of a child’s arm going up up up right up into the air a helicopter with a camera in its nose must have followed it up and there was a lot of applause (аплодисменты) from the party seats but a woman down in the prole (проловый — 5

– пролетарский) part of the house suddenly started kicking up a fuss (поднимать шум) and shouting they didnt oughter (не должны были) of showed it not in front of kids (при детях) they didnt it aint (правильно) right not in front of kids it aint until the police turned her turned her out i dont suppose anything happened to her nobody cares (волнует) what the proles (пролов) say typical prole reaction they never 

Winston stopped writing, partly because he was suffering (страдания) from cramp (судорога). He did not know what had made him pour (излить) out this stream (поток) of rubbish (мусор). But the curious (любопытное) thing was that while he was doing so a totally different memory had clarified (прояснился) itself in his mind, to the point where he almost felt (почувствовал) equal (вправе) to writing it down. It was, he now realized, because of this other incident that he had suddenly decided to come at home and begin the diary today.

It had happened that morning at the Ministry, if anything so nebulous (туманный) could be said to happen.

It was nearly eleven hundred, and in the Records Department, where Winston worked, they were dragging (вытаскивал) the chairs (стулья) out of the cubicles (кабинки) and grouping (расставлял) them in the centre of the hall opposite the big telescreen, in preparation for the Two Minutes Hate. Winston was just taking his place in one of the middle rows (ряды) when two people whom he knew by sight (в лицо), but had never spoken to, came unexpectedly (неожиданно) into the room. One of them was a girl whom he often passed in the corridors. He did not know her name, but he knew that she worked in the Fiction Department (отделе художественной литературы). Presumably (предположительно) – since he had sometimes seen her with oily (замасленный) hands and carrying a spanner (гаечный ключ) – she had some mechanical job on one of the novel-writing (машина для написания романов.) machines. She was a bold-looking (дерзкий вид) girl, of about twenty-seven, with thick (густой) hair, a freckled (веснушчатый) face, and swift (быстрый), athletic movements. A narrow (узкий) scarlet (алый) sash (поясок), emblem of the Junior Anti-Sex League, was wound several times round the waist (талия) of her overalls (комбинезон), just tightly (туго) enough to bring out the shapeliness (стройность) of her hips (бедра). Winston had disliked (невзлюбил) her from the very first moment of seeing her. He knew the reason. It was because of the atmosphere of hockey-fields (хоккейные поля) and cold baths (ванны) and community hikes (походы) general clean-mindedness (чистоплотность) which she managed (умудрялся) to carry about with her. He disliked nearly all women, and especially the young and pretty (красивый) ones. It was always the women, and above all (прежде всего) the young ones, who were the most bigoted (фанатичный) adherents (приверженцы) of the Party, the swallowers (глотатели) of slogans, the amateur (любители) spies (шпионы) and nosers-out (лазутчики) of unorthodoxy (неортодоксы). But this particular (в частности) girl gave him the impression of being more dangerous than most. Once when they passed in the corridor she gave him a quick sidelong (вбок) glance (взгляд) which seemed to pierce right into him and for a moment had filled him with black terror. The idea had even crossed his mind that she might be an agent of the Thought Police. That, it was true, was very unlikely (маловероятно). Still (все же), he continued to feel a peculiar (особый) uneasiness (беспокойство), which had fear mixed up (примешивался) in it as well as hostility (враждебность), whenever she was anywhere near him. 6

The other person was a man named O’Brien, a member of the Inner (внутренней) Party and holder of some post so important and remote (отдаленный) that Winston had only a dim (тусклый) idea of its nature. A momentary hush (тишина) passed over the group of people round the chairs as they saw the black overalls (комбинезон) of an Inner Party member approaching (приближающийся). O’Brien was a large, burly (крепкий) man with a thick (толстый) neck (шея) and a coarse (грубый), humorous (забавный), brutal face. In spite (несмотря) of his formidable (грозный) appearance (вид) he had a certain charm of manner. He had a trick (уловка) of resettling (пересаживать) his spectacles (очки) on his nose which was curiously (необычайно) disarming (обезоруживал) – in some indefinable (неопределимый) way, curiously (любопытно) civilized. It was a gesture (жест) which, if anyone had still thought in such terms, might have recalled (напомнить) an eighteenth- century nobleman (дворянин) offering (предлагающий) his snuffbox (табакерка). Winston had seen O’Brien perhaps (наверное) a dozen times in almost as many years. He felt deeply drawn (глубокое влечение) to him, and not solely (только) because he was intrigued (заинтригован) by the contrast between O’Brien’s urbane (вежливый) manner and his prize-fighter’s physique (телосложение). Much more (гораздо больше) it was because of a secretly held belief – or perhaps not even a belief, merely (просто) a hope – that O’Brien’s political orthodoxy was not perfect. Something in his face suggested (подсказывал) it irresistibly (неотразимо). And again, perhaps (возможно) it was not even unorthodoxy that was written in his face, but simply intelligence. But at any rate (случай) he had the appearance (впечатление) of being a person that you could talk to if somehow you could cheat (обмануть) the telescreen and get him alone (остаться с ним наедине). Winston had never made the smallest effort to verify this guess (догадка): indeed (на самом деле), there was no way of doing so. At this moment O’Brien glanced (взглянул) at his wrist-watch (наручные часы), saw that it was nearly eleven hundred, and evidently decided to stay in the Records Department until the Two Minutes Hate was over (закончился). He took a chair in the same row (ряд) as Winston, a couple (пара) of places away (дальше). A small, sandy-haired (рыжеватый волос) woman who worked in the next cubicle (кабинка) to Winston was between them. The girl with dark hair was sitting immediately behind. The next moment a hideous (отвратительный), grinding (скрежещущий) speech, as of some monstrous machine running without oil, burst (раздался) from the big telescreen at the end of the room. It was a noise that set one’s teeth on edge (зубы на грани, стиснули зубы) and bristled (зашевелился) the hair at the back of one’s neck (затылок). The Hate had started.