Полная версия
Атлас искусственного интеллекта: руководство для будущего
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Belkhir and Elmeligi, «Assessing ICT Global Emissions Footprint»; Andrae and Edler, «On Global Electricity Usage.»
93
Strubell, Ganesh, and McCallum, «Energy and Policy Considerations for Deep Learning in NLP.»
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Strubell, Ganesh, and McCallum.
95
Sutton, «Bitter Lesson.»
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«AI and Compute.»
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Cook et al., Clicking Clean.
98
Ghaffary, «More Than 1,000 Google Employees Signed a Letter.» See also «Apple Commits to Be 100 Percent Carbon Neutral»; Harrabin, «Google Says Its Carbon Footprint Is Now Zero»; Smith, «Microsoft Will Be Carbon Negative by 2030.»
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«Powering the Cloud.»
100
«Powering the Cloud.»
101
«Powering the Cloud.»
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Hogan, «Data Flows and Water Woes.»
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«Off Now.»
104
Carlisle, «Shutting Off NSA’s Water Gains Support.»
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Materiality is a complex concept, and there is a lengthy literature that contends with it in such fields as STS, anthropology, and media studies. In one sense, materiality refers to what Leah Lievrouw describes as «the physical character and existence of objects and artifacts that makes them useful and usable for certain purposes under particular conditions.» Lievrouw quoted in Gillespie, Boczkowski, and Foot, Media Technologies, 25. But as Diana Coole and Samantha Frost write, «Materiality is always something more than ‘mere’ matter: an excess, force, vitality, relationality, or difference that renders matter active, self-creative, productive, unproductive.» Coole and Frost, New Materialisms, 9.
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United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Review of Maritime Transport, 2017.
107
George, Ninety Percent of Everything, 4.
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Schlanger, «If Shipping Were a Country.»
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Vidal, «Health Risks of Shipping Pollution.»
110
«Containers Lost at Sea–2017 Update.»
111
Adams, «Lost at Sea.»
112
Mumford, Myth of the Machine.
113
Labban, «Deterritorializing Extraction.» For an expansion on this idea, see Arboleda, Planetary Mine.
114
Ananny and Crawford, «Seeing without Knowing.»
115
Wilson, «Amazon and Target Race.»
116
Lingel and Crawford, «Alexa, Tell Me about Your Mother.»
117
Federici, Wages against Housework; Gregg, Counterproductive.
118
In The Utopia of Rules, David Graeber details the sense of loss experienced by white-collar workers who now have to enter data into the decision-making systems that have replaced specialist administrative support staff in most professional workplaces.
119
Smith, Wealth of Nations, 4–5.
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Marx and Engels, Marx-Engels Reader, 479. Marx expanded on this notion of the worker as an «appendage» in Capital, vol. 1: «In handicrafts and manufacture, the worker makes use of a tool; in the factory, the machine makes use of him. There the movements of the instrument of labor proceed from him, here it is the movements of the machine that he must follow. In manufacture the workers are parts of a living mechanism. In the factory we have a lifeless mechanism which is independent of the workers, who are incorporated into it as its living appendages.» Marx, Das Kapital, 548–49.
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Luxemburg, «Practical Economies,» 444.
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Thompson, «Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism.»
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Thompson, 88–90.
124
Werrett, «Potemkin and the Panopticon,» 6.
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See, e. g., Cooper, «Portsmouth System of Manufacture.»
126
Foucault, Discipline and Punish; Horne and Maly, Inspection House.
127
Mirzoeff, Right to Look, 58.
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Mirzoeff, 55.
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Mirzoeff, 56.
130
Gray and Suri, Ghost Work.
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Irani, «Hidden Faces of Automation.»
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Yuan, «How Cheap Labor Drives China’s A. I. Ambitions»; Gray and Suri, «Humans Working behind the AI Curtain.»
133
Berg et al., Digital Labour Platforms.
134
Roberts, Behind the Screen; Gillespie, Custodians of the Internet, 111–40.
135
Silberman et al., «Responsible Research with Crowds.»
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Silberman et al.
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Huet, «Humans Hiding behind the Chatbots.»
138
Huet.
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See Sadowski, «Potemkin AI.»
140
Taylor, «Automation Charade.»
141
Taylor.
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Gray and Suri, Ghost Work.
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Standage, Turk, 23.
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Standage, 23.
145
See, e. g., Aytes, «Return of the Crowds,» 80.
146
Irani, «Difference and Dependence among Digital Workers,» 225.
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Pontin, «Artificial Intelligence.»
148
Menabrea and Lovelace, «Sketch of the Analytical Engine.»
149
Babbage, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, 39–43.
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Babbage evidently acquired an interest in quality-control processes while trying (vainly) to establish a reliable supply chain for the components of his calculating engines.
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Schaffer, «Babbage’s Calculating Engines and the Factory System,» 280.
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Taylor, People’s Platform, 42.
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Katz and Krueger, «Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements.»
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Rehmann, «Taylorism and Fordism in the Stockyards,» 26.
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Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital, 56, 67; Specht, Red Meat Republic.
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Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management.
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Marx, Poverty of Philosophy, 22.
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Qiu, Gregg, and Crawford, «Circuits of Labour»; Qiu, Goodbye iSlave.
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Markoff, «Skilled Work, without the Worker.»
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Guendelsberger, On the Clock, 22.
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Greenhouse, «McDonald’s Workers File Wage Suits.»
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Greenhouse.
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Mayhew and Quinlan, «Fordism in the Fast Food Industry.»
164
Ajunwa, Crawford, and Schultz, «Limitless Worker Surveillance.»
165
Mikel, «WeWork Just Made a Disturbing Acquisition.»
166
Mahdawi, «Domino’s ‘Pizza Checker’ Is Just the Beginning.»
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Wajcman, «How Silicon Valley Sets Time.»
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Wajcman, 1277.
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Gora, Herzog, and Tripathi, «Clock Synchronization.»
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Eglash, «Broken Metaphor,» 361.
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Kemeny and Kurtz, «Dartmouth Timesharing,» 223.
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Eglash, «Broken Metaphor,» 364.
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Brewer, «Spanner, TrueTime.»
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Corbett et al., «Spanner,» 14, cited in House, «Synchronizing Uncertainty,» 124.
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Galison, Einstein’s Clocks, Poincaré’s Maps, 104.
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Galison, 112.
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Colligan and Linley, «Media, Technology, and Literature,» 246.
