The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume 4

322

Yule’s ed. i. 50, quoted in Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 470.

323

Mr. V.A. Smith, Early History of India, 2nd ed. p. 128.

324

Religion of the Semites, p. 33.

325

Lev. xiv. 9 and Deut. xxi. 12.

326

Golden Bough, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 371.

327

Ibidem, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 370.

328

Ibidem, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 371.

329

Mr. Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Sarwaria.

330

Occult Review, October 1909.

331

Orpheus, p. 99, and Bombay Gazetteer, Pārsis of Gujarāt; p. 220.

332

Hanumān is worshipped on this day in order to counteract the evil influence of the planet Saturn, whose day it really is.

333

Pots in which wheat-stalks are sown and tended for nine days, corresponding to the Gardens of Adonis.

334

Religion of the Semites p. 324.

335

Golden Bough, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 203.

336

In 1911 the Naodas numbered 700 persons in the Central Provinces. About 1000 were returned in Central India in 1891, but in 1901 they were amalgamated with the Mallāhs or Kewats. This article is based on a paper by Mr. P.R. Kaipitia, Forest Ranger.

337

This article is partly compiled from notes furnished by Mr. Adurām Chaudhri and Mr. Jagannāth Prasad, Naib-Tahsīldārs.

338

See art. Kanjar.

339

Punjab Census Report (1881), para. 588.

340

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Beria.

341

Asiatic Researches, vol. vii., 1803, by Captain Richardson.

342

Tribes and Castes, art. Nat.

343

Crooke, l.c., art. Nat.

344

Ibidem.

345

Ibbetson, Punjab Census Report (1886), para. 588.

346

Bombay Gazetteer, vol. xx. p. 186, quoted in Mr. Crooke’s article.

347

Temple and Fallon’s Hindustāni Proverbs, p. 171.

348

As. Res. vol. xvi., 1828, p. 213.

349

Melia indica.

350

Bengali Festivals and Holidays, by the Rev. Bihāri Lāl De, Calcutta Review, vol. v. pp. 59, 60.

351

Based on papers by Munshi Kanhya Lāl of the Gazetteer Office, and Mr. Mīr Patcha, Tahsīldār, Bilāspur.

352

Mr. Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Lunia.

353

Mr. Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Lunia.

354

Papers relating to the Aboriginal Tribes of the C.P., p. 6.

355

Note by Mr. Tawney as Deputy Commissioner of Chhindwāra, quoted in Central Provinces Census Report of 1881 (Mr. Drysdale).

356

Sir C.A. Elliott’s Hoshangābād Settlement Report, p. 70.

357

Linguistic Survey, vol. iv. p. 406.

358

Bengal Census Report (1901).

359

Ethnography, p. 248.

360

Tribes and Castes, vol. ii. p. 141.

361

Panna Lāl, Revenue Inspector.

362

Sorghum halepense.

363

Shorea robusta.

364

In Bilāspur the men have an iron comb in the hair with a circular end and two prongs like a fork. Women do not wear this.

365

Jungle Life in India, p. 134.

366

This article is compiled from papers by Pyāre Lāl Misra, Ethnographic clerk, and Hazari Lāl, Manager, Court of Wards, Chānda.

367

The basil plant.

368

Bilaspur Settlement Report (1868), p. 49.

369

From a note by Mr. Gauri Shankar, Manager, Court of Wards, Drūg.

370

With the exception of the historical notice, this article is principally based on a paper by Mr. Muhammad Yusuf, reader to Mr. C.E. Low, Deputy Commissioner of Bālāghāt.

371

Tod’s Rājasthān, ii. p. 407.

372

Foreign elements in the Hindu population, Ind. Ant. (January 1911), vol. xl.

373

Early History of India (Oxford, Clarendon Press), 3rd ed., p. 303.

374

Ibidem, 2nd ed., p. 288.

375

Ibidem, p. 316.

376

Early History of India (Oxford, Clarendon Press), 3rd ed., p. 319.

377

Garret’s Classical Dictionary of Hinduism, s.v. Jamadagni and Rāma.

378

The following extract is taken from Mr. V.A. Smith’s Early History of India, 3rd ed. pp. 395, 396. The passage has been somewhat abridged in reproduction.

379

Malcolm, i. p. 26.

380

Rājasthān, ii. p. 215.

381

A similar instance in Europe is related by Colonel Tod, concerning the origin of the Madrid Restaurant in the Bois de Boulogne at Paris. After Francis I had been captured by the Spaniards he was allowed to return to his capital, on pledging his parole that he would go back to Madrid. But the delights of liberty and Paris were too much for honour; and while he wavered a hint was thrown out similar to that of destroying the clay city. A mock Madrid arose in the Bois de Boulogne, to which Francis retired. (Rājasthān, ii. p. 428.)

382

Rājasthān, ii. pp. 264, 265.

383

Tribes and Castes, art. Panwār.

384

Memoir of Central India, i. 96.

385

Tribes and Castes, art. Panwār.

386

Blockmann, i. 252, quoted by Crooke.

387

Ibbetson, P.C.R., para. 448.

388

His name, Lakshma Deva, is given in a stone inscription dated A.D. 1104–1105.

389

The inscription is said to be in one of the temples in Winj Bāsini, near Bhāndak, in the Devanāgri character in Marāthi, and to run as follows: “Consecration of Jagnārāyan (the serpent of the world). Dajíanashnaku, the son of Chogneka, he it was who consecrated the god. The Panwār, the ruler of Dhār, was the third repairer of the statue. The image was carved by Gopināth Pandit, inhabitant of Lonār Mehkar. Let this shrine be the pride of all the citizens, and let this religious act be notified to the chief and other officers.”

390

A few Panwār Rājpūts are found in the Saugor District, but they are quite distinct from those of the Marātha country, and marry with the Bundelas. They are mentioned in the article on that clan.

391

March.

392

Rice boiled with milk and sugar.

393

Village headman.

394

Patwāri or village accountant.

395

Introduction to the History of Religion, p. 59.

396

Diospyros tomentosa.

397

Gamble, Manual of Indian Timbers, p. 461.

398

Bālāghāt District Gazetteer.

399

P. 62, quoting from Bringand, Les Karens de la Birmanie, Les Missions Catholiques, xx. (1888), p. 208.

400

Tod’s Rājasthān, i. p. 165. But Johār is a common term of salutation among the Hindus.

401

Seoni Settlement Report (1867), p. 43.

402

From a collection of notes on Pathāris by various police officers. The passage is somewhat abridged in reproduction.

403

Ficus R.

404

Bassia latifolia.

405

Ficus glomerata.

406

Note already quoted.

407

This article is partly compiled from papers by Mr. Adurām Chaudhri and Pandit Pyāre Lāl Misra of the Gazetteer Office, and extracts from Mr. Kitts’ Berār Census Report (1881), and Mr. Sewell’s note on the caste quoted in Mr. Gayer’s Lectures on the Criminal Tribes of the Central Provinces.

408

Lectures on Criminal Tribes of the C.P., p. 19.

409

Berār Census Report (1881), p. 135.

410

Bombay Ethnographic Survey, art. Pārdhi.

411

Jungle Life in India, pp. 586–587.

412

Peasant Life in Bihār, p. 80.

413

See Jerdon’s Mammals of India, p, 97. The account there given is quoted in the Chhindwāra District Gazetteer, pp. 16–17.

414

Private Life of an Eastern King, p. 75.

415

Private Life of an Eastern King, pp. 69, 71.

416

Private Life of an Eastern King, pp. 39–40.

417

Bombay Ethnographic Survey, ibidem.

418

This article is based on papers by Mr. Panda Baijnāth and other officers of the Bastar State.

419

By Dr. Cornish.

420

Linguistic Survey; vol. ix, p. 554; vol. ii. part ii. pp. 434 ff.

421

In the article on Gond it is suggested that the Gonds and Khonds were originally one tribe, and the fact that the Parjas have affinities with both of them appears to support this view.

422

Eugenia jambolana.

423

Hareli, lit. ‘the season of greenness.’

424

Nawākhāni, lit. ‘the new eating.’

425

Folklore as a Historical Science (G.L. Gomme), pp. 191, 192.

426

Based principally on Mr. Crooke’s article on the caste in his Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh.

427

Quoted in Mr. Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Bhar.

428

Art. Pāsi, para. 3.

429

Art. Bhar, para. 4.

430

A pulse of a black colour (Phaseolus radiatus).

431

These sentences are taken from Dr. Grierson’s Peasant Life in Behār, p. 79.

432

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Pāsi.

433

The following passage is taken from Mr. Crooke’s article on Pāsi, and includes quotations from the Sitāpur and Hardoi Settlement Reports.

434

Lectures on Criminal Tribes of the Central Provinces.

435

The word Rakshābandhan is said to mean literally, ‘the bond of protection.’ Another suggested derivation, ‘binding the devil,’ is perhaps incorrect.

436

The historical account of the Pindāris is compiled from Malcolm’s Memoir of Central India, Grant-Duff’s History of the Marāthas, and Prinsep’s Transactions in India (1825). Some notes on the modern Pindāris have been furnished by Mr. Hīra Lāl, and Mr. Waman Rustom Mandloi, Naib-Tahsīldār, Harda.

437

Memoir of Central India, i, p. 433.

438

Indian Antiquary, 1900.

439

Transactions in India, 1813–23, by H.T. Prinsep.

440

Marātha and Pindāri Campaigns.

441

The above is compiled from the accounts given by Prinsep and Malcolm.

442

That is when Malcolm wrote his Memoir.

443

This account is copied from Prinsep’s Transactions.

444

Memoir, ii. p. 177.

445

Rājasthān, ii. p. 674.

446

Malcolm, ii. p. 177.

447

The Pindāri’s childhood is recalled here, vide poem.

448

Pamphlet published in connection with the Ethnographic Survey.

449

A Prabhu Marriage, p. 3 et seq.

450

A Prabhu Marriage, pp. 26–27.

451

Bombay Ethnographic Survey, art. Prabhu.

452

Bombay Gazetteer, ix. p. 68, footnotes.

453

Hoshangābād Settlement Report (1807), p. 60.

454

Nāgpur Settlement Report.

455

Settlement Report.

456

Preserved butter.

457

Tribes and Castes, art. Raghūvansi.

458

Kitts’ Berār Census Report (1881), p. 157.

459

About 400 lbs.

460

Early History of India (Oxford, Clarendon Press), 3rd edition, p. 414.

461

Early History of India, pp. 252, 254.

462

Ibidem, p. 210.

463

Ibidem, p. 227.

464

Colonel Tod states that, the proper name of the caste was Jit or Jat, and was changed to Jāt by a section of them who also adopted Muhammadanism. Colonel Tod also identifies the Jats or Jits with the Yueh-chi as suggested in the text (Rājasthān, i. p. 97).

465

Rājasthān, i. p. 42. Mr. Crooke points out that the Buddha here referred to is probably the planet Mercury. But it is possible that he may have been identified with the religious reformer as the names seem to have a common origin.

466

See also separate articles on Panwār, Rājpūt and Gūjar.

467

J.A.S.B., 1909, p. 167, Guhilots. See also annexed article on Rājpūt Sesodia.

468

Ibidem, i. p. 105.

469

See also article Bhāt.

470

Rājasthān, i. pp. 231, 232.

471

Butea frondosa. This powder is also used at the Holi festival and has some sexual significance.

472

Rājasthān, i. p. 159.

473

Melia indica.

474

Ficus R.

475

Rājasthān, i. p. 123.

476

Rājasthān, i. pp. 267, 268.

477

Rāsmāla, ii. p. 261.

478

Rājasthān, i. p. 553.

479

Reminiscences of Lady Dorothy Nevill, Nelson’s edition, p. 367.

480

Rājasthān, ii. p. 3.

481

Mrs. Postans, Cutch, p. 35.

482

Mrs. Postans, Cutch, p. 138.

483

Rājasthān, i. pp. 543, 544.

484

Ibidem, i. p. 125.

485

Ibidem, ii. p. 52.

486

Rājasthān, i. p. 552.

487

Vol. ii. p. 227.

488

A ceremony of smearing vermilion on the bride before a wedding, which is believed to bring good fortune.

489

The basil plant, sacred to Vishnu.

490

A round black stone, considered to be a form of Vishnu.

491

Rājasthān, i. p. 555.

492

Tribes and Castes of Bengal. art. Rājpūt.

493

Quoted in Sir D. Ibbetson’s Punjab Census Report (1881), para. 456.

494

Mr. Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Baghel.

495

Vol. i. part i. p. 198.

496

See also a history of the Baghels, called Pratāp Vinod, written by Khān Bahādur Rahmat Ali Khān, and translated by Thākur Pratāp Singh, Revenue Commissioner of Rewah.

497

Article Baghel, quoting Forsyth’s Highlands of Central India.

498

Memoir of Central India, vol. ii. p. 479.

499

Punjab Census Report (1881), para. 445.

500

This article consists entirely of extracts from Mr. Crooke’s article on the Bais Rājpūts.

501

Mr. Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Banāphar.

502

Rājasthān, i. p. 88, and Supplementary Glossary, s.v.

503

Tribes and Castes, s.v.

504

Mr. Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Bundela.

505

Rājasthān, i. p. 106.

506

Imperial Gazetteer, articles Bundelkhand and Panna.

507

Early History of India, 3rd edition, pp. 390–394.

508

Mr. Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Chandel.

509

Sherring’s Castes and Tribes, i. pp. 359, 360.

510

Supplemental Glossary, art. Bhar.

511

See art. Pāsi.

512

Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Chandel.

513

Ibidem.

514

J.A.S.B. vol. xlvi. (1877), p. 232.

515

Ibidem, p. 233.

516

J.A.S.B. vol. xlvi. (1877), p. 233.

517

Rājasthān, i. pp. 86, 87.

518

Archaeological Reports, ii. 255, quoted in Mr. Crooke’s art. Chauhān.

519

Imperial Gazetteer, India, vol. ii, p. 312.

520

Early History of India and Imperial Gazetteer, loc. cit.

521

Rājasthān, ii. p. 419.

522

The above particulars are taken from Mr. Crooke’s article Dhākara in his Tribes and Castes.

523

Early History of India, 3rd edition, p. 391.

524

Early History of India, 3rd edition, p. 385.

525

Tribes and Castes, art. Gaharwār.

526

Tribes and Castes, i. p. 75.

527

Supplementary Glossary, p. 33.

528

Rājasthān, i. p. 105.

529

Quoted in Mr. Crooke’s article on Gaharwār.

530

See art. Rājpūt, Bundela.

531

Quoted in Mr. Crooke’s article Gaur Brāhman.

532

Rajasthān, i. p. 105.

533

Supplemental Glossary, s.v.

534

Rajasthān, i. p. 36.

535

The above notice of the Kālachuri or Haihaya dynasty of Tripura is taken from the detailed account in the Jubbulpore District Gazetteer, pp. 42–47, compiled by Mr. A.E. Nelson, C.S., and Rai Bahādur Hīra Lāl.

536

Early History of India, 3rd edition, p. 390. This, however, does not only refer to the Jubbulpore branch, whose territories did not probably include the south and east of the present Central Provinces, but includes also the country over which the Ratanpur kings subsequently extended their separate jurisdiction.

537

Bilāspur District Gazetteer, chap. ii., in which a full and interesting account of the Ratanpur kingdom is given by Mr. C.U. Wills, C.S.

538

Ibidem, p. 49.

539

Mr. Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Hayobans.

540

The date is too early, as is usual in these traditions. Though the Haihaivansis only founded Ratanpur about A.D. 1050, their own legends put it ten centuries earlier.

541

Rajasthān, i. p. 36.

542

Rajasthān, ii. p. 319.

543

Early History of India, 3rd edition, p. 381.

544

The above information is taken from the new Imperial Gazetteer, articles Jaipur and Alwar States.

545

Mr. Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Kachhwāha.

546

Rājasthān, i. p. 94; Elliot’s Supplemental Glossary, art. Gaur Tāga.

547

See article on Kol.

548

Eastern India, ii. 461, quoted in Mr. Crooke’s art. Nāgvansi.