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The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume 2
1
This article is compiled from papers by Mr. Mīr Pādshāh, Tahsīldār of Bilāspur, and Kanhya Lāl, clerk in the Gazetteer office.
2
Bāsi or rice boiled in water the previous day.
3
A measure containing about 2½ lbs. of grain.
4
This article is mainly compiled from papers by the late Mr. Baikunth Nāth Pujāri, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Sambalpur; Sitāram, Head Master of the Raigarh English School, and Kanhyā Lāl, clerk in the Gazetteer office.
5
Now transferred to Bengal.
6
Dalton’s Ethnology of Bengal, p. 322.
7
This article is mainly based on a paper on Aghoris and Aghorpanthis, by Mr. H. W. Barrow, in the Journal Anthr. Soc. Bombay, iii. p. 197.
8
Bhattachārya, Hindu Castes and Sects, p. 392.
9
Aghoris and Aghorpanthis, pp. 224, 226.
10
Page 208.
11
The Tribune (Lahore), November 29, 1898, quoted in Oman’s Mystics, Ascetics and Saints of India, pp. 164, 165.
12
Studies of Indian Life and Sentiment, p. 44.
13
The information about birth customs in this article is from a paper by Mr. Kālika Prasād, Tahsīldār, Rāj-Nandgaon State.
14
Go, gau or gai, an ox or cow, and pāl or pālak, guardian.
15
Ind. Ant. (Jan. 1911), ‘Foreign Elements in the Hindu Population,’ by Mr. D. R. Bhandarkar.
16
Elliot, Supplemental Glossary, s.v. Ahīr.
17
Early History of India, 3rd ed. p. 286.
18
Elliot, ibidem.
19
Bombay Monograph on Ahir.
20
Elliot, ibidem.
21
Central Provinces Gazetteer (1871), Introduction.
22
Linguistic Survey of India, vol. ix. part ii. p. 50.
23
Bombay Ethnographic Survey.
24
Quoted in Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Goāla.
25
Rājasthān, ii. p. 639.
26
Gokul was the place where Krishna was brought up, and the Gokulastha Gosains are his special devotees.
27
Behind the Bungalow.
28
Eastern India, ii. p. 467.
29
Buchanan, Eastern India, ii. pp. 924, 943.
30
This article is mainly based on a paper by Mr. W. S. Slaney, E.A.C., Akola.
31
Berār Census Report (1881).
32
Tribes and Castes, art. Arakh.
33
Cajanus indicus.
34
Berār Census Report (1881), p. 157.
35
Based on papers by Mr. Bijai Bahādur Royzāda, Naib-Tahsīldār Hinganghāt, and Munshi Kanhya Lāl of the Gazetteer office.
36
A preparation of raisins and other fruits and rice.
37
The ordinary tola is a rupee weight or two-fifths of an ounce.
38
Jasminum zambac.
39
Michelia champaca.
40
Phyllanthus emblica.
41
Report on the Badhak or Bāgri Dacoits and the Measures adopted by the Government of India for their Suppression, printed in 1849.
42
Sleeman, p. 10.
43
Sleeman, p. 10.
44
Sleeman, p. 57.
45
Sleeman, p. 95.
46
Sleeman, p. 231.
47
Sleeman, p. 217.
48
Sleeman, p. 20.
49
Sleeman, p. 21.
50
Sleeman, p. 81.
51
Sleeman, p. 82.
52
Sleeman, p. 152.
53
Sleeman, p. 127. This passage is from a letter written by a magistrate, Mr. Ramsay.
54
Sleeman, p. 129.
55
Sleeman, p. 112.
56
Sleeman, p. 124.
57
Sleeman, p. 125.
58
Sleeman, p. 147.
59
Sleeman, p. 104.
60
Sleeman, p. 110.
61
Sleeman, p. 131.
62
Sleeman, p. 205.
63
Sleeman, p. 106.
64
Malcolm’s Memoir of Central India, ii. p. 479.
65
Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Bāwaria.
66
Sirsa Settlement Report.
67
It would appear that the Gujarāt Vāghris are a distinct class from the criminal section of the tribe.
68
Bombay Gazetteer, Gujarāt Hindus, p. 514.
69
Art. Bawaria, quoting from North Indian Notes and Queries, i. 51.
70
Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 574.
71
Gunthorpe’s Criminal Tribes.
72
Criminal Classes in the Bombay Presidency, p. 151.
73
Gunthorpe’s Criminal Tribes, art. Badhak.
74
C. P. Police Lectures, art. Badhak.
75
Art. Bāwaria, para. 12.
76
Criminal Classes in the Bombay Presidency, p. 179.
77
Kennedy, loc. cit. p. 208.
78
Kennedy, loc. cit. p. 185.
79
This article is partly based on a paper by Munshi Kanhya Lāl of the Gazetteer office.
80
Sir B. Robertson’s C.P. Census Report (1891), p. 203.
81
Punjab Census Report (1881), paras. 646, 647.
82
Nāsik Gazetteer, pp. 84, 85.
83
Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Bahna.
84
The word Achera is merely a jingle put in to make the rhyme complete. Kachera is a maker of glass bangles.
85
This article is based largely on a monograph by the Rev. J. Lampard, missionary, Baihar, and also on papers by Muhammad Hanīf Siddīqi, forest ranger, Bilāspur, and Mr. Muhammad Ali Haqqāni, B.A., Tahsīldār, Dindori. Some extracts have been made from Colonel Ward’s Mandla Settlement Report (1869), and from Colonel Bloomfield’s Notes on the Baigas.
86
In Bengal the Bhumia or Bhumīj are an important tribe.
87
Colonel Ward’s Mandla Settlement Report (1868–69), p. 153.
88
Shorea robusta.
89
Jarrett’s Ain-i-Akbari, vol. ii. p. 196.
90
Colonel Ward gives the bride’s house as among the Gonds. But inquiry in Mandla shows that if this custom formerly existed it has been abandoned.
91
Forsyth’s Highlands of Central India, p. 377.
92
The Great God. The Gonds also worship Bura Deo, resident in a sāj tree.
93
Opened in 1905.
94
Mandla Settlement Report (1868–69), p. 153.
95
Notes on the Baigas, p. 4.
96
Mr. Lampard’s monograph.
97
Farthings.
98
This article contains material from Sir E. Maclagan’s Punjab Census Report (1891), and Dr. J. N. Bhattachārya’s Hindu Castes and Sects (Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta).
99
Dictionary, s.v.
100
Sir E. Maclagan’s Punjab Census Report (1891), p. 122.
101
Memoir of Mathura.
102
Hindu Castes and Sects, p. 449.
103
Lit. the birth on the eighth day, as Krishna was born on the 8th of dark Bhādon.
104
Mr. Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Vallabhachārya.
105
Hindu Castes and Sects, p. 457.
106
From laskkar, an army.
107
This paragraph is taken from Professor Wilson’s Account of Hindu Sects in the Asiatic Researches.
108
This article is based on papers by Mr. Habīb Ullah, Pleader, Burhānpur, Mr. W. Bagley, Subdivisional Officer, and Munsh Kanhya Lāl, of the Gazetteer office.
109
This legend is probably a vague reminiscence of the historical fact that a Mālwa army was misled by a Gond guide in the Nimār forests and cut up by the local Muhammadan ruler. The well-known Rāja Mān of Jodhpur was, it is believed, never in Nimār.
110
The ghāt or river-bank for the disposal of corpses.
111
Madras Census Report (1891), p. 277.
112
Ibidem (1891), p. 226.
113
Ethnographic Notes in Southern India, p. 16.
114
Madras Census Report (1891), p. 277.
115
See para. 19 below.
116
See commencement of article.
117
C.P. Census Report (1911), Occupation Chapter, Subsidiary Table I. p. 234.
118
For examples, the subordinate articles on Agarwāl, Oswāl, Maheshri, Khandelwāl, Lād, Agrahari, Ajudhiabāsi, and Srimāli may be consulted. The census lists contain numerous other territorial names.
119
Rājasthān, i. pp. 76, 109.
120
That is Mārwār. But perhaps the term here is used in the wider sense of Rājputāna.
121
Rājasthān, ii. p. 145.
122
Punjab Census Report (1881), p. 293.
123
Supplemental Glossary, p. 110.
124
Rāsmāla, i. pp. 240, 243.
125
Rājasthān, ii. p. 360.
126
Ibid. ii. p. 240.
127
The Parwārs probably belonged originally to Rājputāna; see subordinate article.
128
Rājasthān, i. p. 491.
129
Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 80.
130
The common brass drinking-vessel.
131
Sir H. H. Risley’s Peoples of India, p. 127, and Appendix I. p. 8.
132
Punjab Census Report (1881), p. 291.
133
Nāgpur Settlement Report (1900), para. 54.
134
Nāgpur Settlement Report (1900), para. 54.
135
Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Agarwāla.
136
Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Agarwāla.
137
The information on this subcaste is taken from Mr. Crooke’s article on it in his Tribes and Castes.
138
Mr. Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Audhia.
139
Kennedy’s Criminal Classes of the Bombay Presidency, art. Audhia.
140
Kennedy, ibidem.
141
Mr. Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Audhia.
142
United Provinces Census Report (1901), p. 220.
143
Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, ii. p. 473, quoted in Mr. Crooke’s article Dhūsar.
144
Sherring, Hindu Castes, i. p. 293.
145
This account is based on a paper furnished by Mr. Jeorākhan Lāl, Deputy Inspector of Schools, Bilāspur.
146
Kashyap was a Brāhman saint, but the name is perhaps derived from Kachhap, a tortoise.
147
This article is mainly based on a paper by Mr. Pancham Lāl, Nāib-Tahsīldār Sihora.
148
Mr. Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Gahoi.
149
Tribes and Castes, art. Golahre.
150
The above notice is partly based on a paper by Mr. Sant Prasād, schoolmaster, Nāndgaon.
151
Tribes and Castes, art. Kasaundhan.
152
Mr. Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Khandelwāl.
153
Hindu Castes and Sects, p. 209.
154
See article Bairāgi for some notice of the sect.
155
See separate article on Jangam.
156
Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 70.
157
A town near Jhalor in Mārwār, now called Bhinmāl.
158
Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 97.
159
Rājasthān, ii. p. 210, footnote.
160
Hindus of Gujarāt, loc. cit., and Bombay Gazetteer, xvi. 45.
161
Tribes and Castes, art. Oswāl.
162
Bombay Gazetteer, vol. xvii. p. 51.
163
Ibidem.
164
Bhattachārya, Hindu Castes and Sects, p. 207.
165
This article is based on papers by Mr. Pancham Lāl, Naib-Tahsīldār Sihora, and Munshi Kanhya Lāl, of the Gazetteer office.
166
See also notice of Benaikias in article on Vidūr.
167
Bombay Gazetteer, vol. xvii. p. 81.
168
Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat, p. 99.
169
Ibidem.
170
Ibidem. p. 98.
171
Merinda citrifolia, see art. Alia.
172
See article.
173
This article is based principally on a Monograph on the Banjāra Clan, by Mr. N. F. Cumberlege of the Berār Police, believed to have been first written in 1869 and reprinted in 1882; notes on the Banjāras written by Colonel Mackenzie and printed in the Berār Census Report (1881) and the Pioneer newspaper (communicated by Mrs. Horsburgh); Major Gunthorpe’s Criminal Tribes; papers by Mr. M. E. Khare, Extra-Assistant Commissioner, Chānda; Mr. Nārāyan Rao, Tahr., Betūl; Mr. Mukund Rao, Manager, Pachmarhi Estate; and information on the caste collected in Yeotmāl and Nimār.
174
Mr. Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Banjāra, para. 1.
175
Berār Census Report (1881), p. 150.
176
Ibidem, para. 2, quoting Dowson’s Elliot, v. 100.
177
Khan Bahadur Fazalullah Lutfullah Farīdi in the Bombay Gazetteer (Muhammadans of Gujarat, p. 86) quoting from General Briggs (Transactions Bombay Literary Society, vol. i. 183) says that “as carriers of grain for Muhammadan armies the Banjāras have figured in history from the days of Muhammad Tughlak (A.D. 1340) to those of Aurāngzeb.”
178
Sir H. M. Elliot’s Supplemental Glossary.
179
Monograph on the Banjāra Clan, p. 8.
180
Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 214 et seq.
181
Rājasthān, i. 602.
182
Ibidem, ii. 570, 573.
183
This custom does not necessarily indicate a special connection between the Banjāras and Chārans, as it is common to several castes in Rājputāna; but it indicates that the Banjāras came from Rājputāna. Banjāra men also frequently wear the hair long, down to the neck, which is another custom of Rājputāna.
184
Jungle Life in India, p. 517.
185
Berār Census Report (1881), p. 152.
186
Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarāt.
187
Letter on the Marāthas (1798), p. 67, India Office Tracts.
188
Army of the Indian Mughals, p. 192.
189
Monograph, p. 14, and Berār Census Report (1881) (Kitts), p. 151.
190
These are held to have been descendants of the Bhīka Rāthor referred to by Colonel Mackenzie above.
191
See note 3, p. 168.
192
General Briggs quoted by Mr. Farīdi in Bombay Gazetteer, Muhammadans of Gujarāt, p. 86.
193
A. Wellesley (1800), quoted in Mr. Crooke’s edition of Hobson-Jobson, art. Brinjarry.
194
Cumberlege, loc. cit.
195
Cumberlege, pp. 28, 29.
196
Elliot’s Races, quoted by Mr. Crooke, ibidem.
197
Cumberlege, pp. 4, 5.
198
Cumberlege, l.c.
199
This custom is noticed in the article on Khairwār.
200
Cumberlege, p. 18.
201
Mr. Hīra Lāl suggests that this custom may have something to do with the phrase Athāra jāt ke gāyi, or ‘She has gone to the eighteen castes,’ used of a woman who has been turned out of the community. This phrase seems, however, to be a euphemism, eighteen castes being a term of indefinite multitude for any or no caste. The number eighteen may be selected from the same unknown association which causes the goat to be cut into eighteen pieces.
202
Ethnographic Notes in Southern India, p. 344, quoting from Moor’s Narrative of Little’s Detachment.
203
Cumberlege, p. 35.
204
Berār Census Report, 1881.
205
Cumberlege, p. 21.
206
The following instance is taken from Mr. Balfour’s article, ‘Migratory Tribes of Central India,’ in J. A. S. B., new series, vol. xiii., quoted in Mr. Crooke’s Tribes and Castes.
207
From the Sanskrit Hātya-ādhya, meaning ‘That which it is most sinful to slay’ (Balfour).
208
Monograph, p. 12.
209
Asiatic Studies, i. p. 118 (ed. 1899).
210
Cumberlege, p. 23 et seq. The description of witchcraft is wholly reproduced from his Monograph.
211
His motive being the fine inflicted on the witch’s family.
212
The fruit of Buchanania latifolia.
213
Ethnographic Notes in Southern India, p. 507, quoting from the Rev. J. Cain, Ind. Ant. viii. (1879).
214
Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies, p. 70.
215
Monograph, p. 19.
216
The Patwas are weavers of silk thread and the Nunias are masons and navvies.
217
An impure caste of weavers, ranking with the Mahārs.
218
Semecarpus Anacardium.
219
Malcolm, Memoir of Central India, ii. p. 296.
220
Cumberlege, p. 16.
221
Small double shells which are still used to a slight extent as a currency in backward tracts. This would seem an impossibly cumbrous method of carrying money about nowadays, but I have been informed by a comparatively young official that in his father’s time, change for a rupee could not be had in Chhattīsgarh outside the two principal towns. As the cowries were a form of currency they were probably held sacred, and hence sewn on to clothes as a charm, just as gold and silver are used for ornaments.
222
Jungle Life in India, p. 516.
223
Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable contains the following notice of horns as an article of dress: “Mr. Buckingham says of a Tyrian lady, ‘She wore on her head a hollow silver horn rearing itself up obliquely from the forehead. It was some four inches in diameter at the root and pointed at the extremity. This peculiarity reminded me forcibly of the expression of the Psalmist: “Lift not up your horn on high; speak not with a stiff neck. All the horns of the wicked also will I cut off, but the horns of the righteous shall be exalted” (Ps. lxxv. 5, 10).’ Bruce found in Abyssinia the silver horns of warriors and distinguished men. In the reign of Henry V. the horned headgear was introduced into England and from the effigy of Beatrice, Countess of Arundel, at Arundel Church, who is represented with the horns outspread to a great extent, we may infer that the length of the head-horn, like the length of the shoe-point in the reign of Henry VI., etc., marked the degree of rank. To cut off such horns would be to degrade; and to exalt and extend such horns would be to add honour and dignity to the wearer.” Webb (Heritage of Dress, p. 117) writes: “Mr. Elworthy in a paper to the British Association at Ipswich in 1865 considered the crown to be a development from horns of honour. He maintained that the symbols found in the head of the god Serapis were the elements from which were formed the composite head-dress called the crown into which horns entered to a very great extent.” This seems a doubtful speculation, but still it may be quite possible that the idea of distinguishing by a crown the leader of the tribe was originally taken from the antlers of the leader of the herd. The helmets of the Vikings were also, I believe, decorated with horns.
224
Monograph, p. 40.
225
Melia indica.
226
Author of the Nimār Settlement Report.
227
Sesamum.
228
Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies, p. 21.
229
Report on the Badhak or Bāgri Dacoits, p. 310.
230
Colonel Mackenzie’s notes.
231
Mr. W. F. Sinclair, C.S., in Ind. Ant. iii. p. 184 (1874).
232
Notes on Criminal Tribes frequenting Bombay, Berār and the Central Provinces (Bombay, 1882).
233
Berār Census Report (1881), p. 151.
234
This notice is compiled principally from a good paper by Mr. M. C. Chatterji, retired Extra Assistant Commissioner, Jubbulpore, and from papers by Professor Sada Shiva Jai Rām, M.A., Government College, Jubbulpore, and Mr. Bhāskar Bāji Rao Deshmukh, Deputy Inspector of Schools, Nāgpur.
