The fourth industrial revolution glossarium: over 1500 of the hottest terms you will use to create the future

Chief digital officer (CDO) is a leader who combines business acumen with digital expertise to help organizations drive digital transformation via an enterprise-wise digital vision and strategy200.

Child development – the section of the My Health Record that contains information about childhood growth and development201.

Chip is an electronic microcircuit of arbitrary complexity, made on a semiconductor substrate and placed in a non-separable case or without it, if included in the micro assembly.

CHRODIS Joint Action Recommendations and Criteria it constitutes a practical analytical framework that can be used by decision-makers, healthcare personnel, and patients to support the implementation of good practices, and to improve, monitor, and evaluate the quality of chronic disease prevention, health promotion and care202.

Circular economy – an alternative to a traditional linear economy (make, use, dispose) in which we keep resources in use for as long as possible, extract the maximum value from them whilst in use, then recover and regenerate products and materials at the end of each service life203.

Citizen agency is used meaning to inform, involve and enable citizens and communities to interact and influence authorities204.

Civic and Community Engagement is an activity that includes activities such as volunteering, voting, and participating in activities that strengthen the community (City Library Council, 2017)205.

Classification are algorithms that allow machines to assign a category to a data point based on training data.

Cleaning is process to check data for adherence to standards, internal consistency, referential integrity, valid domain, and to replace/repair incorrect data with correct data. To «clean» a data file is to check for wild codes and inconsistent responses to verify that the file has the correct and expected number of records, cases, and cards or records per case; and to correct errors found206.

Clinical decision support system (CDSS) is an application that analyzes data to help healthcare providers make decisions and improve patient care207.

Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) is an HL7 standard intended to specify the encoding, structure and semantics of clinical documents for exchange208.

Clinical documentation (healthcare) is the creation of a digital or analog record detailing a medical treatment, medical trial or clinical test209.

Clinical informatics also known as health informatics, is the study of how technology and data analytics can be used to improve patient care plans210.

Clinical information system (CIS) is a system that is used by a healthcare provider to manage patient and practice records. It may include a software component connected to the My Health Record system211.

Clinical Patient Management System aims at supporting European Reference Networks in improving the diagnosis and treatment of rare or low prevalence complex diseases across national borders of Member States in Europe. The system enables healthcare professionals to upload patient cases and collaborate with other healthcare professionals to provide diagnosis, care and treatment212.

Clinical synopsis is a short summary of a healthcare event (e.g. Reason for visit, diagnosis etc.) included in an event summary213.

Clinical terminology guidelines – a set of terminological resources that can be implemented in software applications. They represent clinically relevant information in a semantically structured form of code that can be used by automated applications. These codes represent explicit formal definitions of meaning and are based on a consensus of actual use by clinicians214.

Clinical Trial – any investigation in human subjects intended to discover or verify the effect of one or more investigational health interventions (e.g., drugs, diagnostics, devices, therapy protocols) that generate safety and efficacy data before making the health intervention available in health care215.

Cloud Adoption refers to an organization’s move from its own servers and data centers to cloud-based solutions hosted by third parties. Cloud adoption is a strategic initiative for organizations, typically aimed at reducing costs, reducing risk and ensuring scalability. An organisation can move to the cloud, either in whole or in part, depending on its needs and its digital strategy216.

Cloud Computing is a general term for anything that involves delivering hosted services over the internet. These services are divided into three main categories or types of cloud computing: infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS) and software as a service (SaaS). Cloud Computing a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources-for example networks, servers, storage, applications and services-that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. Also, Cloud Computing is a term used to describe the delivery of computing services over the Internet217,218,219.

Cloud deployment mode is the deployment of software on a cloud server outside an organization220.

Cloud Infrastructure consists of hardware and software that enables cloud computing221.

Cloud is software, services, or systems that are stored, managed, and accessed on demand via the Internet222.

Cloud Service is a general term for a software service which is available over the Internet. Cloud service is a metaphor as it’s often depicted as a cloud in presentations. Previously, pieces of software were sold primarily as local software licenses, but it’s now common business practice to offer cloud services through software renting223.

Cloud storage is computer data storage in which digital data is stored in servers generally located in multiple locations and owned and managed by a hosting company. These cloud storage providers are responsible for keeping the data available and accessible and the physical environment protected and running. People and organizations buy or lease storage capacity from the providers to store their data224.

Cloud TPU is a specialized hardware accelerator designed to speed up machine learning workloads on Google Cloud Platform225.

Cluster analysis is a type of unsupervised learning used for exploratory data analysis to find hidden patterns or groupings in the data; clusters are modeled with a similarity measure defined by metrics such as Euclidean or probability distance.

Cluster is a number of computers networked together in order to function as a single computing system226.

Clustering is a task to organize data into groups based on certain properties. Clustering analysis is widely used in data mining for pattern recognition, image analysis, and computer graphics, among others227.

CMIO (chief medical information officer) essentially serves as the bridge between medical and IT departments at a health care organization. This person may also be referred to as the director of medical informatics or health informatics228.

Code in most numeric data files, answers to questions are recorded with numbers rather than text, and often even numeric answers are recorded with numbers other than the actual response. The numbers used in the data file are called «codes.» Thus, for instance, when a respondent identifies herself as a member of a particular religion, a code of «1» might be used for Catholic, a «2» for Jewish, etc. Likewise, a person’s age of 18 might be coded as a 2 indicating «18 or over.» The codes that are used and their correspondence to the actual responses are listed in a codebook. Code is a one-to-one mapping of a finite ordered set of symbols belonging to some finite alphabet229.

Code of the digital transformation program event (carried out by a state body) – a unique character digital identifier of the program event, assigned in accordance with these Regulations to the program event and containing codified information about the main manager of the federal budget or the budgets of state non-budgetary funds – the state body implementing the program event, type of the program activity, its serial number, its version, as well as other characteristics necessary for the unambiguous identification of the program activity at all stages of its planning and implementation, including during the monitoring of the program implementation, carried out in accordance with the Regulation approved by Resolution No. 1646 «On measures to ensure the effectiveness of measures for the use of information and communication technologies in the activities of federal executive authorities and government agencies of state extrabudgetary jet funds.

Codebook generically, is any information on the structure, contents, and layout of a data file. Typically, a codebook includes: column locations and widths for each variable; definitions of different record types; response codes for each variable; codes used to indicate nonresponse and missing data; exact questions and skip patterns used in a survey; and other indications of the content of each variable. Many codebooks also include frequencies of response. Codebooks vary widely in quality and amount of information included230.

Codec is the means by which sound and video files are compressed for storage and transmission purposes. There are various forms of compression: ’lossy’ and ’lossless’, but most codecs perform lossless compression because of the much larger data reduction ratios that occur [with lossy compression]. Most codecs are software, although in some areas codecs are hardware components of image and sound systems. Codecs are necessary for playback, since they uncompress [or decompress] the moving image and sound files and allow them to be rendered»231.

Cognitive architecture the Institute of Creative Technologies defines cognitive architecture as: «hypothesis about the fixed structures that provide a mind, whether in natural or artificial systems, and how they work together – in conjunction with knowledge and skills embodied within the architecture – to yield intelligent behavior in a diversity of complex environments».

Cognitive computing is used to refer to the systems that simulate the human brain to help with the decision- making. It uses self-learning algorithms that perform tasks such as natural language processing, image analysis, reasoning, and human—computer interaction. Examples of cognitive systems are IBM’s Watson and Google DeepMind232.

Cognitive Maps are structured representations of decision depicted in graphical format (variations of cognitive maps are cause maps, influence diagrams, or belief nets). Basic cognitive maps include nodes connected by arcs, where the nodes represent constructs (or states) and the arcs represent relationships. Cognitive maps have been used to understand decision situations, to analyze complex cause-effect representations and to support communication233.

Cognitive science are the interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes234.

Collaboration platform – the concept behind the collaboration platforms is adopted from the 3C collaboration model developed by Borghoff and Schlichter that describes «Cooperation, Communication and Coordination as the main challenges for the members in a collaborative group» (Borghoff & Schlichter, 2000). Cooperation is the joint work production and completion of tasks, supported by tools such as joint document storage and repositories, wikis and notes keeping systems. Communication includes efficient exchange of information and negotiation of commitments via emails, instant messaging, discussion lists, and video- or phone conferences. Coordination enables people, activities and resources to be managed, leading to better communication and cooperation (e.g. staff and project management tools, scheduling tools, and the like). These tools will be adopted to ensure functional collaboration. The objectives of each collaboration platform are to identify relevant stakeholders and initiatives, engage with them to analyze key challenges and solutions related to each DTHC priority, elaborate common strategic agendas and commitments for action235.

Collaborative robots are a type of machine that, unlike traditional ones, can work alongside humans without any safety risk. They perform numerous functions and are very adaptable, changing activity or working capacity according to the demand of the moment236.

Column in a data file, a single vertical column, each being one byte in length. Fixed format data files are traditionally described as being arranged in lines and columns. In a fixed format file, column locations describe the locations of variables237.

Column location – the precise location in a data file of a variable expressed in column numbers, beginning with the first column in a physical record as column number 1238.

Commoditization is the process of transforming a product from an elite to a generally available (comparatively cheap commodity of mass consumption)239.

Common Services – the supporting services such as inter-process communication, name services, temporary storage allocation, exception handling, security, and directory services necessary to support240.

Communication – enabling the digital transformation of health and care in the Digital Single Market; empowering citizens and building a healthier society241.

Communication Platforms is digital media that are used as means of communication. In marketing, they provide information and awareness about a specific product or brand242.

Competence an approach that for achievement of high results an employee must demonstrate labor behavior, which is possible if certain individually-psychological qualities or their complementary sets, which in this case is not crucial, because the assignment of an employee to the success or lack of success made only on demonstrated behavior. It is related to employment concept that says the professionalism on the sphere, in which the worker is competent. It is relative to the individual concept, which says about aspects of the behavior necessary for competent performance243.

Competence is an approach that for achievement of high results an employee must demonstrate labor behavior, which is possible if certain individually-psychological qualities or their complementary sets, which in this case is not crucial, because the assignment of an employee to the success or lack of success made only on demonstrated behavior. It is related to employment concept that says the professionalism on the sphere, in which the worker is competent. It is relative to the individual concept, which says about aspects of the behavior necessary for competent performance244.

Competitiveness of the state – the formation of obvious advantages in relation to other states in the scientific and technological field and, as a result, in the social, cultural, educational and economic fields.

Compiler is a program that translates text written in a programming language into a set of machine codes. AI framework compilers collect the computational data of the frameworks and try to optimize the code of each of them, regardless of the hardware of the accelerator. The compiler contains programs and blocks with which the framework performs several tasks. The computer memory resource allocator, for example, allocates power individually for each accelerator.

Compliance is a discipline, set of practices, and/or organizational group that deals with adhering to laws, regulations, standards, and contractual arrangements. Also, the adherence to requirements. Data Governance programs often support many types of compliance requirements: Regulatory compliance, contractual compliance, adherence to internal standards, policies, and architectures, and conformance to rules for data management, project management, and other disciplines245.

Components of the information and telecommunications infrastructure – software and hardware complexes and tools shared by information systems that perform common technological functions and provide the basis for the operation of these information systems, including those that ensure their information and technological interaction.

Composable Business refers to the design, implementation and development of an enterprise’s digital infrastructure using business-level components (PCBs) that can be replaced according to market needs in a more flexible way than those based on a traditional monolithic architecture. The adoption of a composable business approach is usually aimed at gaining competitive advantage, resilience and adaptability246.

Composable Commerce is an approach that selects the best software components and combines them into a customized application, offering functionality familiar from e-commerce. Composable commerce is therefore a set of e-commerce services built according to the principles of composable commerce247.

Composite AI is the combined application of various AI techniques to improve learning efficiency, expand the level of knowledge representation and, ultimately, to more effectively solve a wider range of business problems.

Compression is a method of reducing the size of computer files. There are several compression programs available, such as gzip and WinZip248.

Compression ratio or reduction ratio – the ratio that is used to discuss the quantity of original data versus the quantity of data after compression249.

Computation is any type of arithmetic or non-arithmetic calculation that follows a well-defined model (e.g., an algorithm)250.

Computational creativity (Also artificial creativity, mechanical creativity, creative computing) is a multidisciplinary endeavor that includes the fields of artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, philosophy, and the arts251.

Computational cybernetics is the integration of cybernetics and computational intelligence techniques.

Computational efficiency of an agent or a trained model is the amount of computational resources required by an agent to solve a problem at the inference stage (data output from the model).

Computational efficiency of an intelligent system is the amount of computing resources required to train an intelligent system with a certain level of performance on a given volume of tasks.

Computational humor — a branch of computational linguistics and artificial intelligence which uses computers in humor research.

Computational intelligence (CI) — usually refers to the ability of a computer to learn a specific task from data or experimental observation.

Computational mathematics is the mathematical research in areas of science where computing plays an essential role.

Computational neuroscience (Also theoretical neuroscience or mathematical neuroscience) – a branch of neuroscience which employs mathematical models, theoretical analysis and abstractions of the brain to understand the principles that govern the development, structure, physiology, and cognitive abilities of the nervous system.

Compute modules – plug-in specialized computers designed to solve narrowly focused tasks, such as accelerating the work of artificial neural networks algorithms, computer vision, voice recognition, machine learning and other artificial intelligence methods, built on the basis of a neural processor – a specialized class of microprocessors and coprocessors (CPU, memory, data transfer).

Compute Units are blocks that act as a filter that transforms packets according to certain rules. The instruction set of the calculator can be limited, which guarantees a simple internal structure and a sufficiently high speed of operation.

Computer assisted coding system (CACS) is medical software that reviews healthcare forms, including electronic health records, and assigns appropriate medical codes to its findings252.

Computer attack – a targeted impact of software and (or) software and hardware on critical information infrastructure objects, telecommunication networks used to organize the interaction of such objects, in order to disrupt and (or) stop their functioning and (or) create a threat to the security processed by such object’s information.

Computer engineering is technologies for digital modeling and design of objects and production processes throughout the life cycle.

Computer incident is a fact of violation and (or) cessation of the operation of a critical information infrastructure object, a telecommunication network used to organize the interaction of such objects, and (or) a violation of the security of information processed by such an object, including as a result of a computer attack.

Computer Network is a collection of interconnected endpoints in a many-to-many arrangement253.

Computer programming is the process of performing a particular computation (or more generally, accomplishing a specific computing result), usually by designing and building an executable computer program. Programming involves tasks such as analysis, generating algorithms, profiling algorithms’ accuracy and resource consumption, and the implementation of algorithms (usually in a chosen programming language, commonly referred to as coding). The source code of a program is written in one or more languages that are intelligible to programmers, rather than machine code, which is directly executed by the central processing unit. The purpose of programming is to find a sequence of instructions that will automate the performance of a task (which can be as complex as an operating system) on a computer, often for solving a given problem. Proficient programming thus usually requires expertise in several different subjects, including knowledge of the application domain, specialized algorithms, and formal logic. Tasks accompanying and related to programming include testing, debugging, source code maintenance, implementation of build systems, and management of derived artifacts, such as the machine code of computer programs. These might be considered part of the programming process, but often the term software development is used for this larger process with the term programming, implementation, or coding reserved for the actual writing of code. Software engineering combines engineering techniques with software development practices254.

Computer science is the theory, experimentation, and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers. She involves the study of algorithms that process, store, and communicate digital information. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems. Computer science is the study of computation, automation, and information. Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, and information theory) to practical disciplines (including the design and implementation of hardware and software). Computer science is generally considered an area of academic research and distinct from computer programming.