The fourth industrial revolution glossarium: over 1500 of the hottest terms you will use to create the future

AI server is a server with (based on) AI; a server that provides solving AI problems.

AI shopper is a non-human economic entity that receives goods or services in exchange for payment. Examples include virtual personal assistants, smart appliances, connected cars, and IoT-enabled factory equipment. These AIs act on behalf of a human or organization client.

AI supercomputer – a supercomputer for artificial intelligence tasks, a supercomputer for AI, characterized by a focus on working with large amounts of data (see also artificial intelligence, supercomputer).

AI term – a term from the field of AI (from terminology, AI vocabulary), for example, in AI terms – in terms of AI (in AI language) (see also AI terminology).

AI terminology is the terminology of artificial intelligence, a set of technical terms related to the field of AI.

AI TRiSM is the management of an AI model to ensure trust, fairness, efficiency, security, and data protection.

AI vendor is a supplier of AI tools (systems, solutions).

AI winter (Winter of artificial intelligence) is a period of reduced interest in the subject area, reduced research funding. The term was coined by analogy with the idea of nuclear winter. The field of artificial intelligence has gone through several cycles of hype, followed by disappointment and criticism, followed by a strong cooling off of interest, and then followed by renewed interest years or decades later31.

AI workstation is a workstation (PC) with (based on) AI; AI RS, a specialized computer for solving technical or scientific problems, AI tasks; usually connected to a LAN with multi-user operating systems, intended primarily for the individual work of one specialist.

AI-based management system is the process of creating policies, allocating decision-making rights and ensuring organizational responsibility for risk and investment decisions for an application, as well as using artificial intelligence methods.

AI-based systems are information processing technologies that include models and algorithms that provide the ability to learn and perform cognitive tasks, with results in the form of predictive assessment and decision making in a material and virtual environment. AI systems are designed to work with some degree of autonomy through modeling and representation of knowledge, as well as the use of data and the calculation of correlations. AI-based systems can use various methodologies, in particular: machine learning, including deep learning and reinforcement learning; automated reasoning, including planning, dispatching, knowledge representation and reasoning, search and optimization. AI-based systems can be used in cyber-physical systems, including equipment control systems via the Internet, robotic equipment, social robotics and human-machine interface systems that combine the functions of control, recognition, processing of data collected by sensors, as well as the operation of actuators in the environment of functioning of AI systems32.

AI-complete – in the field of artificial intelligence, the most difficult problems are informally known as AI-complete or AI-hard, implying that the difficulty of these computational problems is equivalent to that of solving the central artificial intelligence problem – making computers as intelligent as people, or strong AI. To call a problem AI-complete reflects an attitude that it would not be solved by a simple specific algorithm33.

AI-enabled are tools with AI, using AI and equipped with AI (see also AI-enabled device). AI-enabled is AI-enabled hardware or software that uses AI-enabled AI, such as AI-enabled tools.

AI-enabled device is a device supported by an artificial intelligence (AI) system, such as an intelligent robot.

AI-enabled healthcare device is an AI-enabled healthcare device.

AIOps (Artificial Intelligence for IT Operations) is the use of machine learning and other AI technologies to automate many processes that are currently done manually in an organization. AIOps is similar to MLOps in that it uses machine learning and other AI technologies to automate IT processes. It is different from MLOps in that the process automation occurs within an organization’s IT operations department instead of an organization’s machine learning and AI team. AIOps is also different from MLOps because it uses AI to automate many processes, not just one or two tasks like MLOps does.

AI-optimized is one that is optimized for AI tasks or optimized using AI tools, for example, an AI-optimized chip is a chip that is optimized for AI tasks (see also artificial intelligence).

AlexNet is the name of a neural network that won the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge in 2012. It is named after Alex Krizhevsky, then a computer science PhD student at Stanford University. See ImageNet.

Algorithm – an exact prescription for the execution in a certain order of a system of operations for solving any problem from some given class (set) of problems. The term «algorithm» comes from the name of the Uzbek mathematician Musa Al-Khorezmi, who in the 9th century proposed the simplest arithmetic algorithms. In mathematics and cybernetics, a class of problems of a certain type is considered solved when an algorithm is established to solve it. Finding algorithms is a natural human goal in solving various classes of problems. Algorithm is a set of instructions for solving a problem or accomplishing a task. One common example of an algorithm is a recipe, which consists of specific instructions for preparing a dish or meal. Every computerized device uses algorithms to perform its functions in the form of hardware- or software-based routines. In finance, algorithms have become important in developing automated and high-frequency trading (HFT) systems, as well as in the pricing of sophisticated financial instruments like derivatives34.

Algorithm Economy is a term for the evolution of microservices and the functionality of algorithms to drive sophisticated application designs. The term is based on the utility of the algorithm in machine learning, artificial intelligence and other processes where software evolves beyond the limits of its original programming through the use of smart algorithm design. In the algorithm economy, companies can buy, sell or trade individual algorithms or pieces of an application. This decentralization of services is a more precise market than the market for full applications – for instance, applications that can share functional algorithms lead to more versatility for developers and more competition in markets35.

Algorithmic Assessment is a technical evaluation that helps identify and address potential risks and unintended consequences of AI systems across your business, to engender trust and build supportive systems around AI decision making.

All.Can – initiative to identify ways to optimize the efficiency of cancer care by focusing on improving outcomes for patients and identifying inefficient practices, using technology to demonstrate how efficient care happens36.

Allscripts is a vendor of electronic health record systems for physician practices, hospitals and healthcare systems37.

AlphaGo (Программа AlphaGo) is the first computer program that defeated a professional player on the board game Go in October 2015. Later in October 2017, AlphaGo’s team released its new version named AlphaGo Zero which is stronger than any previous human-champion defeating versions. Go is played on 19 by 19 board which allows for 10171 possible layouts (chess 1050 configurations). It is estimated that there are 1080 atoms in the universe38.

Ambient Computing is the evolution and combination of gesture and voice interfaces, speech recognition, cloud computing, wearable computing, IoT, augmented reality, AI and machine learning, and the quantified self39.

Ambient intelligence (AmI) represents the future vision of intelligent computing where explicit input and output devices will not be required; instead, sensors and processors will be embedded into everyday devices and the environment will adapt to the user’s needs and desires seamlessly. AmI systems, will use the contextual information gathered through these embedded sensors and apply Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques to interpret and anticipate the users’ needs. The technology will be designed to be human centric and easy to use40.

Ambulatory medical record (AMR) is an electronically stored file of a patient’s outpatient medical records, which includes all surgeries and care that do not involve being admitted to a hospital41.

American health information management association (AHIMA) is a professional organization that promotes the business and clinical uses of electronic and paper-based medical information42.

American medical association (AMA) is a physician group that works for healthcare reform and publishes a collection of medical journals43.

An initial coin offering (ICO) is the cryptocurrency industry’s equivalent of an initial public offering (IPO). A company seeking to raise money to create a new coin, app, or service can launch an ICO as a way to raise funds44.

Analytics is a systematic analysis of information (data) or statistics for the discovery, communication, and interpretation of meaningful data patterns for better decision-making45.

Anokhin’s theory of functional systems is a functional system consists of a certain number of nodal mechanisms, each of which takes its place and has a certain specific purpose. The first of these is afferent synthesis, in which four obligatory components are distinguished: dominant motivation, situational and triggering afferentation, and memory. The interaction of these components leads to the decision-making process.

Anonymization – process of removing all elements allowing the identification of an individual person (i.e., of rendering data anonymous). ISO/TS 25237:2008: process that removes the association between the identifying data set and the data subject. UK Information Commissioner’s Office: process of rendering data into a form which does not identify individuals and where identification is not likely to take place46.

Anonymized Data – data which was identifiable when collected but which are not identifiable anymore (have been rendered anonymous). Anonymous data are no longer personal data. UK Information Commissioners Office: data in a form that does not identify individuals and where identification through its combination with other data is not likely to take place47.

Antivirus software is a program or set of programs that are designed to prevent, search for, detect, and remove software viruses, and other malicious software like worms, trojans, adware, and more48.

Anytime algorithm – an algorithm that can return a valid solution to a problem even if it is interrupted before it ends49.

API economy is a business model where the use of application programming interfaces, or APIs, takes center stage. By using APIs, a company can, for instance, make their business processes or data available to others50.

API-AS-a-service (AaaS) is an approach that combines API economy and software rental and provides application programming interfaces as a service51.

App Economy refers to the range of economic activity surrounding mobile applications. Mobile apps created new fortunes for entrepreneurs and changed the way business is done. The app economy encompasses the sale of apps, ad revenue or public relations generated by free apps, and the hardware devices on which apps are designed to run. Apps have helped shape the leaders in mobile technology. Apple Inc., which was first out of the gate with the promotion of its App Store in 2008, gained a large chunk of market share with its iPhone. Apps were part of the iPhone’s initial draw. Android has since gained ground with its Android Market, which peddles apps for Android-based phones. Apps are also affecting a shift for online businesses, which are often accessed through an app on a mobile device, rather than over the Web. As a result, websites that get most of their revenue through online ads have had to consider what apps mean to their business model52.

Application (application program) is a software program that runs on your computer such as Web browsers, e-mail programs, word processors, games, and utilities. The word «application» is used because each program has a specific application for the user53.

Application Domain is a functional domain for application logic implementation54.

Application Programming Interface (API) is a way for computers to talk to hardware or software platforms in a less complicated way. Also, Application programming interface or API is a communication channel through which two pieces of software (e.g. two digital platforms) can exchange information in a technical manner. APIs are central to the API economy and the platform economy, for instance55,56.

Application security is the process of making apps more secure by finding, fixing, and enhancing the security of apps. Much of this happens during the development phase, but it includes tools and methods to protect apps once they are deployed. This is becoming more important as hackers increasingly target applications with their attacks57.

Apprenticeships – the learning model of «master and apprentice» is centuries old. Today, it is an increasingly common skills development policy employed by governments around the world. Apprenticeships involve a mixture of paid employment alongside job-specific training. Historically, apprenticeships have been concentrated in blue collar jobs, such as manufacturing. However, there are growing opportunities in professional services – such as banking, accounting, and consulting58.

Architectural description group (Architectural view) is a representation of the system as a whole in terms of a related set of interests.

Architectural frameworks are high-level descriptions of an organization as a system; they capture the structure of its main components at varied levels, the interrelationships among these components, and the principles that guide their evolution59.

Architecture of a computer is a conceptual structure of a computer that determines the processing of information and includes methods for converting information into data and the principles of interaction between hardware and software.

Architecture of a computing system is the configuration, composition and principles of interaction (including data exchange) of the elements of a computing system.

Architecture of a system is the fundamental organization of a system, embodied in its elements, their relationships with each other and with the environment, as well as the principles that guide its design and evolution.

Archival Information Collection (AIC) is information, the content of which is an aggregation of other packages of archival information. The digital preservation function preserves the capability to regenerate the DIPs (Dissemination Information Packages) as needed over time60.

Archival Storage is a source for data that is not needed for an organization’s everyday operations, but may have to be accessed occasionally. By utilizing an archival storage, organizations can leverage to secondary sources, while still maintaining the protection of the data. Utilizing archival storage sources reduces primary storage costs required and allows an organization to maintain data that may be required for regulatory or other requirements61.

Archive is a site where machine-readable materials are stored, preserved, and possibly redistributed to individuals interested in using the materials. To place or store in an archive62.

Artifact is one of many kinds of tangible by-products produced during the development of software. Some artifacts (e.g., use cases, class diagrams, and other Unified Modeling Language (UML) models, requirements and design documents) help describe the function, architecture, and design of software. Other artifacts are concerned with the process of development itself – such as project plans, business cases, and risk assessments63.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a computer program that is able to perform intelligent operations independently. Artificial intelligence is difficult to define, since giving an exhaustive definition of intelligence is already challenging. Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions. The term may also be applied to any machine that exhibits traits associated with a human mind such as learning and problem-solving64,65.

Artificial intelligence (Artificial intelligence, Machine intelligence, AI) is the ability of a machine to make decisions and perform tasks that mimic human intelligence and behavior. Artificial intelligence is also called a complex of technological solutions that allows simulating human cognitive functions (including self-learning and searching for solutions without a predetermined algorithm) and obtaining results when performing specific tasks that are at least comparable to the results of human intellectual activity. The complex of technological solutions includes information and communication infrastructure, software (including those that use machine learning methods), processes and services for data processing and finding solutions.» Artificial intelligence is also given the following definition: AI is a computer system based on a set of scientific and engineering knowledge, as well as technologies for creating intelligent machines, programs, services and applications (for example, machine learning and deep learning), imitating the thought processes of a person or living beings, capable of perceiving information with a certain degree of autonomy, learning and making decisions based on the analysis of large amounts of data, the purpose of which is to help people solve their daily routine tasks. The term AI was first coined by John McCarthy in 195666,67.

Artificial Intelligence Automation Platforms is platforms that enable the automation and scaling of production-ready AI. Artificial Intelligence Platforms involves the use of machines to perform the tasks that are performed by human beings. The platforms simulate the cognitive function that human minds perform such as problem-solving, learning, reasoning, social intelligence as well as general intelligence. Top Artificial Intelligence Platforms: Google AI Platform, TensorFlow, Microsoft Azure, Rainbird, Infosys Nia, Wipro HOLMES, Dialogflow, Premonition, Ayasdi, MindMeld, Meya, KAI, Vital A.I, Wit, Receptiviti, Watson Studio, Lumiata, Infrrd68.

Artificial intelligence engine (also AI engine, AIE) is an artificial intelligence engine, a hardware and software solution for increasing the speed and efficiency of artificial intelligence system tools.

Artificial Intelligence for IT Operations (AIOps) is an emerging IT practice that applies artificial intelligence to IT operations to help organizations intelligently manage infrastructure, networks, and applications for performance, resilience, capacity, uptime, and, in some cases, security. By shifting traditional, threshold-based alerts and manual processes to systems that take advantage of AI and machine learning, AIOps enables organizations to better monitor IT assets and anticipate negative incidents and impacts before they take hold. AIOps is a term coined by Gartner in 2016 as an industry category for machine learning analytics technology that enhances IT operations analytics covering operational tasks include automation, performance monitoring and event correlations, among others. Gartner define an AIOps Platform thus: «An AIOps platform combines big data and machine learning functionality to support all primary IT operations functions through the scalable ingestion and analysis of the ever-increasing volume, variety and velocity of data generated by IT. The platform enables the concurrent use of multiple data sources, data collection methods, and analytical and presentation technologies»69,70,71.

Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AIML) is an XML dialect for creating natural language software agents72.

Artificial Intelligence Open Library is a set of algorithms designed to develop technological solutions based on artificial intelligence, described using programming languages and posted on the Internet.

Artificial intelligence system (AIS) is a programmed or digital mathematical model (implemented using computer computing systems) of human intellectual capabilities, the main purpose of which is to search, analyze and synthesize large amounts of data from the world around us in order to obtain new knowledge about it and solve them. basis of various vital tasks. The discipline «Artificial Intelligence Systems» includes consideration of the main issues of modern theory and practice of building intelligent systems.

Artificial intelligence technologies are technologies based on the use of artificial intelligence, including computer vision, natural language processing, speech recognition and synthesis, intelligent decision support and advanced methods of artificial intelligence.

Artificial life (Alife, A-Life) is a field of study wherein researchers examine systems related to natural life, its processes, and its evolution, through the use of simulations with computer models, robotics, and biochemistry. The discipline was named by Christopher Langton, an American theoretical biologist, in 1986. In 1987 Langton organized the first conference on the field, in Los Alamos, New Mexico. There are three main kinds of alife, named for their approaches: soft, from software; hard, from hardware; and wet, from biochemistry. Artificial life researchers study traditional biology by trying to recreate aspects of biological phenomena73.

Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) also known as weak or applied intelligence, represents most of the current artificial intelligent systems which usually focus on a specific task. Narrow AIs are mostly much better than humans at the task they were made for: for example, look at face recognition, chess computers, calculus, and translation. The definition of artificial narrow intelligence is in contrast to that of strong AI or artificial general intelligence, which aims at providing a system with consciousness or the ability to solve any problems. Virtual assistants and AlphaGo are examples of artificial narrow intelligence systems74,75.

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a computational model in machine learning, which is inspired by the biological structures and functions of the mammalian brain. Such a model consists of multiple units called artificial neurons which build connections between each other to pass information. The advantage of such a model is that it progressively «learns» the tasks from the given data without specific programing for a single task.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) usually simply called neural networks (NNs) are computing systems inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains. An ANN is based on a collection of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in a biological brain. Each connection, like the synapses in a biological brain, can transmit a signal to other neurons. An artificial neuron receives signals then processes them and can signal neurons connected to it. The «signal» at a connection is a real number, and the output of each neuron is computed by some non-linear function of the sum of its inputs. The connections are called edges. Neurons and edges typically have a weight that adjusts as learning proceeds. The weight increases or decreases the strength of the signal at a connection. Neurons may have a threshold such that a signal is sent only if the aggregate signal crosses that threshold. Typically, neurons are aggregated into layers. Different layers may perform different transformations on their inputs. Signals travel from the first layer (the input layer), to the last layer (the output layer), possibly after traversing the layers multiple times76.