The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 08 of 12)

330

E. T. Dalton, op. cit. p. 198; (Sir) H. H. Risley, Tribes and Castes of Bengal, Ethnographic Glossary (Calcutta, 1891-1892), ii. 104.

331

Rev. P. Dehon, S.J., Religion and Customs of the Uraons (Calcutta, 1906), p. 137 (Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. i. No. 9).

332

North Indian Notes and Queries, i. 57, No. 428, quoting Moorcroft and Trebeck, Travels in the Himalayan Provinces, i. 317 sq.

333

E. T. Atkinson, The Himalayan Districts of the North-Western Provinces of India, ii. (Allahabad, 1884) p. 825. As to Bhumiya see further W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), i. 105-107, who observes (pp. 106 sq.): “To illustrate the close connection between this worship of Bhûmiya as the soil godling with that of the sainted dead, it may be noted that in some places the shrine of Bhûmiya is identified with the Jathera, which is the ancestral mound, sacred to the common ancestor of the village or tribe.”

334

Thomas Shaw, “The Inhabitants of the Hills near Rajamahall,” Asiatic Researches, iv. (London, 1807) pp. 56 sq.

335

Panjab Notes and Queries, i. p. 60, § 502 (February 1884).

336

Central Provinces, Ethnographic Survey, iii. Draft Articles on Forest Tribes (Allahabad, 1907) p. 45.

337

Op. cit. iii. 73.

338

Op. cit. v. (Allahabad, 1911) p. 66.

339

Op. cit. vii. (Allahabad, 1911) p. 102.

340

The practice is curiously unlike the custom of ancient Italy, in most parts of which women were forbidden by law to walk on the highroads twirling a spindle, because this was supposed to injure the crops (Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxviii. 28). The purpose of the Indian custom may be to ward off evil influences from the field, as Mr. W. Crooke suggests (Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India, ii. 305, “This forms a sacred circle which repels evil influence from the crop”). Compare The Magic Art and Evolution of Kings, i. 113 sq.

341

D. C. J. Ibbetson, Outlines of Panjab Ethnography (Calcutta, 1883), p. 119.

342

The Satapatha Brâhmana, translated by Julius Eggeling, Part i. (Oxford, 1882), pp. 369-373 (Sacred Books of the East, vol. xii.).

343

(Sir) J. G. Scott and J. P. Hardiman, Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States, Part i. vol. i. (Rangoon, 1900), pp. 425 sq.

344

Rev. G. Whitehead, “Notes on the Chins of Burma,” Indian Antiquary, xxxvi. (1907) p. 207.

345

A. Bourlet, “Les Thay,” Anthropos, ii. (1907) pp. 627-629.

346

Ch. Dallet, Histoire de l'Eglise de Corée (Paris, 1874), i. p. xxiv.

347

Fr. Junghuhn, Die Battaländer auf Sumatra (Berlin, 1847), ii. 312.

348

Spenser St. John, Life in the Forests of the Far East2 (London, 1863), i. 191.

349

B. F. Matthes, Beknopt Verslag mijner reizen in de Binnenlanden van Celebes, in de jaren 1857 en 1861, p. 5 (Verzameling van Berigten betreffende de Bijbelverspreiding, Nos. 96-99).

350

N. Graafland, De Minahassa (Rotterdam, 1869), i. 165.

351

J. G. F. Riedel, De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua (The Hague, 1886), p. 107.

352

Riedel, op. cit. pp. 281, 296 sq.

353

Fr. Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indiën (Dordrecht and Amsterdam, 1724-1726), iii. 10.

354

C. M. Pleyte, “Ethnographische Beschrijving der Kei-Eilanden,” Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Tweede Serie, x. (1893) p. 801.

355

Fr. Kramer, “Der Götzendienst der Niasser,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxxiii. (1890) p. 482.

356

C. Semper, Die Philippinen und ihre Bewohner (Würzburg, 1869), p. 56.

357

F. Blumentritt, “Das Stromgebiet des Rio Grande de Mindano,” Petermanns Mittheilungen, xxxvii. (1891) p. 111.

358

Stefan Lehner, “Bukaua,” in R. Neuhauss's Deutsch Neu-Guinea, iii. (Berlin, 1911) pp. 434-436.

359

Rev. Lorimer Fison, “The Nanga, or Sacred Stone Enclosure, of Wainimala, Fiji,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xiv. (1885) p. 27.

360

J. E. Erskine, Journal of a Cruise among the Islands of the Western Pacific (London, 1853), p. 252.

361

G. Turner, Samoa (London, 1884), pp. 318 sq.

362

Rev. R. H. Codrington, The Melanesians (Oxford, 1891), pp. 132 sq.

363

C. M. Woodford, A Naturalist among the Head-hunters, being an Account of Three Visits to the Solomon Islands (London, 1890), pp. 26-28.

364

Rev. R. H. Codrington, The Melanesians, p. 138.

365

Horatio Hale, United States Exploring Expedition, Ethnology and Philology (Philadelphia, 1846), p. 97.

366

The malái is “a piece of ground, generally before a large house, or chief's grave, where public ceremonies are principally held” (W. Mariner, Tonga Islands, Vocabulary).

367

The mataboole is “a rank next below chiefs or nobles” (ibid.).

368

W. Mariner, Account of the Natives of the Tonga Islands, Second Edition (London, 1818), ii. 78, 196-203. As to the divine chief Tooitonga see Taboo and the Perils of the Soul, p. 21.

369

Ch. Wilkes,. Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition, New Edition (New York, 1851), ii. 133.

370

G. Turner, Samoa, pp. 70 sq.

371

W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches, Second Edition (London, 1832-1836), i. 350.

372

D. Tyerman and G. Bennet, Journal of Voyages and Travels (London, 1831), i. 284.

373

Geiseler, Die Oster-Insel (Berlin, 1883), p. 31.

374

E. Tregear, “The Maoris of New Zealand,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xix. (1890) p. 110; R. Taylor, Te Ika A Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants, Second Edition (London, 1870), pp. 165 sq.; Old New Zealand, by a Pakeha Maori (London, 1884), pp. 103 sq.

375

Chr. Hartknoch, Alt und neues Preussen (Frankfort and Leipsic, 1684), p. 161; id., Dissertationes historicae de variis rebus Prussicis, p. 163 (appended to his edition of P. de Dusburg's Chronicon Prussiae, Frankfort and Leipsic, 1679). Compare W. Mannhardt, Die Korndämonen (Berlin, 1868), p. 27.

376

See above, vol. i. pp. 53 sqq.

377

Plutarch, Theseus, 6.

378

Hyginus, Fabulae, 130.

379

Festus, s. v. “Sacrima,” p. 319, ed. C. O. Müller; Pliny, Nat. Hist. xviii. 8.

380

Varro, De lingua Latina, vi. 16, ed. C. O. Müller.

381

James Teit, The Thompson Indians of British Columbia, p. 345 (The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, May, 1900).

382

C. Hill Tout, “Report on the Ethnology of the Okanaken of British Columbia,” Journal of the R. Anthropological Institute, xli. (1911) p. 132.

383

Brasseur de Bourbourg, Histoire des Nations civilisées du Mexique et de l'Amérique-Centrale (Paris, 1857-1859), ii. 566.

384

Annales de l'Association de la Propagation de la Foi, i. (Paris and Lyons, 1826) p. 386.

385

Above, pp. 77 sqq.

386

Chateaubriand, Voyage en Amérique, pp. 130-136 (Michel Lévy, Paris, 1870).

387

See The Dying God, pp. 9 sqq.

388

James Adair, History of the American Indians (London, 1775), p. 133.

389

Alfred Simson, Travels in the Wilds of Ecuador (London, 1887), p. 168; id., in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, vii. (1878) p. 503.

390

A. Thevet, Les Singularitez de la France Antarctique, autrement nommée Amerique (Antwerp, 1558), p. 55; id., La Cosmographie Universelle (Paris, 1575), ii. pp. 929, [963], 940 [974]; J. Lerius, Historia Navigationis in Brasiliam, quae et America dicitur (1586), pp. 126 sq.

391

Rochefort, Histoire Naturelle et Morale des Iles Antilles, Seconde Edition (Rotterdam, 1665), p. 465.

392

C. Cuny, “De Libreville au Cameroun,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), vii. Série, xvii. (1896) p. 342.

393

R. Southey, History of Brazil, ii. (London, 1817) p. 373; id., iii. (London, 1819) p. 164.

394

P. Lozano, Descripcion Chorographica del Gran Chaco (Cordova, 1733), p. 90.

395

M. Dobrizhoffer, Historia de Abiponibus (Vienna, 1784), i. 289 sq.

396

J. Teit, The Thompson Indians of British Columbia, p. 348 (The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, April, 1900).

397

W. H. I. Bleek and C. L. Lloyd, Specimens of Bushman Folklore (London, 1911), pp. 271-275.

398

A. Bertrand, The Kingdom of the Barotsi, Upper Zambezia (London, 1899), p. 277, quoting the description given by the French missionary M. Coillard.

399

Theophilus Hahn, Tsuni-Goam, the Supreme Being of the Khoi-Khoi (London, 1881), p. 106.

400

W. H. I. Bleek and L. C. Lloyd, Specimens of Bushman Folklore (London, 1911), p. 373.

401

Rev. H. Cole, “Notes on the Wagogo of German East Africa,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) p. 318.

402

Sir Harry Johnston, The Uganda Protectorate, Second Edition (London, 1904), ii. 787.

403

Rev. J. Macdonald, Light in Africa, Second Edition (London, 1890), p. 174; id., in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xix. (1890) p. 282.

404

Rev. H. Callaway, Religious System of the Amazulu, p. 438, note 16.

405

O. Baumann, Usambara und seine Nachbargebiete (Berlin, 1891), p. 128.

406

Sir H. H. Johnston, British Central Africa (London, 1897), p. 438; J. Buchanan, The Shire Highlands, p. 138.

407

M. W. H. Beech, The Suk, their Language and Folklore (Oxford, 1911), p. 11.

408

J. Shooter, The Kafirs of Natal and the Zulu Country (London, 1857), p. 399.

409

A. B. Ellis, The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa (London, 1890), p. 99.

410

M. Merker, Rechtsverhältnisse und Sitten der Wadschagga (Gotha, 1902), p. 38 (Petermanns Mitteilungen, Ergänzungsheft, No. 138).

411

Rev. H. Callaway, Nursery Tales, Traditions, and Histories of the Zulus (Natal and London, 1868), p. 175 note.

412

Ovid, Metam. vii. 271 sqq. As to the supposed longevity of deer and crows, see L. Stephani, in Compte Rendu de la Commission Archéologique (St. Petersburg), 1863, pp. 140 sq., and my note on Pausanias, viii. 10. 10.

413

Pliny, Nat. Hist. viii. 119.

414

Porphyry, De Abstinentia, ii. 48: οἱ γοῦν ζώων μαντικῶν ψυχὰς δέξασθαι βουλόμενοι εἰς ἑαυτούς, τὰ κυριώτατα μόρια καταπιόντες, οἷον καρδίας κοράκων ἢ ἀσπαλάκων ἢ ἱεράκων, ἔχουσι παριοῦσαν τὴν ψυχὴν καὶ χρηματίζουσαν ὡς θεὸν καὶ εἰσιοῦσαν εἰς αὐτοὺς ἄμα τῇ ἐνθέσει τῇ τοῦ σώματος. Pliny also mentions the custom of eating the heart of a mole, raw and palpitating, as a means of acquiring skill in divination (Nat. Hist. xxx. 19).

415

Spenser St. John, Life in the Forests of the Far East, Second Edition (London, 1863), i. 186, 206.

416

W. H. Furness, Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters (Philadelphia, 1902), p. 71; compare id., pp. 166 sq.

417

Rev. J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folk-lore (London, 1901), pp. 511-513.

418

Rev. J. Batchelor, op. cit. p. 337.

419

W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), i. 279.

420

Bossu, Nouveaux Voyages aux Indes occidentales (Paris, 1768), i. 112.

421

H. R. Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes of the United States, ii. (Philadelphia, 1853) pp. 79 sq.

422

J. G. F. Riedel, De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua (The Hague, 1886), pp. 10, 262.

423

James Chalmers, Pioneering in New Guinea (London, 1887), p. 166.

424

Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxiv. (1895) p. 179.

425

E. T. Dalton, Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal (Calcutta, 1872), p. 33.

426

Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, N.S., viii. (1886) p. 307.

427

J. Henderson, “The Medicine and Medical Practice of the Chinese,” Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, New Series, i. (Shanghai, 1865) pp. 35 sq. Compare Mrs. Bishop, Korea and her Neighbours (London, 1898), i. 79.

428

Mrs. S. S. Allison, “Account of the Similkameen Indians of British Columbia,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxi. (1892) p. 313.

429

P. E. Müller on Saxo Grammaticus, Historia Danica (Copenhagen, 1839-1858), vol. ii. p. 60.

430

Die Edda, übersetzt von K. Simrock8 (Stuttgart, 1882), pp. 180, 309.

431

Pliny, Hist. Natur. x. 137, xxix. 72.

432

Philostratus, Vita Apollonii, i. 20, iii. 9.

433

Saxo Grammaticus, Historia Danica, ed. P. E. Müller (Copenhagen, 1839-1858), i. 193 sq.

434

P. E. Müller, note in his edition of Saxo Grammaticus, vol. ii. p. 146.

435

A. Wuttke, Der deutsche Volksaberglaube2 (Berlin, 1869), p. 110, § 153; J. V. Grohmann, Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren (Prague and Leipsic, 1864), p. 230, § 1658.

436

Grimm, Kinder- und Hausmärchen, No. 17; id., Deutsche Sagen2 (Berlin, 1865-1866), No. 132 (vol. i. pp. 174-176); A. Kuhn und W. Schwartz, Norddeutsche Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche (Leipsic, 1848), p. 154; A. Waldau, Böhmisches Märchenbuch (Prague, 1860), pp. 13 sqq.; Von Alpenburg, Mythen und Sagen Tirols (Zurich, 1857), pp. 302 sqq.; W. von Schulenburg, Wendische Volkssagen und Gebräuche aus dem Spreewald (Leipsic, 1880), p. 96; P. Sébillot, Traditions et Superstitions de la Haute-Bretagne (Paris, 1882), ii. 224; W. Grant Stewart, The Popular Superstitions and Festive Amusements of the Highlanders of Scotland, New Edition (London, 1851), pp. 53, 56; J. F. Campbell, Popular Tales of the West Highlands, New Edition (Paisley and London, 1890), No. 47, vol. ii. pp. 377 sqq.; E. Prym und A. Socin, Syrische Sagen und Maerchen (Göttingen, 1881), pp. 150 sq. On the serpent in relation to the acquisition by men of the language of animals, see further my article, “The Language of Animals,” The Archaeological Review, i. (1888) pp. 166 sqq. Sometimes serpents have been thought to impart a knowledge of the language of animals voluntarily by licking the ears of the seer. See Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, i. 9. 11 sq.; Porphyry, De abstinentia, iii. 4.

437

A. Leared, Morocco and the Moors (London, 1876), p. 281.

438

M. Quedenfelt, “Aberglaube und halb-religiöse Bruderschaft bei den Marokkanarn,” Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, 1886, p. 682 (bound up with the Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xviii. 1886).

439

H. Vambery, Das Türkenvolk (Leipsic, 1885), p. 218.

440

Charlevoix, Histoire de la Nouvelle France (Paris, 1744), vi. 8.

441

P. J. Veth, “De leer der Signatuur,” Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, vii. (1894) pp. 140 sq.

442

R. W. Felkin, “Notes on the For Tribe of Central Africa,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, xiii. (1884-1886) p. 218.

443

Rev. J. Macdonald, “Manners, Customs, etc., of the South African Tribes,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xx. (1891) p. 116; id., Light in Africa (London, 1890), p. 212. Compare Rev. E. Casalis, The Basutos (London, 1861), pp. 257 sq.; Dudley Kidd, The Essential Kafir (London, 1904), p. 309.

444

Rev. J. Macdonald, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xx. (1891) p. 138; id., Light in Africa, p. 220.

445

H. Schinz, Deutsch Südwest-Afrika (Oldenburg and Leipsic, preface dated 1891), p. 320.

446

J. Macdonald, “East Central African Customs,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxii. (1893) p. 111. Compare J. Buchanan, The Shire Highlands, p. 138; Sir H. H. Johnston, British Central Africa (London, 1897), p. 438.

447

A. C. Hollis, The Nandi (Oxford, 1909), p. 27.

448

Rev. H. Cole, “Notes on the Wagogo of German East Africa,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) p. 318.

449

Rev. J. L. Wilson, Western Africa (London, 1856), pp. 167 sq.

450

A. B. Ellis, The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast (London, 1890), pp. 99 sq.

451

A. B. Ellis, The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast (London, 1894), p. 69.

452

A. Caulin, Historia Coro-graphica natural y evangelica dela Nueva Andalucia (1779), p. 98.

453

A. de Herrera, General History of the vast Continent and Islands of America, translated by Capt. J. Stevens (London, 1725-1726), vi. 187.

454

F. de Castelnau, Expédition dans les parties centrales de l'Amérique du Sud (Paris, 1850-1851), iv. 382.

455

James Adair, History of the American Indians (London, 1775), p. 135.

456

Rev. J. Roscoe, “Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxi. (1901) pp. 129 sq.; id., “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) p. 45.

457

E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Part i. (Washington, 1899) p. 328.

458

E. Clement, “Ethnographical Notes on the Western Australian Aborigines,” Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, xvi. (1904) p. 8.

459

O. Opigez, “Aperçu général sur la Nouvelle-Calédonie,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), vii. Série, vii. (1886) p. 433.

460

A. W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia (London, 1904), p. 753.

461

A. W. Howitt, op. cit. p. 752.

462

S. Gason, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxiv. (1895) p. 172.

463

Rev. W. Ridley, Kamilaroi (Sydney, 1875), p. 160.

464

Annales de la Propagation de la Foi, xi. (Lyons, 1838-1839) p. 258.

465

J. Henderson, “The Medicine and Medical Practice of the Chinese,” Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, New Series, i. (Shanghai, 1865) pp. 35 sq.

466

A. C. Kruyt, “Het koppensnellen der Toradja's van Midden-Celebes, en zijne Beteekenis,” Verslagen en Mededeelingen der koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Letterkunde, Vierde Reeks, iii. (Amsterdam, 1899) p. 201.

467

N. Adriani en A. C. Kruijt, “Van Posso naar Mori,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xliv. (1900) p. 162.

468

F. Blumentritt, “Der Ahnencultus und die religiösen Anschauungen der Malaien des Philippinen-Archipels,” Mittheilungen der Wiener Geograph. Gesellschaft, 1882, p. 154; id., Versuch einer Ethnographie der Philippinen (Gotha, 1882), p. 32 (Petermann's Mittheilungen, Ergänzungsheft, No. 67).

469

Ch. Keysser, “Aus dem Leben der Kaileute,” in R. Neuhauss's Deutsch Neu-Guinea, iii. (Berlin, 1911) p. 131.

470

L. Magyar, Reisen in Süd-Afrika in den Jahren 1849-1857 (Buda-Pesth and Leipsic, 1859), pp. 273-276.

471

Rev. J. Shooter, The Kafirs of Natal (London, 1857), p. 216.

472

Rev. H. Callaway, Nursery Tales, Traditions and Histories of the Zulus (Natal and London, 1868), p. 163 note.

473

A. C. Haddon, “The Ethnography of the Western Tribe of Torres Straits,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xix. (1890) p. 414, compare p. 312; Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits, v. (Cambridge, 1904) p. 301.

474

A. C. Haddon, op. cit. p. 420; Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits, v. (Cambridge, 1904) pp. 301 sq.

475

S. J. Hickson, A Naturalist in North Celebes (London, 1889), p. 216.

476

R. Taylor, Te Ika a Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants, Second Edition (London, 1870), p. 352. Compare ibid. p. 173; W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches, Second Edition (London, 1831-1836), i. 358; J. Dumont D'Urville, Voyage autour du Monde et à la recherche de la Pérouse sur la corvette Astrolabe (Paris, 1832-1833), ii. 547; E. Tregear, “The Maoris of New Zealand,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xix. (1890) p. 108.