The Conflict of Religions in the Early Roman Empire

890

Protr. 117, 4.

891

Strom. ii, 9, 6.

892

Ibid. vii, 49.

893

Psalm 63, 1.

894

See Caird, Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers, ii, pp. 183 ff; de Faye, Clément, pp. 231-8.

895

Pæd. i, 71, 1; cf. Philo, Leg. Alleg. ii, § 1, 67 M. táttetai oûn ho theòs katà tò en kaì tèn monáda, mâllon dè kaì he monàs katà tòn héna theón. Cf. de Faye, p. 218.

896

Expressions taken from Aristotle, Anal. Post. i, 2, p. 71 b, 20.

897

Strom. v, 81, 5-82, 3.

898

Strom. ii, 74, 1-75, 2; cf. Plutarch, de def. or. 414 F, 416 F (quoted on p. 97), on involving God inhuman affairs; and also adv. Sto. 33, and de Sto. repugn. 33, 34, on the Stoic doctrine making God responsible for human sin. Cf. further statements in the same vein in Strom. ii, 6, 1; v 71, 5; vii, 2.

899

Strom. v. 65, 2.

900

Strom. ii, 72, 1-4.

901

Strom. iv, 151, 1.

902

See Strom. ii, 103, 1; iv, 138, 1; vi, 71-73; Pæd. i, 4, 1.

903

Strom. vii, 37, Mayor's translation. The "expressions" are said to go back to Xenophanes (cited by Sext. Empir. ix, 144) oulos gàr horâ, oûlos dè noeî, oûlos dé t' akoúei. Cf. Pliny, N. H. ii, 7, 14, quisquis est deus, si modo est alius, et quacumque in parte, totus est sensuus, totus visuus, totus audituus, totus animæ, totus animæ, totus sui.

904

Cf. Strom. ii, 30, 1, ei gàr anthrópinon ên tò epitédeuma, hos Hellenes epélabon, kàn apésbe. he dè aúxei (sc. he pístis). Protr. 110, 1, ou gàr àn oútos en olígo chróno tosoûton érgon áneu theias komidês exénusen ho kúrios.

905

Strom. vii, 5, J. B. Mayor's translation.

906

Pæd. i, 6, 6, tò dè sôma kallei kaì eurythmia synekerásato.

907

Phrases mostly from Strom, vii, 6-9. ennoian enestáchtai theoû. See criticism of Celsus, p. 244.

908

Pæd. iii, 99, 2-100, 1. The quotation is from Homer's description of Hephaistos making the shield for Achilles, Il. 18, 483.

909

All parts of the universe.

910

Strom. vii, 9. Mayor's translation, modified to keep the double use of pneûma. For the magnet see Plato, Ion. 533 D, E.

911

Strom. vii, 12.

912

Strom. v, 16, 3 (no article with Logos).

913

Strom. vii, 7

914

Strom. vii, 9.

915

Strom. v, 38, 6, ho kúrios hyperáno tou kósmon, mâllon dè epekeino toû noetoû.

916

Protr. 110, 1.

917

Protr. 63, 5; 84, 2; 68, 4.

918

Pæd. i, 6, 2, ólou kédetai toû plásmatos, kaì sôma kaì psychèn akeîtai autoû no panarkès tès anthropótetos iatrós.

919

Protr. 110, 2, 3. Cf. also Pæd. i, 4, 1-2.

920

Strom. vii, 6. Cf. Pæd. i, 4, 2. apólutos eis tò pantelès anthropinon pathôn.

921

Strom. v, 40, 3.

922

Strom. v, 7, 7-8.

923

Protr. 6, 1-2, touto mónon apolaúon hemôn hò sozómetha.

924

Protr. 6, 5.

925

Protr. 7, 3.

926

The references are (in order) Pæd. i, 55; i, 53, 2; i, 59, 1; ii, 118, 5; Protr. 120, 2.

927

Strom. iii, 49, 1-3, oudè anthropos ên koinós.

928

Strom. vii, 93.

929

See Protevangelium Jacobi, 19, 20 (in Tischendorf's Evangelia Apocrypha, p. 36), a work quoted in the 4th century by Gregory of Nyssa, and possibly the source of this statement of Clement's. Tischendorf thinks it may also have been known to Justin. See also pseudo-Matthei evangelium, 13 (Tischendorf, p. 75), known to St Jerome.

930

Strom. vi, 71, 2. A strange opinion of Valentinus about Jesus eating may be compared, which Clement quotes without dissent in Strom. iii, 59, 3. See p. 249, n. 4.

931

Printed in Dindorf's edition, vol. iii, p. 485.

932

Strom. vi, 151, 3. Cf. Celsus, p. 249, and Tert. de carne Christi, 9, Adeo nec humanæ honestatis corpus fuit; Tertullian however is far from any such fancies as to Christ's body not being quite human, see p. 340.

933

Strom. iv, 86, 2, 3; contrast Tertullian's attitude in de Fuga in Persecutione, etc.

934

Pæd. 19, 4.

935

Pæd. iii, 85, 3.

936

Protr. 115, 2.

937

Pæd. i, ch. 13.

938

Strom. vi, 98, 1.

939

Cf. Strom. i, 173; iv, 153, 2; Pæd. i, 70, he gàr kolasis ep' agathô kaì ep' opheleia toû kolazoménon.

940

Cf. J. B. Mayor, Pref. to Stromateis, vii, p. xl.

941

Strom. ii, ch. 4. Cf. ii, 48.

942

Strom. ii, 8, 4.

943

Strom. vi, 81, 1.

944

Strom. iv, 136, 5.

945

From Æsch. Agam. 36.

946

Strom. vii, 13. (Mayor's translation in the main). Cf. Protr. 86, 2, theosébeia exomoioûsa tô theô; Pæd. 1, 99, 1; Strom. vi, 104, 2.

947

Strom. v, 71, 3.

948

Pæd. iii, 1, 1, and 5.

949

Strom. iv, 152, 1.

950

Strom. vii, 101.

951

Strom. ii, 104, 2, 3, with reff. to Paul Gal. 6, 14; and Odyssey, 2, 406. Other passages in which the notion occurs are Strom. iv, 149, 8; vii, 56, 82. Augustine has the thought – all the Fathers, indeed, according to Harnack. See Mayor's note on Strom. vii, 3. It also comes in the Theologia Germanica.

952

Strom. iv. 62, 4; 58, 3; the aretè in Pæd. i, 10, 1.

953

Pæd. ii, 46, 1.

954

Strom. ii, 139, 5.

955

Strom. ii, 140, 1, a very remarkable utterance.

956

Strom. vii, 70, end.

957

Pæd. ii, 83, 1,

toîs dè bebamekósi skópos he paidopoiîa, telos dè he euteknía. Cf. Tertullian, adv. Marc. iv, 17, on the impropriety of God calling us children if we suppose that he nobis filios facere non permisit auferendo connubium. The opposite view, for purposes of argument perhaps, in de exh. castitatis, 12, where he ridicules the idea of producing children for the sake of the state.

958

Strom. iii, 68, 1.

959

Protr. 4, 3.

960

Protr. 118, 4.

961

Strom. iv, 135, 4.

962

Strom. iv, 138, 2, 3.

963

Pæd. i, 7, 2.

964

Pæd. i, 20, 3, 4.

965

Pæd. i, 22, 2, móne púte eis toùs aiônas menei chaírous aeí.

966

Gibbon, Decline and Fall, c. 15 (vol. ii, p. 177, Milman-Smith); Tertullian, de Spectaculis, 30.

967

Both of these in de Pallio, 1. It may be noted that in allusions to Dido's story he prefers the non-Virgilian version, more honourable to the Queen; Apol. 50; ad martyras, 4.

968

adv. Valentin. 12.

969

References to his Greek treatises (all lost) may be found in de cor. mil. 6; de bapt. 15; de virg. vel. 1.

970

De viris illustribus, sub nomine.

971

de anima 39.

972

Ibid. 41.

973

Ibid. 39.

974

adv. Valent. 3, in infantia inter somni difficultates a nutricula audisse lamiæ turres et pectines Solis; ibid. 20, puerilium dicibulorum in mari poma nasci et in arbore pisces.

975

e. g. he alludes to a manual on flowers and garlands by Claudius Saturninus, and another on a similar subject, perhaps, by Leo Ægyptius; de cor. mil. 7, 12. Apart from the Christian controversy on the use of flowers, we shall find later on that he had a keener interest in them than some critics might suppose; adv. Marc. i, 13, 14.

976

de juga, 10.

977

de anima, 2; cf. ibid. 10, quotation of a great anatomist Herophilus who dissected "six hundred" subjects in order to find out Nature's secrets; also ibid. 25, a discussion of childbirth to show that the soul does not come into the child with its first breath; ibid. 43, a discussion of sleep. Scorpiace, 5, surgery.

978

e. g. the end of adv. Hermogenem.

979

Puns, e.g., on areæ, ad Scap. 3; on strophæ, de Spect. 29; on pleroma, adv. Val. 12. See his nonsense on the tears, salt, sweet, and bituminous, of Achamoth, a Valentinian figure, adv. Val. 15; on "the Milesian tales of his Æons," de Anima. 23.

980

adv. Valent. 6.

981

adv. Valent. 1.

982

de baptismo, 4.

983

de oratione, 15

984

de anima, 3.

985

de bapt. 3 (end)

986

On de pallio see Boissier, La Fin da Paganisme, bk. iii, ch. 1.

987

ad Natt, i, 7; the charges were incest, and child-murder for purposes of magic.

988

de Præscriptione, 44 (end). Similarly of resurrection, virgin-birth, etc.. —recogitavi.

989

de Patientia, 1, miserrimus ego semper æger caloribus impatientiæ.

990

Cf. his tone as to the scortum, unexampled, so far as I know, in Latin literature, and only approached in Greek perhaps by Dio Chrysostom – the publicæ libidinis hostiæ (de Spect. 17), publicarum libidinum victimæ (de cult. fem. ii, 12). He alone of all who mention the strange annual scene on the stage, which Cato withdrew to allow, has pity for the poor women.

991

de Pænitentia, 8.

992

de corona, 12.

993

I refer especially to such passages as de Carne Christi, 4-9, 14; de Resurr. Carnis, 7, 12, etc.

994

de Pænit. 1, hoc genus hominum quod et ipsi retro fuimus, cæci, sine domini lumine.

995

Apol. 15, cf. ad Natt. i, 10, another draft of the same matter.

996

de Spect. 19, eamus in amphitheatrum … delectemur sanguine humano (ironically).

997

Apol. 15. The burning-iron was to see whether any life were left in the fallen.

998

de Spect. 19 (end).

999

de Spectaculis, 17.

1000

de Pænit. 4.

1001

de Pænit. 12, peccator omnium notarum, nec ulli rei nisi pænitentiæ natus.

1002

de anima, 19 and 49. Add his words on the wife taken away by death, cui etiam religiosiorem reservas affectionem, etc., de exh. cast. 11.

1003

de anima, 20. Cf. ibid. 17, on the moderation of the Stoics, as compared with Plato, in their treatment of the fidelity of the senses.

1004

ad Scap. 2. Tamen humani iuris et naturalis potestatis est unicuique quod putaverit colere.

1005

adv. Marc. i, 10, major popularitas generis humani.

1006

de testim. animæ, 5.

1007

de test. an. 6.

1008

de jejunio, 6.

1009

de spectaculis, 20.

1010

de cor. mil. 5, Naturæ deus noster est.

1011

adv. Marc. i, 23.

1012

de anima, 16.

1013

adv. Marc. iii, 2; iv, 11.

1014

de cor. mil. 6, et legem naturalem suggerit et naturam legalem.

1015

Cf. de carne Christi, 4.

1016

de anima, 27.

1017

de carne Christi, 4, ipsum mulieris enitentis pudorem vel pro periculo honorandum vel pro natura religiosum.

1018

de Resurr. Carnis, 7.

1019

Ibid. 6.

1020

adv. Marcion. i, 13, 14. Compare the beautiful picture at the end of de Oratione, of the little birds flying up, "spreading out the cross of their wings instead of hands, and saying something that seems to be prayer."

1021

adv. Marc. ii, 4.

1022

de cor. mil. 15.

1023

de præscr. 40, et si adhuc memini, Mithra signat, etc.

1024

Apol. 18. Hæc et nos risimus aliquando. De vestris sumus.

1025

de test. animæ, 1.

1026

So Arnobius (i, 58, 59) and Augustine felt. Tertullian does not complain of the style himself, but it was a real hindrance to many.

1027

de Pallio, 3, Sed arcana ista nec omnium nosse.

1028

ad Scap. 3.

1029

"The devils entered into the swine." Cf. p. 164.

1030

Pliny to Trajan, 96, 3, pertinaciam et inflexibilem obstinationem.

1031

Marcus Aurelius, xi, 3. Cf. Aristides, Or. 46, who attributes authádeia, to oi en tê Palaistíne dussebeîs.

1032

Hist. August. M. Anton. 16, Erat enim ipse tantæ tranquillitatis ut vultum nunquam mutaverit mærore vel gaudio.

1033

Apol. 50, Illa ipsa obstinatio quam exprobratis magistra est. Quis enim bib contemplatione eius concutitur ad requirendum quid intus in re sit? quis non ubi requisivit accedit? ubi accessit pati exoptat, etc.

1034

ad. Scap. 5. Quisque enim tantam tolerantiam spectans, ut aliquo scrupulo percussus, et inquirere accenditur, quid sit in causa, et ubi cognoverit veritatem et ipse statim sequitur.

1035

Scorpiace, 8 (end).

1036

de testim. animæ, 2. Cf. de cult. fem. ii, 2, Timor fundamentum salutis est.

1037

de Pænitentia, 3.

1038

de Pænit. 40. Quid revolvis? Deus præcipit.

1039

ad Natt. i, 1.

1040

de Idol. 5.

1041

de cor mil. 11, non admittit status fidei necessitates.

1042

de Idol. 12.

1043

de virg. vel. i, Dominus noster Christus veritatem se non consuetudinem cognominavit.

1044

de Idol. 10.

1045

See the correspondence of Ausonius and Paulinus.

1046

Dio Cassius, 67, 14; Suetonius, Domit. 15; Eusebius, E.H. iii, 18. See E. G. Hardy, Studies in Roman History, ch. v., pp. 66, 67.

1047

To obtain evidence – legal in the case of slaves.

1048

de Idol. 17.

1049

Cf. adv. Valentin. 5.

1050

de cor. mil. 13, clavus latus in cruce ipsius. There is a suggestion of a play upon words.

1051

ad Scap. i, opening sentence of the tract.

1052

ad Nat. ii, 1.

1053

Apol. 7. Cf. Scorp. 10, synagogas Judæorum fontes persecutionum.

1054

Cf. de fuga, 12; ad Scap. 5.

1055

Apol. 7.

1056

de fuga, 14, sit tibi et in tribus ecclesia.

1057

ad Scap. 4.

1058

Passio Perpetuæ, 6.

1059

Scorpiace, 1.

1060

Apol. 30.

1061

Scorp. 10.

1062

de anima, 1.

1063

Apol. 16; ad Natt. i, 14.

1064

Scorpiace, 1; the reference is to Moses' bush, nec tamen consumebatur.

1065

Apol. 21.

1066

Scorpiace, 4 (end).

1067

de fuga, 14 (both passages).

1068

de fuga, 14 (both passages).

1069

de pudicitia, 22.

1070

For this cry in various forms see Apol. 40; de res. carn. 22; de exh. castit. 12; de spect. 27, conventus et cætus … illic guotidiani in nos leones expostulantur.

1071

Scorpiace, 11, ecce autem et odio habimur ab omnibus hominibus nominis causa; de anima, 1, non unius urbis sed universi orbis iniquam sententiam sustinens pro nomine veritatis.

1072

Cf. de anima, 1, de patibulo et vivicombirio per omne ingenium crudelitatis exhauriat.

1073

Apol. 50, semen est sanguis Christianorum.

1074

de Bapt. 8.

1075

Ibid. 18.

1076

Ironic chapter in de pudicitia, 1. The edict is a technical term of the state, and the Pontifex Maximus was the Emperor, till Gratian refused the title in 375 A.D.

1077

Scorpiace, 6; cf. de Bapt. 16.

1078

de Bapt. 2.

1079

Ibid. 20.

1080

Ibid. 4.

1081

Ibid. 4.

1082

Cf. p. 102.

1083

de Bapt. 5.

1084

de Spectac. 4; de cor. mil. 3.

1085

de cor. mil. 3, ter mergitamur.

1086

de Bapt. 4.

1087

Ibid. 6.

1088

de Bapt. 8. For other minor details as to food and bathing see de cor. mil. 3.

1089

de Spectac. 4.

1090

de Idol. 6.

1091

de Idol. 11. Cf. Hermas, Mandate, 3, on lying in business.

1092

de Idol. 9.

1093

Ibid. 20.

1094

de cor. mil. 8.

1095

Ibid. 8.

1096

de Idol. 24, inter hos scopulos et sinus, inter hæc vada et freta idololatriæ, velificata spiritu dei fides navigat.

1097

de fuga, 13.

1098

Apol. 4.

1099

Apol. 6.

1100

Gwatkin, The Knowledge of God (Gifford Lectures) ii, p. 163.

1101

ad Natt. i, 5.

1102

Cf. pp. 20-22.

1103

Apol. 17, ita eum vis magnitudinis et notum hominibus obicit et ignotum.

1104

Apol. 21.

1105

Chapters 22 to 24 give a good summary of his views on dæmons.

1106

Celsus refers to Christian discussion of this; Origen, adv. Cels. iii 43.

1107

Cf. ad. Scap. 2, with argument from end of world.

1108

c. 39 vide, inquiunt, ut invicem se diligant.

1109

Epictetus, D. iii, 23.

1110

Clement, Strom. vi, 56, philautía.

1111

de anima, 1.

1112

Cf. de anima, 6, 17, 18, 23, etc.

1113

de Præscr. 7.

1114

adv. Marc. i, 2.

1115

de res. carnis, 2.

1116

de Præscr. 7.

1117

de Præscr. 13.

1118

de Præscr. 15.

1119

de Præscr. 21.

1120

de Præscr. 37, Mea est possessio. Cf. definition which says possessions appellantur agri … qui non mancipatione sed usu tenebantur et ut quisque occupaverat possidebat. Tertullian improves this title as he goes on.

1121

This gibe is in adv. Marc. i, 5; there are plenty without it in adv. Val.

1122

adv. Hermog. 9, iure, beneficio, impetu, id est dominio precario vi.

1123

de carne Christi, 2.

1124