The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon

Chapuys to Charles V., Sept. 10, 1533. —Spanish Calendar, vol. iv. part 2, p. 789.

243

Ibid. p. 788.

244

Chapuys to Charles V., Nov. 3, 1533. —Spanish Calendar, vol. iv. part 2, p. 842.

245

The King’s infirmities were not a secret. In 1533, upon Elizabeth’s birth, a Señor de Gambaro, who was an intimate friend of the Duke of Norfolk, wrote at Rome for Cifuentes a curious account of the situation and prospects of things in England. Among other observations he says: “The [expected] child will be weak, owing to his father’s condition.” Avisos de las Cosas de Inglaterra dados por Sr. de Gambaro en Roma. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. vi. p. 683.

246

Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. vi. p. 486. Spanish Calendar, vol. vi. part 2, p. 813.

247

Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. vi. p. 486. Spanish Calendar, vol. vi. part 2, p. 813.

248

News from Flanders. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. vi. p. 493.

249

I. e. the calling in the secular arm, which had not been actually done in the Brief de Attentatis.

250

Chapuys to Charles V., Oct. 10, 1533. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. vi. p. 511.

251

Ibid.

252

Cifuentes to Charles V., Oct. 23, 1533. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. vi. p. 534.

253

Ibid.

254

The Papal Nuncio to Charles V., Oct. 22. —Spanish Calendar, vol. iv. part 2, p. 830.

255

Chapuys to Charles V., Nov. 3, 1533. —Ibid. pp. 839-41.

256

Chapuys to Charles V., Dec. 6, 1533. —Spanish Calendar, vol. iv. part 2, p. 871.

257

Chapuys to Charles V., Nov. 20, 1533. —Spanish Calendar, vol. iv. part 2, p. 859. Catherine to Charles V., Nov. 21. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. vi. p. 578.

258

Chapuys to Charles V., Nov. 24, 1533. —Spanish Calendar, vol. iv. part 2, p. 864.

259

Gardiner to Henry VIII., Nov. 1533. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. vi. p. 571.

260

Chapuys to Charles, Dec. 9, 1533. —Spanish Calendar, vol. iv. part 2, p. 875.

261

Chapuys to Charles, Jan. 17, 1534. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. vii. p. 31.

262

Chapuys to Charles V., Feb. 11, 1534. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 31.

263

Chapuys to Charles V., Jan. 17, 1534. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. vii. pp. 31-33.

264

Chapuys to Charles V., Dec. 16, 1533. —Spanish Calendar, vol. iv. part 2, p. 883.

265

Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 32.

266

Chapuys to Charles V., Jan. 3, 1534. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 1.

267

Cifuentes to Charles V., Jan. 23, 1534. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 17.

268

Chapuys to Charles V., Jan. 28, 1534. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 24.

269

Cifuentes to Charles V., March 24. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 84.

270

Ortiz to Charles V., March 24, 1534. —Ibid. vol. v. p. 89.

271

Chapuys to Charles V., Feb. 21, 1534. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. pp. 53-54.

272

Haine novercule.

273

Chapuys to Charles V., Feb. 26, 1534. Abridged. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 59, etc.

274

Chapuys to Charles V., March 7, 1534. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 73.

275

Chapuys to Charles V., March 30. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 96.

276

Chapuys to Charles V., 1534. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 96.

277

Chapuys to Charles V., April 22, 1534. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. pp. 126, 127.

278

Ibid. May 14, p. 151.

279

Chapuys to Charles V., April 14, 1534. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. pp. 125-31.

280

Ibid. May 21, 1534, p. 167.

281

Chapuys to Charles V., May 14, 1534. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. pp. 153, 154.

282

Chapuys to Charles V., May 14, 1534. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. pp. 153, 154.

283

Chapuys to Charles V., May 19, 1534. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. pp. 155-66.

284

Lee and Tunstall to Henry VIII., May 21, 1534. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. vii. p. 270.

285

Chapuys to Charles V., May 29, 1534, —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 169.

286

Thus much was certainly meant by the King’s words: “He could not allow any of his native subjects to refuse to take the oath.” —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. vii. p. 272.

287

Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 172.

288

Cifuentes to Charles V., June 6, 1534. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. pp. 174 et seq.

289

Chapuys to Charles V., June 23, 1534. Abridged. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. pp. 198-99.

290

Chapuys to Charles V., July 27, 1534. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. pp. 219-20.

291

Chapuys to Charles V., July 27, 1534. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. vii. p. 389.

292

Cifuentes to Charles V., Aug. 1, 1534. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 229.

293

Chapuys to Charles V., Aug. 11, 1534. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. pp. 243-4.

294

Chapuys to Charles V., Aug. 29, 1534. —Spanish Calendar, p. 250.

295

Chapuys to Charles V., Oct. 24, 1534. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. pp. 294 et seq.

296

Chapuys to Charles V., Sept. 30, 1534. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. vii. p. 466; Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 608.

297

Chapuys to Charles V., Oct. 13, 1534. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 279.

298

Chapuys to Charles V., Nov. 3, 1534. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. vii. p. 519.

299

Chapuys to Charles V., Dec. 19, 1534. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 343.

300

Chapuys to Charles V., Jan. 14, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. viii. p. 14.

301

Chapuys to Charles V., Jan. 28, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. viii. p. 38.

302

“Veuillant denoter par icelle, puisque n’a moyen de m’envoyer dire securement, que la saison sera propice pour jouer des cousteaulx.” —Ibid. Jan. 1, p. 1; and MS. Vienna.

303

Chapuys to Charles V., Jan. 28, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. viii. p. 38.

304

Chapuys to Charles V., Feb. 9, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. viii. pp. 68-72.

305

Chapuys to Charles V., Feb. 25, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. viii. p. 100.

306

“Car estant la Royne si haultain de cœur, luy venant en fantasye, a l’appuy de la faveur de la Princesse, elle se pourroit mettre au champs et assembler force des gents et luy faire la guerre aussy hardiment que fit la Royne sa mere.” Chapuys à l’Empereur, Mar. 23, 1535. —MS. Vienna.

307

Chapuys to Granvelle, March 23, 1535. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 432; and MS. Vienna.

308

Chapuys to Charles V., Feb. 25, 1534. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. viii. p. 105.

309

Spanish Calendar, Feb. 26, 1535, vol. v. p. 402.

310

Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, Feb. 26, 1535, vol. viii. p. 106.

311

Spanish Calendar, vol. v. pp. 421-22.

312

Chapuys to Charles V., March 7, 1535. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. pp. 413-422.

313

“Il me dit que vostre Majesté ne se debvoit arrester pour empescher ung si inestimable bien que produiroit en toute la Chresteaneté l’union et la bonne intelligence dentre vostre Majesté et le Roi son maistre pour l’affaire des Royne et Princesse qui n’estoient que mortelles; et que ne seroit grande dommage de la morte de la dicte Princesse au pris du bien que sortiroit de la dicte union et intelligence; en quoy il me prioit vouloir considerer quand seroy seul et desoccupé.” Chapuys to Charles V., March 23, 1535. —MS. Vienna; and Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 426. This and other of Chapuys’s most important letters I transcribed myself at Vienna.

314

“Me repliequant de nouveaulx quel dommage ou danger seroyt que la dicte Princesse feust morte oyres que le peuple en murmurast, et quelle raison auroit vostre Majesté en fayre cas.”

315

Queen Catherine to Charles V., April 8. —MS. Vienna; Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. viii. p. 197.

316

Chapuys to Charles V., April 4, 1535. —MS. Vienna; Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. viii. p. 193.

317

Chapuys to Granvelle, April 5, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. viii. p. 194 and MS. Vienna.

318

Chapuys to Charles V., April 17, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. viii. p. 209.

319

“Le premier estoit si Dieu vouloit visiter le Roy de quelque petite maladie.” The word petite implied perhaps in Chapuys’s mind that Dr. Butts contemplated a disorder of which he could control the dimensions, and the word, if he used it, is at least as suspicious as Cromwell’s language about Mary.

320

“Affirmant pour tout certain qu’il y avoit une xx des principaulx Seigneurs d’Angleterre et plus de cent Chevaliers tout disposés et prests à employer personnes, biens, armes, et subjects, ayant le moindre assistance de vostre Majesté.” Chapuys to Charles V., April 25, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. viii. p. 222; and MS. Vienna.

321

Chapuys to Charles V., May 5, 1535. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 452.

322

Ibid.

323

Charles V. to Chapuys, May 10, 1535. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 459.

324

Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 459.

325

Chapuys to Charles V., May 8, 1535. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 457.

326

Dr. Ortiz to Charles V., May 27, 1535. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 462.

327

Chapuys to Charles V., May 23, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. viii. p. 280; Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 465.

328

Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 484.

329

Chapuys to Charles V., June 5, 1535. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 483.

330

Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 486.

331

Chapuys to Charles V., June 30, 1535. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 500.

332

The Bishop of Faenza to M. Ambrogio, June 6, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. viii. p. 320.

333

Examination of Fisher in the Tower, June 12, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. viii. pp. 331 et seq.

334

News from England, July 1, 1535. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 507.

335

Chapuys to Charles V., July 11, 1535. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 512.

336

Cifuentes to Charles V., July 16, 1535. —Ibid. p. 515.

337

Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 532.

338

Chapuys to Charles V., July 25, 1535. —Ibid. vol. v. p. 518.

339

Memorandum on the Affairs of England. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 522.

340

Ibid. p. 535.

341

Ortiz to the Empress, Sept. 1, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. ix. p. 84.

342

“Cuando se viese con la Señora Reyna su hermana despues de dadas mis afectuosas encomiendas rogarle de mi parte quisiese tener mencion de my con el Christianisimo Rey su marido y hacer quanto pudiese ser, que el sea buen amigo al Rey mi Señor procurando de quitarle del pecado, en que esta.” Catherine to the Regent Mary, Aug. 8, 1535. —MS. Vienna.

343

Chapuys to Charles V., Sept. 25, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. ix. pp. 140-141.

344

Chapuys to Granvelle, Sept. 25, 1535. —Vienna MS.; Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. ix. p. 141.

345

The executory brief was not identical with the Bull of Deposition. The first was the final act of Catherine’s process, a declaration that Henry, having disobeyed the sentence on the divorce delivered by Clement VII., was excommunicated, and an invitation to the Catholic Powers to execute the judgment by force. The second involved a claim for the Holy See on England as a fief of the Church – an intimation that the King of England had forfeited his crown and that his subjects’ allegiance had reverted to their Supreme Lord. The Pope and Consistory preferred the complete judgment, as more satisfactory to themselves. The Catholic Powers objected to it for the same reason. The practical effect would be the same.

346

Cifuentes to Charles V., Oct. 8, 1535. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 547.

347

“Et luy supplier de la part de la Reyne, ma mère, et myenne en l’honneur de Dieu et pour aultres respects que dessus vouloit entendre et pourvoyr aux affaires dycy. En quoy fera tres agréable service a Dieu, et n’en acquerra moins de gloire qu’en la conqueste de Tunis et de toute l’affaire d’Afrique.” De la Princesse de l’Angleterre à l’Ambassadeur, October, 1535. —MS. Vienna; Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 559.

348

Queen Catherine to the Pope, October 10, 1535. —MS. Vienna.

349

The Bishop of Tarbes to the Bailly of Troyes, October, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. ix. p. 187.

350

Chapuys to Charles V., October 13, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. ix. p. 196.

351

Chapuys to Granvelle, October 13, 1535. —Ibid. p. 199.

352

Ibid. pp. 225, 228.

353

Spanish Calendar, October 24, 1535, vol. v. p. 559.

354

Ortiz to the Emperor, November 4, 1535. —Ibid. vol. v. p. 565.

355

Du Bellay and the Bishop of Mâcon to Francis I., November 12, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. ix. p. 273.

356

Froude’s History of England, vol. ii. p. 386.

357

Bishop of Faenza to M. Ambrogio, November 15, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. ix. p. 276.

358

Charles V. to Cifuentes, November, 1535. —Ibid. vol. ix. p. 277.

359

“Tout a cest instant la Marquise de Exeter m’a envoyé dire que le Roy a dernierement dit à ses plus privés conseillers qu’il ne voulloit plus demeurer en les fascheuses crainctes et grevements qu’il avoit de long temps eus à cause des Royne et Princesse; et qu’il y regardassent à ce prochain Parlement l’en faire quiete, jurant bien et tres obstinement qu’il n’actendoit plus longuement de y pourvoir.” Chapuys to Charles V., Nov. 6, 1535. —MS. Vienna.

360

“Afin que par ce moyen, perdant l’espoir de la clemence et misericorde de Vostre Majeste toute-fois fussent plus determinez a se defendre.” Chapuys à l’Empereur. —MS. Vienna, Nov. 23.

361

The Emperor to Chapuys. —MS. Vienna.

362

Chapuys to Granvelle, Nov. 21, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. ix. p. 290.

363

Ortiz to the Empress, Nov. 22, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. ix. pp. 293-4.

364

Bishop of Faenza to M. Ambrogio, Dec. 9. —Ibid. vol. ix. p. 317.

365

Cifuentes to Charles V., Nov. 30, 1535. —Ibid. vol. ix. p. 303.

366

Chapuys to Charles V., Dec. 18, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. ix. p. 333.

367

Cardinal du Bellay to the Cardinals of Lorraine and Tournon, Dec. 22, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. ix. pp. 341-43.

368

The Bishop of Faenza to M. Ambrogio, Dec. 13, 1535. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. ix. p. 326.

369

Queen Catherine to Dr. Ortiz, Dec. 13, 1535. —Ibid. vol. ix. p. 325.

370

Queen Catherine to Charles V., Dec. 13, 1535. —MS. Vienna.

371

The Emperor to Thomas Cromwell, Dec. 13, 1535. —Spanish Calendar, vol. ix. p. 588.

372

“Et que vostre Maté luy avoit usé de la plus grande ingratitude que l’on scauroit dire, solicitant à l’appetit d’une femme tant de choses contre luy, que luy avoit faict innumerables maux et fascheries, et de telle importance, que vostre Maté par menasses et force avoit faict donner la sentence contre luy, comme le mesme Pape l’avoit confessé.” Chapuys a l’Empereur, Dec. 30, 1535. —MS. Vienna; Spanish Calendar, vol. v. p. 595.

373

Chapuys to Charles V., Jan. 21, 1536. —MS. Vienna; Spanish Calendar, vol. v. part 2, p. 18.

374

“Je demanday par plusieurs fois au médecin s’il y avoit quelque soubçon de venin. Il me dict qu’il s’en doubtoit, car depuys qu’elle avoit beu d’une cervise de Galles elle n’avoit fait bien; et qu’il failloit que ne fust poison terminé et artificeux, car il ne veoit les signes de simple et pur venin.” Chapuys à l’Empereur, Jan. 9, 1536. —MS. Vienna; Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. x. p. 22.

375

Chapuys to Charles V., Jan. 9 and Jan. 21, 1536. —MS. Vienna; Spanish Calendar, vol. v. part 2, pp. 2-10.

376

Chapuys to Charles V., Jan. 21, 1536. —MS. Vienna; Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. x. p. 47.

377

Chapuys to Charles V., Jan. 21 and Jan. 29. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. part 2, pp. 10-26.

378

“L’on m’a dicte que la Concubine consoloit ses demoiselles qui pleuroient, leur disant que c’estoit pour le mieulx, car elle en seroit tant plus tost enceinte, et que le fils qu’elle pourterait ne seroit dubieulx comme fust este icelle, estant concen du vivant de la Royne.” Chapuys to Granvelle, Feb. 25, 1536. —MS. Vienna; Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. x. p. 135.

379

Chapuys to Charles V., Feb, 17, 1536. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. x. p. 116.

380

Charles V. to the Emperor, Feb. 1, 1536. —Spanish Calendar, vol. v. part 2, p. 33.

381

Report of the Privy Council of Spain, Feb. 26, 1536. —Ibid. p. 60.

382

Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. x. p. 224.

383

Chapuys to Charles V., Feb. 25, 1536. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. x. pp. 131 et seq.

384

“Et aussy quant à l’auctorité de l’Eglise Anglicane l’on pourroit persuader au Roy que la chose se appoineteroit à son honnneur, proufit, et bien du royaulme.”

385

I. e. as part of it. Charles V. to Chapuys, March 28, 1536. —MS. Vienna; Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. x. pp. 224 et seq.; Spanish Calendar, vol. v. part 2, pp. 71 et seq. There are some differences in the translations in the two Calendars. When I refer to the MS. at Vienna I use copies made there by myself.

386

Chapuys to Charles V., April 1, 1536. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. x. p. 243.

387

Chapuys to Charles V., April 1, 1536. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. x. p. 242.

388

Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, June 2, 1536, vol. x. pp. 428 et seq.

389

Chapuys to Charles V., April 21, 1536. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. x. pp. 287 et seq.; Spanish Calendar, vol. v. part 2, pp. 85 et seq.

390

April 21. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic.

391

Henry VIII. to Pate, April 25, 1536. Abridged. —Calendar, Foreign and Domestic, vol. x. p. 306.

392

“Et que a luy avoit este l’auctorite de descouvrir et parachever les affairs de la dicte Concubine, en quoy il avoit eu une merveilleuse pene; et que sur le desplesir et courroux qu’il avoit eu sur le reponse que le Roy son maistre m’avoit donné le tiers jour de Pasques il se mit a fantasier et conspirer le dict affaire,” etc. Chapuys to Charles V., June 6, 1536. —MS. Vienna; Spanish Calendar, vol. v. part 2, p. 137. From the word “conspirer” it has been inferred that the accusation of Anne and her accomplices was a conspiracy of Cromwell’s, got up in haste for an immediate political purpose. Cromwell must have been marvellously rapid, since within four days he was able to produce a case to lay before a Special Commission composed of the highest persons in the realm assisted by the Judges, involving the Queen and a still powerful faction at the court. We are to believe, too, that he had the inconceivable folly to acknowledge it to Chapuys, the most dangerous person to whom such a secret could be communicated. Cromwell was not an idiot, and it is impossible that in so short a time such an accumulation of evidence could have been invented and prepared so skilfully as to deceive the Judges.