The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals

– L’Uomo Delinquente. 2 vols. Torino, 1889.

– Il Delitto politico, e le Revoluzioni in Rapporto al Diritto, etc. Torino, 1890.

– L’Uomo di Genio. Torino, 1888.

– Der Verbrecher in anthropologischer, ärztlicher, und juristischer Beziehung. Deutsche Bearbeitung von M. O. Fränkel. Hamburg, 1887.

Louandre, Charles: Les Animaux dans la Jurisprudence. Revue des Deux Mondes 1854. Tome v., pp. 331-36.

Malleolus, Felix: Tractatus de Exorcismis.

Mangin, Arthur: L’Homme et la Bête. Paris, 1872.

Manoel, Bernardes: Nova Floresta ou Sylva de varios Apothegmas, e ditos sentencios espirituaes e moraes. 5 tome. Lisboa, 1706-1747.

Marchisio, Michele: Gatte o Insetti Nocivi, pp. 63 sqq. Turin, 1834.

Maudsley, Henry: Physiology and Pathology of Mind. London, 1868.

Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie. 2e série, vol. ix. (vol. xix. de la collection). Paris, 1851.

Ménabréa, Leon: De l’Origine de la Forme et de l’Esprit des Jugements rendus au Moyen-Age contre les Animaux. Chambery, 1846. Reprint in book form of a paper originally published in Mémoires de la Société Royale Académique de Savoie. Tome xii., 1846.

Miraut: Histoire de Sardaigne.

Newell, William Wells: Conjuring Rats. The Journal of American Folk Lore (January-March, 1892).

Noordewier, M. J.: Nederduitsche Regtsoudheden. Utrecht, 1853.

Nork, F.: Article in Scheible’s Das Kloster weltlich und geistlich, etc. Vol. xii., pp. 942-949. Stuttgart, 1849.

Opzoomer, C. W.: Di Dieren voor den Rechter. Volksalmanak van het jaar 1862.

Orano, G.: La Criminalità nelle sue relazioni col clima. Roma, 1882.

Ortoli, Fr.: Les Procès d’Animaux au moyen-âge. La Tradition. Paris, 1888. pp. 77-82. Based on Vernet in Thémis viii.

Osenbrüggen, Eduard: Studien zur deutschen und Schweizerischen Rechtsgeschichte. Schaffhausen, 1868. (vii. Die Personificirung der Thiere, pp. 139-149.)

Papon: Recueil d’Arrêts notables des Cours Souveraines de France. Liv. xxii., Titre 7.

Peignot, Gabriel: Essai chronologique sur les mœurs, etc. les plus remarquables dans la Bourgogne, p. 68. Dijon, 1827.

Pertile, Antonio: Gli Animali in Giudizio. Atti del Reale Instituto Veneto. Tomo iv., serie vi. Venezia, 1886.

Pierquin: Traité de la Folie des Animaux et de ses Rapports avec celle de l’Homme et les Legislations actuelles. Paris, 1839.

Porto, V.: La Scuola criminale positiva et il progetto de nuovo codice. Verona, 1884.

Proal, Louis: Le Crime et la Peine. Paris, 1892.

This work is opposed to the theories of Lombroso and the new school of criminal anthropologists, but states their views fully and clearly.

Quinones, Juan de: Tratado de Langostas. Madrid, 1620. A treatise on exorcisms of locusts, weevils, rats, mice, and birds.

Raynaud, Theophile: De Monitoriis, etc. (Part II. c. 12, No. 6) in his Opusc. Misc. 1665. Tom. xiv., p. 482.

The author criticises Chassenée.

Riccius, Aloysius: Resolutiones (408).

Roch, Heinrich: Böhmische, Schlesische und Lausitzische Chroniken.

Roche-Flavin, de la: Arrêts notables du Parlement de Toulouse. Liv. iii. Titre 2.

Rocher, Le Père: Gloire de l’Abbaye et Vallée de la Novalaise.

Rosarius, Hierolymus: Quod Animalia Bruta Ratione Utantur melius Homine. Amstel., 1654.

Rousseau de Lacombe: Traité des Matières Criminelles. Part 1, ch. 2, sect. 1, distinct. 8.

Ruchat, Abraham: Abrégé de l’Histoire Ecclésiastique du Pays de Vaud.

Saint-Foix: Oeuvres. 1778, iv., 97.

Sauval: Histoire de Paris. Vol. iii., p. 387.

Schläger: Wiener Skizzen aus dem Mittelalter.

Schmid, Reinhold: Gesetze der Angelsachsen. 2nd ed. Leipzig, 1858.

Seifart, K.: Hingerichtete Thiere und Gespenster. Zeitschrift für deutsche Kulturgeschichte, 1856, pp. 424-30.

Sloet: Die Dieren in het Germaansche Volksgeloof en Volksgebruik. ’s-Gravenhage, 1887.

Sorel, Albert: Procès contre des Animaux et Insectes suivis au Moyen-âge dans la Picardie et le Valois. Compiegne, 1877.

Stark, Hermann: Griechische Antiquitäten. Vol. i., 487.

Testrup, Kr. S.: Rinds Herreds Kronika (Samlinger til jydsk Historie og Topografi. Vol. ii., pp. 62-64) 1711.

Themis Jurisconsulti: Tome i., pp. 178-181; Tome viii., part 2, pp. 45 sqq.

Thiers: Des superstitions. Vol. i., 48a.

Thomas Aquinas: Summa Theologiæ. Vol. ii., pars, lxxvi., art. 2.

Thonissen, J.: Études sur l’Histoire du Droit Criminel. Vol. ii., pp. 198 sqq. Bruxelles, 1869.

– Le Droit pénal de la République Athénienne, pp. 256, 412 sqq. 1875.

Tobler, G.: Thierprocesse in der Schweiz. Bern, 1893.

Torning, Christianus J.: De Peccatis et Poenis Brutorum. A dissertation on graduating at the University of Upsala in Sweden. May 25, 1725.

Van Haaften: Die Dieren als misdadigers voor den Rechter. Eigen Haard, 1884.

Vairo, Leonardo: De Fascino libri tres, etc. Venet. 1599.

Vernet: Lettre … sur les Procès faits aux Animaux. Thémis, vol. viii. B., pp. 45-61.

Vivio, Francesco: Decisiones. No. 68. 1610.

De Winde: Byzonderheden uit de Geschiedeniss van het strafregt in de Nederlanden. Middelburg, 1827.

Zerola, Thomas: Praxis Episcopalis. Sub verbo Superstitio. Venet. 1599.

1

The name is also spelled Chassanée and Chasseneux. In the Middle Ages, and even as late as the end of the eighteenth century, the orthography of proper names was very uncertain.

2

“Item: a été délibéré que la ville se joindra aux paroisses de cette province qui voudront obtenir de Rome une excommunication contre les insects et que l’on contribuera aux frais au pro rata.”

3

These animals are spoken of as unvernünftige Thierlein genannt Lutmäuse. Lut might be derived from the Old German lût (Laut, Schrei), in which case Lutmaus would mean shrew-mouse; but it is more probably from lutum (loam, mould), and signifies mole or field-mouse. Field-mice are exceedingly prolific rodents, and in modern as well as in mediæval times have often done grievous harm to husbandry and arboriculture by consuming roots and fruits and gnawing the bark of young trees. The recklessness of hunters in exterminating foxes, hedgehogs, polecats, weasels, buzzards, crows, kites, owls and similar beasts and birds, which are destructive of field-mice, has frequently caused the latter to multiply so as to become a terrible plague. This was the case in England in 1813-14, and in Germany in 1822, and again in 1856.

4

The first part of this treatise, consisting of seventeen chapters, discusses the different kinds of “monitoires” and their applications. Only the second part, describing the legal procedure, is here printed.

5

A few early instances of excommunication and malediction, our knowledge of which is derived chiefly from hagiologies and other legendary sources, are not included in the present list, such, for example, as the cursing and burning of storks at Avignon by St. Agricola in 666, and the expulsion of venomous reptiles from the island Reichenau in 728 by Saint Perminius.

6

In modern French pendard means hang-dog. M. Lejeune states that he can recall no other instance of its use as synonymous with bourreau or hangman. Perhaps a facetious clerk may have deemed it applicable to a person whose office was in the present case that of a hang-pig.

7

Under this term are included the dean, canons, and chapter of the Cathedral of Chartres.

8

Mietkuhe, a cow pastured or wintered for pay.