Memoirs of the Duchesse de Dino (Afterwards Duchesse de Talleyrand et de Sagan), 1831-1835

BASSANO, Hughes Bernard Maret, Duc de (1763-1839). Began as a lawyer, and in 1789 published the bulletins of the National Assembly, thus founding the Moniteur Universel. Bonaparte after the 18th Brumaire made him Secretary General to the Consuls, and afterwards a Minister. He always accompanied the Emperor, was made Duc de Bassano in 1811 and Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1831 Louis Philippe made him a Peer of France, and in 1834 he was for a very brief period Minister of the Interior and President of the Council.

BASSANO, Duchesse de, Madame Maret, wife of the Duc de Bassano, was Maid of Honour to the Empresses Josephine and Marie-Louise.

BATHURST, Henry, Earl (1762-1834). An English Statesman and one of the most eminent members of the Tory Party. He was Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, for War and for the Colonies, as well as President of the Board of Trade and Lord President of the Council in the Duke of Wellington's Ministry. He was an intimate friend of the Duke and an implacable enemy of Napoleon I., whom he caused to be banished to St. Helena.

BATTHYANY, Countess (1798-1840). Née Baroness von Ahrenfeldt. She married Field-Marshal Count Bubna. She became a widow in 1825 and married in 1828 Count Gustave Batthyany Stratlman.

BAUDRAND, Marie-Etienne François, Comte de (1774-1848). A French General. Served under the Republic in the Armies of the Rhine and Italy, took part in the Battle of Mont Saint Jean as Chief of Staff, became a Peer of France under Louis-Philippe, was aide-de-camp to the Duc d'Orléans at the siege of Antwerp in 1832, and in 1837 became Governor of the Comte de Paris.

BEAUHARNAIS, Eugène de (1781-1824). Son of General de Beauharnais and Josephine Tascher de la Pagerie, who afterwards became Empress by her second marriage with Bonaparte. Eugène de Beauharnais took an active part in the Wars of the Empire. In 1805 he was appointed Viceroy of Italy, and in 1806 he married the Princess Augusta, daughter of the King of Bavaria. After the fall of Napoleon he retired to Bavaria with the title of Duke of Leuchtenburg.

BEAUHARNAIS, Hortense de (1783-1837). Daughter of the Empress Josephine, married in 1802 Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland, and became the mother of Napoleon III. Under the Restoration she received a pension and the title of Duchesse de Saint-Leu.

BEAUHARNAIS, Stéphanie de (1789-1860). Daughter of Claude de Beauharnais, Chamberlain of the Empress Marie-Louise, married in 1806 the Grand Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Baden, who died in 1818.

BEAUVEAU, Maréchale, Princesse de (1720-1807). Marie Charlotte de Rohan-Chabot; married first in 1749 J. B. de Clermont d'Amboise, and secondly, in 1764, the Prince de Beauveau.

BEAUVILLIERS, Duchesse de (1774-1824). She was the seventh daughter of the Duc de Mortemart by his first marriage with Mlle. d'Harcourt. She married François, Duc de Beauvilliers de Saint-Aignan, Peer of France.

BEDFORD, John, Duke of (1766-1839). Married, firstly, a daughter of Viscount Torrington; and, secondly, a daughter of the Duke of Gordon. His third son was Lord John Russell.

BEDFORD, Duchess of. Died 1853. Daughter of Alexander, Duke of Gordon. Married in 1803 the Duke of Bedford.

BEÏRA, Duchesse de (1793-1874). Marie-Thérèse, Infanta of Portugal. In 1813 she lost her husband, Don Pedro Carlos, Infante of Spain, and married, secondly, the Infante Don Carlos of Spain in 1828. He died in 1855.

BELFAST, Anne Henrietta, Lady (1799-1860). Married Lord Belfast in 1822.

BELGIUM, Princess Louise d'Orléans, Queen of (1812-1850). Second wife of King Leopold I. of Belgium, and daughter of Louis-Philippe, King of France.

BELGIUM, Princess Louise d'Orléans, Queen of (1812-1850). Second wife of King Leopold I. of Belgium, and daughter of Louis-Philippe, King of France.

BENCKENDORFF, Alexander, Count (1784-1844). A Russian officer. In the rebellion of 1825 he showed great devotion to the Emperor Nicolas, who made him his aide-de-camp and created him Count and Senator. He was the brother of the Princesse de Lieven.

BÉRANGER, Madame de. Died in 1826. She was a Mlle. de Lannois and married in 1793 the Duc de Châtillon Montmorency. In 1806 she married, secondly, Comte Gua de Béranger.

BÉRANGER, Mlle. Elisabeth de. A daughter of the Duchesse de Châtillon by her second marriage. She married the Comte Charles de Vogüé, brother of the Marquis.

BERGAMI, Barthélemy. An Italian postillion in the stables of Queen Caroline, wife of George IV. of England. The Queen raised him to the rank of Chamberlain after she had left England and taken refuge in Italy. He was very good-looking, and had two brothers, Balloti and Louis. The Queen made the latter her steward, and entrusted her financial affairs to the former. Their sister, who had married a Count Oldi, became her Lady-in-Waiting.

BERGERON, Louis. Born in 1811: a French journalist. After 1830 he threw himself into the Republican movement, and in November, 1832, was accused of having shot at Louis-Philippe. He was acquitted, but in 1840, having struck M. de Girardin at the Opera in the course of a polemical discussion, he was condemned to three years' imprisonment.

BERRY, Duc de (1778-1820). Second son of the Comte d'Artois (Charles X.). He followed his family during the Emigration, and returned to France in 1814. In 1816 he married the Princess Caroline of Naples. He was assassinated at Paris on February 13, 1820, by Louvel, who wished to extinguish in him the race of the Bourbons. He left, however, a posthumous child, the Duc de Bordeaux.

BERRY, Duchesse de (1798-1870). Princess Caroline, daughter of Francis I., King of the Two Sicilies. Married in 1816 the Duc de Berry, and was the mother of the Comte de Chambord.

BERRYER, Antoine (1790-1868). An advocate of the first rank, and the orator of the Legitimist party. He was several times Deputy, and was elected to the Académie in 1855. At twenty years of age he married Mlle. Caroline Gauthier. His last years were spent in retirement on his estate of Augerville.

BERULLE, Cardinal Pierre de (1575-1629). Distinguished alike by his kindly and conciliatory temper, by his religious firmness and by the extent of his knowledge. He powerfully assisted Cardinal de Peyron in his controversies with the Protestants; he established the Order of the Carmelites in France, and founded the Congregation of the Oratory.

BERTIN DE VEAUX (1766-1842). Born at Essonnes. He founded in 1799 the Journal des Débats, along with his brother. He was Conseiller d'État, Deputy, Vice-President of the Chamber, Minister at the Hague, and a Peer of France.

BIGNON, Louis Pierre Edouard, Baron (1771-1841). A French diplomatist; Secretary of Legation in Switzerland, Sardinia, and Prussia. He was Minister at Cassel and Carlsruhe, and Administrator in Poland and Austria under the First Empire. He was made a Deputy in 1817 and a Peer of France in 1837.

BIRON, Armand Louis, Duc de (1747-1793). Known under the name of Lauzun. He took part in the American War of Independence. In 1792 he was made Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the Rhine. Accused of treason by the Committee of Public Safety and tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal, he was condemned to death and executed.

BIRON-COURLANDE, Princess Antoinette de (1813-1881). Married the Comte de Lazareff, a Russian colonel.

BJOERNSTERNA, Magnus Frederick Ferdinand. After the Battle of Eckmühl he was sent on a mission to Napoleon I. He was afterwards Minister-Plenipotentiary at London.

BLACAS, Pierre Louis Jean, Duc de (1770-1839). Attached himself to the person of Louis XVIII. during his exile, and at the Restoration was made Minister of the King's Household. He became a member of the House of Peers, and was sent to Naples to negotiate the marriage of the Duc de Berry with the Princess Caroline, and to Rome to conclude a concordat which never came into operation.

BOIGNE, Comtesse de (1780-1866). Adèle d'Osmond married the Comte de Boigne in 1798 during the Emigration. The Comte, after an adventurous life, had returned from India with a large fortune. From 1814 to 1859 Madame de Boigne's salon was one of the most important in aristocratic, diplomatic, and political circles in Paris. The Duc Pasquier was its most regular habitué.

BOISMILON, Jacques Dominique de (1795-1871). A French teacher who was made Secretary to the Duc d'Orléans. He was afterwards attached to the Comte de Paris, and was promoted Officer of the Legion of Honour in 1845.

BOISSY, Mlle. Rouillé de. Sister of the Marquis de Boissy, Peer of France. She married Comte Pierre d'Aubusson, who became insane and died in 1842. She herself died in 1855.

BOLIVAR, Simon (1783-1830). The Liberator of America. He freed Venezuela and New Granada, which he united in a single Republic under the name of Columbia.

BONAPARTE, General. See NAPOLEON.

BONAPARTE, Jerome (1784-1860). King of Westphalia. The youngest brother of Napoleon I. In his youth he had married a Miss Paterson, whom the Emperor forced him to divorce in order that he might marry Princess Catherine of Würtemberg.

BONAPARTE, Lucien (1773-1840). The third brother of Napoleon I. He had many talents, but an independent character. He was in disgrace with his brother and retired to Rome, where Pope Pius VII. raised his estate of Canino to the rank of a Principality.

BONNIVARD. François de (1494-1571). Historian and politician; Prior of Saint-Victor in the territories of Geneva. He made common cause with the Genevan patriots against Charles III., Duke of Savoy, who coveted the place. When the Duke became master of Geneva he imprisoned Bonnivard at Chillon, where he remained six years. He is the subject of Lord Byron's fine poem "The Prisoner of Chillon."

BORDEAUX, Duc de (1820-1883). Son of the Duc de Berry and grandson of Charles X. He lived in exile with his family from the year 1830, either at Frohsdorff in Styria or at Venice. He used the title of Comte de Chambord. He married an Archduchess of Austria, and never had any children.

BOULLE, André Charles (1642-1732). A celebrated cabinet maker.

BOURQUENEY, Baron, afterwards Comte de (1800-1869). Connected with the Journal des Débats, then Maître des Requêtes to the Conseil d'Etat. He afterwards took up diplomacy, and was Secretary of Embassy in London, and thereafter, in 1844, Ambassador at Constantinople, and, in 1859, at Vienna. He soon afterwards gave up diplomacy and entered the Senate.

BRAGANZA, Duchess of (1812-1873). Amelia Augusta, daughter of Eugène de Beauharnais, Viceroy of Italy, and of a Bavarian Princess. She was the second wife of Dom Pedro I., Emperor of Brazil, who died in 1834.

BRENIER, de Renaudière, Baron (1807-1885). He was sent on a mission to Greece in 1828, and was afterwards Secretary of Embassy at London, Lisbon, and Brussels. In 1855 he was French Minister at Naples.

BRESSON, Charles, Comte (1788-1847). A French diplomatist who under Napoleon I. was an official in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1833 he was appointed First Secretary at London, and in 1835 he was made Minister at Berlin, where he re-established friendly relations between France and Prussia. In 1841 he became Ambassador at Madrid, and in 1847 at Naples, where he killed himself in a fit of insanity.

BRETONNEAU, Dr. Pierre (1788-1862). A celebrated French physician, who lived at Tours, his native place, where he settled, being indifferent to fame. He was one of the greatest ornaments of the French medical school, and did much good among the poor.

BROGLIE, Duc de, Achille Charles Victor (1785-1870). Member of the House of Peers, where he distinguished himself by defending Marshal Ney on the occasion of his case. He belonged to the doctrinaire party, and was several times in office under Louis-Philippe. He was a member of the Académie française, and was married to a daughter of Madame de Staël.

BROGLIE, Duchesse de (1797-1840). Albertine de Staël married the Duc Victor de Broglie in 1814. Madame de Broglie was beautiful, serious, and pious, and had the reputation of being rather severe.

BROOKE, Lord. Born in 1818. Married in 1852 Anne, daughter of the Earl of Wemyss, and succeeded his father as Earl of Warwick in 1853.

BROUGHAM, Henry, Lord (1778-1868). An English politician and man of letters, a brilliant contributor to the Edinburgh Review, and after making a great success at the Bar, entered Parliament in 1810. He was the celebrated and successful defender of Queen Caroline, who had been accused of adultery. He was made a Peer and Lord Chancellor in the Ministry of Lord Grey in 1830.

BROUGHAM, Lady. Died 1865. Mary Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas Eden, married firstly Lord Spalding. On his death she married Lord Brougham in 1819, by whom she had one daughter named Eleonora, who died of consumption at the age of seventeen. In the hope that the fine climate might cure her, Lord Brougham built a house at Cannes, and so laid the foundation of the prosperity of that resort.

BÜLOW, Henry, Baron von (1790-1846). A Prussian diplomatist. In 1827 he was appointed Prussian Minister in England, and took part in the Conference of London in 1831. Afterwards he held the portfolio of Foreign Affairs in Prussia. He married the daughter of Wilhelm von Humboldt.

BURGERSH, John, Lord (1811-1859). After the death of his father he became Earl of Westmorland. After being aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington, he adopted the career of diplomacy and was Minister at Florence, Berlin, and Vienna. He was a great musician and composed several operas.

BUTERA, Prince di; died 1841. He was an Englishman named Wilding, who married the Princesse di Butera, the representative of a great family of Palermo. By decree of the king of the Two Sicilies in 1822 he was authorised to add the title to his name. In 1835 another decree made him in his own right Prince di Radoli, a title which he bore until his death. He left no heir.

BYRON, George Gordon, Lord (1788-1824). A celebrated English poet. At the commencement of the Greek War of Independence he went to the scene of action and died at Missolonghi.

C

CALOMARDE, Francis Thadé (1775-1842). A Spanish statesman who was the life and soul of his country's policy after the restoration of Ferdinand VII. He was a member of the Ministry of Grace and Justice in 1824, and managed to preserve a preponderating influence over the king. He became the leading spirit of the reactionary party, was partly responsible for the decree whereby Ferdinand VII. abolished Salic law in Spain, and severely punished the Carlist risings. However, when the King was struck down by serious illness in 1832, and was believed to be dead, Calomarde was the first to salute Don Carlos with the title of King, and Queen Christina exiled him to his estates when she became Regent. He was on the point of being arrested when he fled to France, where he lived in retirement until his death.

CAMBRIDGE, Augusta, Duchess of, daughter of the Landgrave Frederick of Hesse-Cassel. Married in 1818 Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge, seventh son of George III. of England. He died in 1857.

CAMPAN, Madame (1752-1822). Jeanne Genet who, at fifteen years of age, became lectrice to Mesdames, daughters of Louis XV. She married M. Campan, and became first woman of the Bedchamber to Marie Antoinette. During the Revolution she retired to the Valley of Chevreuse, and founded a school for young ladies to which Madame de Beauharnais sent her daughter. Napoleon I. afterwards made Madame Campan superintendent of the school which he founded at Ecouen for the education of daughters of Members of the Legion of Honour.

CANINO, Charles Jules Laurent, Prince of Canino and Musignano (1803-1857). Son of Lucien Bonaparte. Married a daughter of Joseph Bonaparte. He was President of the Roman Constituent Assembly in 1848, was a distinguished naturalist and a corresponding member of the Institute of France.

CANIZZARO, Duchess of. An Englishwoman who married François de Plantamone, Duke of Canizzaro, who for several years was Minister of the Two Sicilies at the Court of England.

CANNING, George (1770-1827). An English statesman. He left the Bar and entered the House of Commons in 1793 as a supporter of Pitt, who made him an Under Secretary of State. Afterwards he was in Opposition, and later was Ambassador at Lisbon. He travelled on the Continent, and his association with the Parisian Liberals altered his principles. In 1822 he became Foreign Secretary, and thenceforward concerned himself with Liberal reforms. He was a generous friend of the Catholics.

CANNING, Charles John, Earl (1812-1862). An English statesman, son of George Canning. He entered the House of Commons in 1836 and took the side of the Opposition led by Sir Robert Peel. On his father's death he went to the House of Lords, and became Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. In 1846 he was appointed to the Woods and Forests, and in 1852 was made Postmaster-General. He was subsequently Governor-General of India, where for two years he had to struggle with the Mutiny.

CANNING, Lady (1817-1864). Eldest daughter of Lord Stuart of Rothesay. Married Lord Canning in 1835 and died childless.

CANOVA, Antony (1757-1822). A celebrated Italian sculptor.

CAPO D'ISTRIA, Jean Antoine, Count (1776-1831). Born at Corfu, he was educated in Italy and entered the Russian service. The Czar, Alexander I., sent him on several missions to Germany, Turkey, and Switzerland. He was a plenipotentiary on the occasion of the second Treaty of Paris in 1815. He afterwards retired to Switzerland and supported the Greeks in their revolt. He was assassinated by the sons of the Bey of the Maniotes.

CARLISLE, George William, Earl of, Viscount Morpeth (1802-1864). On his mother's side he was the grandson of the beautiful Duchess of Devonshire. He filled with distinction the position of Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland under the Liberal Administration of Lord John Russell.

CARLOTTA, The Infanta (1804-1844). Daughter of the King of the Two Sicilies and sister of Queen Marie Christina of Spain, wife of Don Francesco de Paulo, Infante of Spain.

CAROLINE, Queen (1781-1821). Daughter of the Duke of Brunswick; married in 1795 the Prince of Wales, who became Regent in 1810, and King of England in 1820 as George IV. Her husband publicly accused her of adultery, and the resulting case is famous. The inquiry only proved that her Majesty had been guilty of indiscretions.

CARRACI, Annibale (1560-1609). Considered the greatest of the painters of his family, the members of which were almost all distinguished artists.

CARREL, Armand (1800-1836). A celebrated French publicist. He was educated at Saint Cyr, and took an active part in the semi-Liberal, semi-Bonapartist conspiracies of the time of the Restoration. On the occasion of the Spanish Revolution he went in secret to fight for the Constitutionalists. He quitted the sword for the pen, and became editor in chief of the National, a newspaper founded by Messieurs Thiers and Mignet for the purpose of hastening the downfall of the Bourbons and the elevation of the House of Orleans to the throne. It was only in 1832 that the National adopted the principles of Republicanism. Carrel fought a duel with M. de Girardin, and died forty-eight hours later as the result of the wounds he received.

CASTELLANE, André, Marquis de (1758-1837). Deputy for the nobility in 1789, he joined the Tiers État, and was secretary of the Constituent Assembly. During the Terror he was thrown into prison and only escaped the guillotine owing to the death of Robespierre. In 1802 he was made Prefect of the Basses Pyrénées, and thereafter Maître des Requêtes to the Council of State. Louis XVIII. made him a Peer of France in 1815, and Lieutenant-General in the following year. He was the father of Marshal de Castellane.

CASTELLANE, Comtesse de (1796-1847). Cordelia Greffulhe married the Comte de Castellane, afterwards Marshal of France, in 1813.

CASTLEREAGH, Robert Stuart, Viscount, Marquess of Londonderry (1769-1822). He entered the House of Commons, where he supported the policy of Pitt. He was a fierce enemy of the French Revolution, and the life and soul of the coalitions against Napoleon I. While he was Secretary for War he furnished subsidies to the Powers fighting against the Emperor. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815 he sacrificed Poland, Belgium, Saxony, and Genoa. He was vehemently attacked in Parliament, and killed himself in a fit of insanity.

CASTRIES, Armand Charles Augustin de la Croix, Duc de (1756-1842). A deputy to the States General, he had taken part as a Colonel in the American War of Independence. He was an energetic defender of the Royal prerogatives, and in a duel which sprang from a political discussion he wounded Charles de Lameth in the arm. As a result of this he was obliged to retire to Germany. In 1814 he was made a General of Division and a Peer of France. He afterwards rallied to the July monarchy.

CATHERINE of Aragon (1483-1536). Daughter of Ferdinand of Aragon and of Isabella of Castille. Married successively Henry VII. and Henry VIII. of England. The latter repudiated her in order to marry Anne Boleyn, and this divorce was the origin of the English schism.

CATHERINE dei Medici (1519-1589). Queen of France, daughter of Lorenzo II. dei Medici, married Henry II. King of France, and was Regent during the minority of her second son, Charles IX. Catherine brought from Italy a taste for art. She built the palace of the Tuileries and continued the building of the Louvre.

CATHERINE Paulowna, the Grand Duchess (1788-1819). Daughter of the Czar Paul I. of Russia. Married first Prince Peter of Holstein, then William I., King of Würtemberg, by whom she had a daughter.

CAULAINCOURT, Comtesse de. Died in 1835. Blanche d'Aubusson married in 1812 Auguste Jean Gabriel de Caulaincourt, who was killed at the Battle of La Moskowa, and who was the brother of the Duc de Vincence.

CELLES, Antoine Charles, Comte de Visher de (1769-1841). A member of an illustrious family of Brabant, he was elected a member of the States General for that province. Napoleon I. made him Maître des Requêtes to the Council of State and Prefect of the Loire-Inférieure, and afterwards of the Zuyder-sée. After 1814 he became a subject of the King of the Netherlands, and was for some time a member of the provincial estates. King Leopold having sent him to France as Minister Plenipotentiary, M. de Celles became naturalised and became a Councillor of State in France in 1833. He was the brother-in-law of Marshal Gérard.

CHABANNES la Palice, Comte Alfred de (1799-1868). He was first a member of the Garde du Corps of Louis XVIII.; then Chef d'Escadron and colonel after the siege of Antwerp. He became General of Brigade and aide-de-camp to the King in 1840. He left the service in 1848, and followed the royal family into exile.

CHABANNES, Louisa de (1701-1869). A Carmelite nun: she became Superior of the Paris Convent, and after some years became Superior of that at Brussels, where she died.

CHALAIS, Princesse de, Marie Françoise de Rochechouart-Mortemart. Married, first, the Marquis de Cany, by whom she had a daughter, who became the grandmother of the Prince de Talleyrand. She married secondly Louis Charles de Talleyrand, Prince de Chalais, who died in 1757. She was lady-in-waiting to the Queen.

CHALAIS, Princesse de. Died 1834. Élolie Pauline Beauvilliers de Saint-Aignan married in 1832 Hélie-Royer de Talleyrand-Périgord, Prince de Chalais, a title borne by the eldest son of the head of this House.

CHANTELAUZE, Victor de (1787-1859). A Deputy; Charles X.'s last Garde des Sceaux. He drafted the famous decrees which caused the Revolution of July. He was arrested and sentenced to imprisonment for life. The Amnesty of 1837 set him at liberty.

CHARLEMAGNE (742-814). King of the Franks and head of the Carolingian dynasty. He succeeded his father Pepin the Short in 768. In 800 Pope Leo III. crowned him Emperor of the West.

CHARLES I., King of England (1600-1649). Son of James I.: he married Henrietta of France, daughter of Henri IV. and sister of Louis XIII. He died on the scaffold.

CHARLES IX., King of France (1550-1574). Second son of Henri II. and Catherine dei Medici. In his reign the kingdom was distracted by religious wars.

CHARLES X., King of France (1757-1836). Brother of Louis XVI. and Louis XVIII., whom he succeeded in 1824. He bore the title of Comte d'Artois until his accession. He died in exile at Goritz.