The History of Antiquity, Vol. 3 (of 6)

351

Psammetichus begins to reign in the year 664, according to the Egyptian reckoning, as will be shown below. The list of Manetho allots eight years to his father Necho. Necho, therefore, began to reign in 672 B.C., i. e. in the year in which Esarhaddon conquered Egypt. Nechepsus and Stephinates, whom Manetho places six and seven years before Necho, belong to the family of Psammetichus. Perhaps they were at the head of Isis, under Tirhaka; then Necho, the son of Nechepsus, would have made himself noticed by Esarhaddon by going over to him.

352

G. Smith, "Assurbanipal," p. 20 ff. Haigh, "Zur aeg. Sprache," 1871; s. 71 ff. The Muntimianche of Thebes may be the Month-em-ha of the inscription of the temple of Mut at Thebes, the pious foundations of which it enumerates; in a slab found in this temple he is called: "Hereditary lord, prince of Patores, prophet of Ammon." Brugsch, "Hist, of Egypt," II. 270.

353

Ménant, "Annal." p. 249.

354

Private documents on the sale of lands, slaves, on loans from the time of Esarhaddon, are in existence, belonging to the years 680, 677, 676, 674, 671. Oppert et Ménant, "Docum. jurid." Cf. G. Smith, "Disc." p. 415 ff.

355

G. Smith, "Assyr. Canon," p. 164.

356

G. Smith, "Disc." p. 320. E. Schrader, "K. A. T." s. 208. The astronomical canon makes Esarhaddon's reign in Babylon end with the year 668 B.C.

357

G. Smith, "Disc." p. 324.

358

G. Smith, "Disc." p. 322.

359

Assurbanipal, it is true, says that he has conquered Muzur and Cush (G. Smith, loc. cit. p. 324), which is certainly an exaggeration unless Upper Egypt is meant by Cush.

360

G. Smith, loc. cit. p. 328.

361

G. Smith, loc. cit. pp. 328, 329.

362

Nahum iii. 8-10.

363

The Apis-pillar from the twenty-first year of Psammetichus proves that the Egyptians put him immediately after Tirhaka. As they make the reign of Psammetichus commence with the year 664 B.C. the death of Tirhaka must fall in this year, and the war of Urdamane in the next.

364

Inhabitants of Karbit, in the land of Halahasta, were brought here; compare Cyl. B. in Ménant, "Ann." p. 291. If the king of the memorial stone of the ruins of the temple of Ammon at Napata, whose name is read with much uncertainty as Nuat-Mi (amun), or Amun-merinut, or Tonuat-amen, is not one and the same person with the Urdamane or Undamane (Unt-amen?) of Assurbanipal, it is very difficult to explain who he is. If the name of the person making dedications beside Tirhaka at Karnak is the same which the monument gives (Mariette, "Monum. divers." pl. 80, sqq.), this would be an important factor for the identification with Urdamane, which is also supported by the fact that Piker of Pasupti is prominent among the opponents of this Ethiopian: Pakruru of Pisaptu has been previously mentioned by Assurbanipal. The narrative of the memorial stone would then be the counterpart of the Assyrian account; the only striking thing in the narrative of the Ethiopian king is that the victory of Memphis is mentioned, but not the capture of the Assyrians. He ought also, it is true, to have mentioned the retreat forced upon him by the Assyrians. The narrative runs: In the year when he came to the throne Nuat-amon saw two serpents in a dream, and when he asked the interpretation of the dream, it was announced to him: "he possessed the south, he should conquer the north." He set out, and when he arrived at Thebes the prophet of the temple of Ammon-Ra met him with the astrologers, and the inhabitants who were at first hostile to him were filled with joy. But when Nuat-amon approached Memphis, the sons of the rebellion marched against him, in order to do battle: he inflicted on them a great defeat, and made himself master of the city of Memphis. From Memphis he marched out, in order to do battle with the chiefs of the land of the North, but they remained in their walls. When their cities were besieged, they appeared before Nuat-amon lying on their bellies, with their faces on the ground, and Piker the chief of Pasupti said: "Thou slayest whom thou wilt, and thou givest life to whom thou wilt, and all vow to be thy servants." The heart of Nuat-amon was full of joy when he heard these words. They turned back into their cities and sent all the good things of the North and the South to the lord of Upper and Lower Egypt. Maspero, "Essai sur la stèle du songe." Rev. Archéol. 1868, 17, 329 ff.

365

G. Smith, "Assurbanipal," p. 62, 63.

366

G. Smith, loc. cit. p. 74, 75.

367

G. Smith, loc. cit. p. 95 ff.

368

G. Smith, loc. cit. p. 115, 96, 97.

369

G. Smith, loc. cit. p. 151.

370

G. Smith, "Disc." p. 380.

371

G. Smith, "Assurb." p. 103. Ménant, "Annal." p. 282.

372

G. Smith, loc. cit. p. 107, 117.

373

Cylinder B., in G. Smith, loc. cit. p. 120 ff.

374

G. Smith, loc. cit. p. 140, 146. Ménant, "Annal." p. 286.

375

G. Smith, loc. cit. p. 133, 155, 142-145.

376

G. Smith, loc. cit. p. 171.

377

G. Smith, loc. cit. p. 154, 155, 169, 201. "Disc." p. 338.

378

Above, p. 163. It is certain that Psammetichus's reign ends in the year 610 B.C.; Boeckh, "Manetho," Zeitschr. "für Geschich.," s. 716 ff., Unger, "Manetho," s. 280. Herodotus and Manetho allot 54 years to the reign of Psammetichus, and an Apis-pillar tells us that a new Apis was installed in the month Athyr of the 54th year of the reign of Psammetichus. Necho therefore died before, or in the year 664 B.C. (610 + 54).

379

G. Smith, "Assurb." p. 66; "Disc." p. 332. In the computation of Herodotus, the accession of Gyges of Lydia takes place in 719 or 716, according as the fall of Sardis is put in 549 or 546 B.C.; his death takes place in 681 or 678 B.C. In the canon of Eusebius, on the same data, he is computed to have ascended the throne in 699 or 696, and to have reigned till 663 or 660. In the list of Lydian kings (Euseb. "Chron." I, p. 69, ed. Schöne), he ascended, on the same data, in 689 or 686, and reigned to 653 or 650 B.C. The latter dates must be accepted if Gyges sent help to Psammetichus. Samul-sum-ukin would not have found it necessary to invite the prince or princes of Miluhhi to rebellion, if Egypt had revolted from Assyria before his rebellion – Miluhhi must then be used on the cylinder in a wider sense for Egypt and Meroe – and Gyges could not send any help to Psammetichus, if he was not king himself. We are not in a position to fix accurately the date of the rebellion of Samul-sum-ukin, since the list of the Assyrian rulers breaks off with the year 665 B.C. The fact that it is the sixth war of Assurbanipal in which he marches against his brother – I enumerate the wars according to Cylinder A – only proves that the war cannot have taken place before 660 B.C. In the astronomical canon the reign of Saosduchinus ends with the year 648 B.C.; and we may therefore assume with certainty that the overthrow of Samul-sum-ukin took place in this year. How long before this Samul-sum-ukin took up arms, we do not know; he may very well have done so in the year 652 B.C. For the rebellion was not brought to a close till after a long siege of Babylon: or the rebellion may have commenced even earlier, so that Gyges could undoubtedly have sent help to Psammetichus in the last years of his reign. The cylinders, which narrate the history of the wars of Assurbanipal, date from the year of Samasdainani, who in Cylinder A is called viceroy of Accad, and on the others viceroy of Babel. We are not in a position to fix definitely the place of this year. A tablet of Erech bears the date of 20 Nisan of the twentieth year of Assurbanipal in Babel (Ménant, "Annal." p. 29 ff.). As Assurbanipal must have dated his rule in Babylon from the overthrow of Samul-sum-ukin, and Assurbanipal himself died in the year 626 B.C., Samul-sum-ukin's death must have taken place at least before 646 B.C. On the cylinders and on the reliefs in his palace at Nineveh, Assurbanipal merely calls himself king of Asshur. If in the documents relating to his buildings in Babylon as well as on the Babylonian brick already mentioned he calls himself king of Babel, it follows that these inscriptions belong to the period after the war with his brother. G. Smith, "Disc." p. 378, 380.

380

G. Smith, "Assurb." p. 199; Ménant, loc. cit. p. 288.

381

Ménant, loc. cit. p. 293; G. Smith, loc. cit. p. 165-168, 181.

382

G. Smith, "Disc." p. 349 ff. If Babylon fell in the sixth war, 648B.C., the destruction of Susa at the end of the eighth war cannot have taken place earlier than in the year 645 B.C.

383

G. Smith, "Disc." p. 371; "Assurb." p. 237, 241, 243, 304, 306; Ménant, loc. cit. p. 291.

384

Ezekiel xxxii. 24.

385

G. Smith, "Assurb." p. 299; "Assyr. Canon," p. 148.

386

G. Smith, "Disc." p. 370.

387

G. Smith, loc. cit. p. 370.

388

Joshua xix. 29.

389

Herod. 2, 157.

390

Diod. 1, 67.

391

Beginning of Cylinder C. in G. Smith, "Disc." p. 377.

392

Above, p. 108. G. Smith, "Assurb." p. 308.

393

End of Cylinder A. in G. Smith, "Disc." p. 372 ff.

394

Place, "Ninive." Pl. 57.

395

Ezek. xxi. 3-9.

396

Nahum iii. 17, 18.

397

Ezek. xxiii. 6, 12.

398

E. Schrader, "Z. D. M. G." 25, 449 ff.; G. Smith, "Assyrian Canon;" Vol. II. p. 328, and above, p. 171, note.

399

G. Smith, "Assurb." p. 252.

400

Isaiah v. 26-29.

401

Herod. 7, 63.

402

Isaiah xxxvii. 33; cf. 2 Kings xix. 32; above, p. 127.

403

Layard, "Nineveh," p. 378.

404

Vol. II. p. 4.

405

Nahum ii. 9; iii. 16.

406

G. Rawlinson, "Monarchies," 12, p. 254 ff.

407

Lyell, 'Elements of Geology,' ed. 3. p. 368.

408

Xenoph. "Anab." 3, 4, 7-9.

409

Layard, "Nineveh and its Remains," 2, 44.

410

The so-called Archive of Assurbanipal in chambers 40 and 41 on Layard's plan.

411

Lénormant, "Etudes Accadiennes," 1, 3, p. 67 ff.; E. Schrader, "Jen. Lit. Z." 4th April, 1874.

412

G. Smith, "Disc." p. 248.

413

G. Rawlinson, "Monarchies," 22, 16, 17; Layard, "Mon." Pl. 69 note, 45, 47, 48.

414

Ezekiel also supports this, xxiii. 14, 15.

415

Layard, loc. cit. p. 327, 328.

416

Layard, loc. cit. p. 304.

417

Above, p. 157, 162 ff.

418

2 Kings xxi. 3-16; xxiii. 4-14, 26; xxiv. 3. Jer. ii. 30; vii. 31; viii. 2, 19; xv. 4; xix. 4, 5.

419

2 Kings xxii. 3-20; Deut. xxxi. 9-13. The less weight will be given to the somewhat circumstantial account of the discovery given in Chronicles as compared with the Books of Kings because the details are only a development of what Hilkiah says to Zaphan.

420

Deut. iv. 32.

421

Deut. x. 14, 17.

422

Deut. x. 18.

423

Deut. v. 9.

424

Deut. iv. 15.

425

Deut. xxxi. 27.

426

Deut. xxviii. 12.

427

Deut. xxviii. 15; cf. iv. 27.

428

Deut. xxx. 1-10.

429

Deut. iv. 32-34.

430

Deut. vii. 7, 8.

431

Deut. x. 14, 15; iv. 37.

432

Deut. xxx. 11-14.

433

Deut. x. 16.

434

Deut. iv. 29.

435

Deut. xix. 9; x. 12.

436

Deut. xiii. 3; xi. 1; cf. vi. 4-6.

437

Deut. xii.; xvi. 16.

438

Deut. xv. 19, 20; iv. 22-29; xxvi. 12-15.

439

Deut. xii. 6, 11, 17; xiv. 27-29.

440

Deut. xviii. 6-8.

441

Deut. xx. 10-17.

442

Deut. vii. 1-4.

443

Deut. xvii. 2-7.

444

Deut. xiii. 1-5.

445

Deut. xiii. 6-11.

446

Deut. xiii. 12-17. Cf. Exod. xxii. 18, 20.

447

Deut. xvii. 14-20.

448

Deut. xxi. 5.

449

Deut. xvi. 8-12; xix. 17; xxv. 13.

450

Deut. xvii. 4, 6; xix. 15.

451

Deut. xix. 19.

452

Deut. xvi. 19; xxvii. 19.

453

Deut. xv.

454

Vol. II. p. 220.

455

Deut. xv. 6; xxiii. 20; xxviii. 12.

456

Deut. xv. 7-11.

457

Vol. II. p. 220.

458

Deut. xxiv. 6, 10-13, 17.

459

Deut. xii. 12; xvi. 11, 14; xv. 12-18.

460

Deut. xxiv. 15.

461

Deut. xxiv. 19-22.

462

Deut. xxvii. 19.

463

Deut. xxvii. 18. Cf. Levit. xix. 14.

464

Deut. xxii. 1-4.

465

Deut. xxi. 6.

466

Deut. xx. 19, 20.

467

Deut. xxv. 4.

468

Above, p. 31.

469

2 Kings xxiii. 4-25. 2 Chron. xxxiv.; xxxv. 1-9. Jesus, Son of Sirach, xlix. 1, 2.

470

"Iliad," 13, 5, 6. Strabo, p. 300, 302. Æsch. "Prom." 11. 1, 2, 416.

471

Herod. 1, 201; 4, 13, 27. On the confusion of the Araxes and Jaxartes in Herodotus, see vol. v.

472

Herod. 4, 21, 57, 123. Cf. Strabo, p. 496-498.

473

Herod. 4, 47-50.

474

Neumann, "Die Hellenen im Scythenlande," s. 202, 215.

475

Herod. 4, 47. Neumann, loc. cit. s. 80.

476

Herod. 4, 53.

477

Herod. 4, 18, 100, 106, 107, 125.

478

Tzetzes, "Chil." 7, 144, 163.

479

"Prom." 285, 802. Yet Æschylus appears to place the Arimaspi in the North-west, and not in the North-east.

480

Strabo, p. 311.

481

Herod. 4, 2, 61, 63.

482

Herod. 4, 114, 122.

483

Herod. 4, 75. Hippocr. "De Aere," p. 92, ed. Coray. Strabo, p. 307.

484

Neumann, loc. cit. s. 278 ff.

485

Herod. 4, 127. Herodotus represents Idanthyrsus as saying, "As my lords I acknowledge only Zeus (the sky-god), my forefather, and Hestia, the queen of the Scythians."

486

Herod. 4, 59.

487

Herod. 4, 5. The series of Scythian kings which can be collected from Herodotus is: Protothyas, about 650 B.C.; Madyras, about 630 B.C.; Saulius, about 550 B.C.; Idanthyrsus, about 500 B.C. Herod. I, 103; 4, 76. Beside this succession of kings we may place the pedigree of Anacharsis, who came to Hellas about 580 B.C., and must, therefore, have been born about 610 B.C. His father, Gnurus, was, therefore, born at the latest in 630 B.C.; his grandfather, Lycus, in 650 B.C.; and his great-grandfather, Spargapeithes, in 670 B.C.

488

Herod. 4, 78, 80.

489

Herod. 4, 69, 120.

490

Herod. 4, 69.

491

Herod. 4, 71, 78.

492

Herod. 4, 68.

493

Herod. 4, 71, 72.

494

Herod. 2, 167.

495

Cf. Curtius, 10, 1.

496

Ælian. "Nat. Anim." 2, 16; 9, 15.

497

Herod. 4, 3, 70.

498

Herod. 4, 64.

499

Herod. 4, 66.

500

Herod. 4, 64.

501

Herod. 4, 65.

502

Herod. 4, 73.

503

Herod. 6, 84; Hippocr., "De Morb.," 4, 13. "De Leg." p. 637.

504

Herod. 4, 110. Diod. 2, 46.

505

Herod. 4, 5.

506

Herod. 4, 27.

507

Herod. 4, 110.

508

Müllenhoff, "Monatsber. B.A." 1866, s. 555 ff, 576.

509

Zamyad Yascht, 56 ff.

510

Müllenhoff, loc. cit. s. 588.

511

Diod. 2, 43; Plin. "Hist. Nat." 6, 19.

512

Müllenhoff, loc. cit. s. 562.

513

Müllenhoff, loc. cit. s. 567.

514

Nicol. Dam. Frag. 9, ed. Müller. Athenæus, p. 529. Diod. 2, 24.

515

Athenæus, p. 528.

516

Diod. 2, 24-27.

517

Athenæus, p. 529.

518

Diod. 2, 28.

519

Diod. 2, 32-34.

520

Herod. 1, 95, 96.

521

Herod. 4, 1-4.

522

Herod. 1, 73, 74.

523

Herod. 1, 130.

524

Or, as in Ctesias the victory of Cyrus over Astyages is placed in 564 B.C. – even in the year 883 B.C. Cf. Vol. II., p. 26.

525

Aristoph. Aves, 102.

526

Hellan. Frag. 158. Callisth. Frag. 32, ed. Müller.

527

Movers, "Relig. der Phœniker," s. 154. 394, 465, 496, 612. The pyre which Alexander caused to be erected in Babylon to Hephæstion, after the Semitic pattern, was four stades in circuit and 200 feet in height. Diod. 17, 115.

528

Aristob. Frag. 6, ed. Müller. Cf. above, p. 145, 146.

529

e. g. Diod. 2, 24; Amyntas in Athenæus, p. 529.

530

If we assume that the 28 years of the Scythian dominion have already been deducted from the 128 years, and must therefore be added to them, 714 B.C. (= 558 + 156) is the beginning of the Median dominion. In the other case this must have commenced in the year 658 (558 + 100) B.C. Since Herodotus represents Phraortes as first conquering Asia, and represents him as ascending the throne in 655 B.C., the duration of the Median empire is not even 100, but only 79 years. We shall soon see that it was even shorter.

531

Deioces reigned 53 years, Phraortes 22, Cyaxares 40, Astyages 35. Each pair of rulers makes up a total of 75 years.

532

Zeph. i. 1.

533

Jerem. i. 1; xxv. 3.

534

Jerem. iv. 6.

535

Jerem. vi. 1.

536

2 Maccab. xii. 29. Strabo, p. 763; Joseph. "Antiq." 5, 1, 22, etc. Pliny, "Hist. Nat." 5, 16; Steph. Byzant. Σκυθόπολις.

537

Justin, 1, 2-5.

538

Syncell. "Chron." p. 405, ed. Bonn.

539

Herod. 1, 6, 15, 16.

540

Hippocr. "De aero," c. 22.

541

"Ethic. Nicom." 7, 7 (8).

542

Vol. V., chap. 3.

543

Above, p. 164.

544

Nahum iii. 8.

545

Nahum ii. 13, 14; iii. 1-5, 12-15.

546

Nahum i. 8, 14; iii. 7-12; iii. 7, 13.

547

Zeph. ii. 13-15.

548

In Polyhistor Sardanapalus reigns over the Chaldæans for 21 years after Samuges.

549

In Athenæus, p. 553.

550

Euseb. "Chron." 1, p. 37, ed. Schöne. Kiepert, "Monatsb. B. A.," 1873, s. 191.

551

Syncell. "Chron." p. 210, ed. Bonn.

552

Asdahag is the Armenian form in the Armenian Eusebius.

553

As we have the choice between the two eclipses of 610 and 584 B.C. the preference must be given to that of 610 B.C. Where the battle was fought between the Medes and Lydians we do not know; but we do know that in the year 584 B.C. Cyaxares and Nabopolassar were no longer alive. If we replace these names by Astyages and Nebuchadnezzar – although the children of the princes who conclude peace and alliance are expressly named as the parties contracting in marriage – and Astyages had no son, Nineveh had fallen long before 584B.C., and Babylonia would not have had the least interest in bringing about a peace between Lydia and Media. On the contrary, Nebuchadnezzar, who had erected such enormous fortifications against Media, in order to secure his own weaker kingdom against any attacks of the Median power, would only have been too glad to keep Media engaged in the West by the continuance of the Lydian war. Yet that it was a question of the rescue of Lydia in the interest of Babylonia cannot be supported in the face of the assertion of Herodotus, that the fortune of arms was equal. As the dates given by Herodotus for the reigns of the Lydian kings have to be replaced by those of Eusebius (below, Chapter 17), the dating of the beginning of the war at the year 615 B.C. would allow the first three years to fall in the reign of Sadyattes; but in this there is no difficulty.

554

E. Schrader, "K. A. T.," s. 233.

555

G. Smith, "Disc.," p. 344.

556

G. Smith, loc. cit. p. 382.

557

G. Smith, loc. cit. p. 382.

558

Sayce, "Babylon. Litterature," p. 79, seqq.

559

"Anab." 3, 4, 7-9.

560

Euseb. "Chron." I., p. 37, ed. Schöne.

561

Syncell, "Chron." p. 396, ed. Bonn.

562

Strabo, p. 737.

563

Ezek. xxxi. 11-16; xxxii. 22, 23.

564

Herod. 2, 137 ff; 147 ff.

565

Diod. I, 65, 66.

566

Manetho's list would put the death of Nechepsus in 672 B.C.

567

Above, p. 171 n., where the grounds for this date are given. According to the statement of Diodorus, the anarchy after the Ethiopians lasted two years, the Dodecarchy 15 years. If Esarhaddon conquered Egypt in 672 B.C., 17 years bring us to the year 655 B.C. as the beginning of the defection from Assyria.