The History of Antiquity, Vol. 6 (of 6)

353

Herod. 5, 14; 8, 98; Xenoph. "Cyri Instit." 8, 6, 17. Suidas and Hesychius Ἀστάνδης, Ἄγγαρος. Plut. "Artax." 25; "Alex." 18. Xenophon ascribes even this arrangement to Cyrus, but it could only be made effectual by a network of first-rate roads.

354

Herod. 3, 128; Ezra i. 23; vi. 2; Esther iii. 9, 12-15; Arrian, "Anab." 3, 11.

355

In Layard; cf. Brandis, "Münzwesen in Vorderasien," s. 231.

356

Herod. 5, 35, 49-52. 7, 239.

357

Xenoph. "Cyri Instit." 8, 6, 16.

358

Xenoph. "Oecon." 4, 8-12.

359

Herod. 1, 114; Aesch. "Pers." 980; Plut. "Artax." 12. Suidas and Hesych. ὀφθαλμός; Xenoph. "Cyri Instit." 8, 6, 16; 8, 2, 11.

360

Xenoph. "Cyri Instit." 8, 2, 10; Brisson, "De Reg. Pers." 1, 190.

361

Herod. 5, 35, 49-52; 7, 239; Brisson, loc. cit. 1, 180.

362

Herod. 3, 129; 4, 166; Plut. "Artax." 23.

363

Above, p. 247, 248.

364

Herod. 4, 84; 7, 194.

365

Xenoph. "Anab." 1, 9; Brisson, "de Reg. Pers." 2, 227 ff.

366

Xenoph. "Anab." 1, 6; Plut. "Artax." 29; Curtius, 3, 2, 16-19; Diod. 17, 30.

367

Plut. "Artax." 14, 16, 17, 19; Xenoph. "Anab." 2, 6.

368

In his "Metrological Studies" Böckh fixed the ratio of the Euboean to the Babylonian talent as 5:6. Since that time the discovery of numerous gold and silver Persian coins and of weights at Babylon and Nineveh, and the lion of Abydus with its Aramaean stamp, have provided the means for fixing the gold talent of Darius at 25,245 kilogrammes, and his silver talent (the Babylonian talent) at 33,660 kilogrammes; Brandis, "Münzwesen," s. 54, 63, 64, 69. Hence Brandis takes Mommsen's view, that in Herod. 3, 89, 95, we must read 78 instead of 70 Euboean talents; the Euboean talent in Attica was a little heavier than the light Babylonian talent (the gold talent of Darius), and in the calculation 7600 Babylonian talents must be made equal to 9880 Euboean talents, which enables us to preserve the total sum given by Herodotus – 14,560 talents.

369

Brandis, "Münzwesen," s. 225, 231, 239, 241.

370

Herod. 3, 96; Strabo, p. 735.

371

Herod. 3, 89; Xenoph. "Hellen." 3, 4, 25.

372

Herod. 6, 42.

373

Herod. 1, 192; Böckh, "Staatshaush." 12, 130.

374

Herod. 3, 117; 2, 149.

375

Herod. 1, 192.

376

Strabo, p. 525.

377

Xenoph. "Anab." 4, 5, 34 ff.

378

Herod. 3, 91; Böckh, "Staatshaush." 12, 135.

379

Xenoph. "Cyri Inst." 8, 6, 23; Athenaeus, p. 145, 146.

380

Strabo, p. 735.

381

In Athenaeus, p. 145.

382

Loc. cit. in Athenaeus.

383

Herod. 7, 118; Plut. "Artax." c. 4, 5.

384

In Athenaeus, p. 146.

385

Herod. 1, 192.

386

Herod. 9, 109; Xenoph. "Anab." 1, 4, 9; 2, 4, 27; Plato, "Alcib. I." p. 123; Cic. "In Verrem," 3, 33.

387

Xenoph. "Cyri Inst." 8, 6, 5.

388

Xenoph. "Hellen." 3, 1, 6; "Anab." 2, 1, 3; 7, 8, 8; Thucyd. 1, 138; Plutarch, "Themist." 29 ff. That Themistocles was prince of Magnesia is the less doubtful because a silver stater of this city, 8,56 grammes in weight, with the square, and the name of Themistocles, is in existence: Mommsen. "Rom. Münzwesen," s. 65; Brandis, "Münzwesen in Vorderasien," s. 459, proves a second coin of Themistocles, 5.85 grammes in weight.

389

Droysen, "Hellenismus," 2, 44; Diod. 17, 52; Strabo, p. 798.

390

Nöldeke, "Tabari," s. 364 ff.

391

"Oecon." 4, 11, ff.

392

Xenoph. "Hellen." 4, 1, 33.

393

Plut. "Alcib." 24.

394

"Oecon." 4, 20-24; Aelian, "Hist. Anim." 1, 59.

395

Herod. 4, 39.

396

Herod. 4, 41.

397

Herod. 2, 158.

398

Herod. 4, 44. On the monuments of Darius, see Lepsius, "Chronol." s. 354, and "Monatsberichte B. A." 1866, s. 288; Oppert, "Mémoires prs. à l'Acad. des Inscrip." 1, 8 (1869), p. 646 ff. In opposition to the definite and detailed assertion of Herodotus, given in the text, the assertion in Strabo (p. 804) and Diodorus (1, 33) that Darius nearly finished the canal but did not quite finish it, cannot be accepted. Herodotus was in Egypt not much more than 30 years after the death of Darius (about 450 B.C.). Diodorus and Strabo accept the tradition of the times of the Ptolemies, which sought to claim for them the glory of completing the work, though they did no more than reopen the canal which had become silted up. To support this tradition Oppert has supplemented the decisive word of which no more than the syllable ta remains, according to his transcription, in such a way that the meaning extracted is that Darius filled up his own canal. I do not see why this ta should not be a part of uçtaka, i. e. to excavate, as well as of vikata, i. e. to make level. We cannot assume without further evidence that Darius set up a monument over the failure of his undertaking or its destruction. The Turanian version, which Oppert has since published ("Peuple des Mèdes," p. 214) does not help us to a decision, for it is only preserved as far as the place in question.

399

Xenoph. "Cyri Inst." 7, 5, 66.

400

Xenoph. "Cyri Inst." 8, 8, 20-22.

401

Herod. 3, 127; 5, 102; Xenoph. "Anab." 1, 2; Diod. 11, 34; Arrian, "Anab." 1, 29.

402

Herod. 2, 30.

403

Xenoph. "Oecon." 4, 5.

404

Xenoph. "Cyri Inst." 6, 2, 11.

405

"Oecon." 4, 5.

406

Herod. 7, 40, 41, 83; 8, 113; Heraclid. Cuman. fragm. 1, ed. Müller; Xenoph. "Cyri Inst." 7, 5, 68.

407

Curtius, 3, 3, 13; Xenoph. loc. cit.

408

It is true that the population between the Euphrates and the Indus is now rated at 18,000,000 only. Kenneir, "Geograph. Memoir of Persia," p. 44-47. But the numbers of the prisoners and the slain in the inscriptions of Behistun allow us to conclude that the population of Iran was far greater. Under the Ptolemies Egypt, consisting of about 30,000 communities, counted 7,000,000 inhabitants; Diod. 1, 31. That Asia Minor was not less populous is proved, for certain districts, by the statements of Xenophon; the budget of Darius, the numbers of his army, and more especially of the army of Xerxes, the mass of troops which the younger Cyrus collects in Asia Minor and Artaxerxes in the Eastern provinces, are evidence of a tolerably dense population.

409

"Pers.," 239, 926.

410

Herod. 7, 61.

411

Herod. 7, 85; 8, 113; Xenoph. "Anab." 1, 8, 7; "Cyri Inst." 8, 8, 22; Arrian, "Anab." 3, 13.

412

Herod. 5, 49; 9, 62; Strabo, p. 734.

413

Herod. 9, 20, 22, 63, 80; Plut. "Artax." 9; Aeschyl. "Pers." 26-28.

414

Herod. 1, 134; Polyaen. "Strat." 7, 11. According to Herodotus the Sacae were in the centre at Marathon. Mardonius retains them in Thessaly with the Bactrians and Indians: Herod. 8, 113; 9, 31. In the battle at Arbela they were among the bravest: Arrian, "Anab." 3, 13.

415

Herod. 7, 64 ff.

416

Herod. 7, 82, 83; Xenoph. "Cyri Inst." 8, 1, 14.

417

Herod. 7, 81.

418

Herod. 7, 96.

419

Herod. 7, 100; Xenoph. "Cyri Inst." 8, 5, 1-16.

420

Herod. 9, 15.

421

Xenoph. "Anab." 3, 4, 35.

422

Curtius, 3, 3, 8.

423

Brisson, loc. cit. 3, c. 89.

424

Curtius, 3, 3, 14, 15; Xenoph. "Anab." 1, 9, 31.

425

Xenoph. "Anab." 1, 8; Arrian, "Anab." 3, 11.

426

Artaxerxes is on horseback in the battle of Cunaxa; Plutarch, "Artax." 10, 11, but the general custom is given in c. 6.

427

Xenoph. "Anab." 1, 10, 12. Vol. V. 172.

428

Xenoph. "Anab." 1, 8.

429

Herod. 7, 218, 226; Xenoph. "Cyri Inst." 8, 8, 22, 23.

430

Herod. 9, 20, 23, 49.

431

Above, p. 303. Herod. 1, 162, 168; 4, 200; 5, 115; Polyaen. "Strateg." 7, 2, 5.

432

The name in Hebrew is Shushan, among the Assyrians, Shusan, hodie, Shush.

433

Loftus, "Travels in Susiana," p. 425 ff. Nöldeke ("Göttingen G. G." 1874, s. 173 ff.) has treated exhaustively of the various names of ancient Elam, as Susiana is invariably called among the Assyrians, Babylonians, and Hebrews. He proves that the name Κισσίη which is in use among the older Greeks, Aeschylus, Hecataeus, and Herodotus, must be derived from the Kossaeans, a tribe who inhabited the northern and higher part of Susiana, and the mountainous edge towards Iran. Of later writers Polybius only uses the name Cissians, who also uses the name Matieni in the sense of Herodotus. Uwaya, the name common among the Persians for Susiana, is taken from the Uxians, who were the eastern neighbours of Persia, i. e. the tribe in Susiana which dwelt nearest to Persia; it is retained in the new Persian Chuz and Chusistan. Among the Greeks the name Elymaeans is first used by the companions of Alexander as the name for a tribe, and then in the second century B.C. as the name of a new kingdom which restored the ancient Elam. Yet to this tribe which inhabited the plain and the hills of Susa and Shuster was due the foundation and government of the kingdom which once ruled in the valley of the Euphrates, which so long resisted the Assyrians, but was entirely unknown to the Greeks. The rivers of Susiana are difficult to fix, as both Persian and native names are indifferently used. The name Choaspes, which contains açpa, is plainly Persian; it is no doubt the Kerkha. On the Eulaeus, Koprates, and Pasitigris, see Droysen, "Hellenismus," 12, 266 n.

434

Aesch. "Pers." 16, 120; Athen. p. 513; Strabo, p. 728, 731, 739; Diod. 17, 65.

435

Polyb. 5, 48.

436

Plin. "Hist. Nat." 6, 31; Daniel viii. 2, 16.

437

"Pers." 3, 4, 159, 160.

438

Ael. "Hist. An." 1, 59.

439

Ménant, "Achaemenides," p. 140, 141; Oppert, "Peuple des Mèdes," p. 229.

440

Curtius, 5, 4.

441

Diod. 17, 71.

442

Oppert, "Peuple des Mèdes," 196.

443

Oppert, loc. cit. 19, 148; Spiegel, "Keilinschriften," s. 49; Schrader, "Assyr. Babyl. Keilinschriften," s. 363.

444

Texier, "Description," pl. 100.

445

Impressions of seals which have been discovered in the palace of Sennacherib at Kuyundshik, represent the king of Assyria in precisely the same position. – Layard, "Nineveh and Babylon," p. 154, 161.

446

Esther i. 6, 7.

447

Inscriptions H. and J. Oppert, "Journal Asiatique," 19, 141; Spiegel, "Keilinschriften," s. 49. Oppert now translates aniya not by "enemy" but literally by "the other;" by which Angromainyu would be meant: "Peuple des Mèdes," p. 199.

448

Viçadahyaus; Spiegel, loc. cit. s. 57; Benfey, "Keilinschriften," s. 63-65; Schrader, loc. cit. s. 364.

449

Above, p. 272 n.

450

Oppert. "Z. D. M. G." 11, 133 ff.; Mordtmann, loc. cit. 16, 109 ff.; Spiegel, "Keilinschriften," s. 52; Schrader, loc. cit. s. 361.

451

Above, p. 272 n., 307.

452

So the Babylonian text.

453

It is merely a guess that saraçtibara means bow-bearer; Spiegel, "Keilinschriften," s. 106. Oppert translates: bearer of the commands of the king; "Peuple des Mèdes," p. 213.

454

Strabo, p. 728, 735.

455

"Anab." 3, 5, 15.

456

Nöldeke, "Tabari," s. 353. Xenophon's statements about the residences in the "Anabasis" (loc. cit.) cannot be outweighed by the systematized arrangement in the "Cyropaedia" that Cyrus spent three months at Susa, two at Ecbatana, and seven months at Babylon, which Plutarch ("De Exilio," c. 12) repeats in the form, that the Persian kings passed the spring at Susa, the summer in Media, and the winter in Babylon. With Aeschylus and Herodotus Susa is a fixed residence, and so also in the treatise "De Mundo," p. 398, and the Hebrews, e. g. Nehemiah i. 1. Joseph. "Antiq." 10, 11, 7. Athenaeus, p. 513, thinks that Persepolis was the residence for the autumn. In the winter of the year 396-395 Conon finds Artaxerxes II. at Babylon; the same king says in Plutarch ("Artax." c. 19) to Parysatis, that he will never see Babylon as long as she lives.

457

Plut. "Artax." c. 5.

458

Diod. 17, 77.

459

Aeschyl. "Pers." 660.

460

Plut. "Artax." c. 26.

461

Diod. 17, 77; Xenoph. "Cyri Inst." 8, 3, 13.

462

Plutarch ("Artax." c. 24) maintains, it is true, that this is the value of the garments which the king habitually wore. Arrian treats of this subject, "Anab." 4, 7, and Curtius, 3, 3, 17-19; 6, 6, 4. With respect to the royal colours, cf. Esther i. 6.

463

Phan. Eres. Fragm. 9, ed. Müller; Plut. "Artax." c. 20, 23; Strabo, p. 525.

464

Esther iv. 11. Cf. Herod. 3, 118, 119.

465

Heracl. Cum. fragm. 1, ed. Müller; Esther v. 4.

466

Herod. 1, 134; Strabo, p. 734.

467

Arrian, "Anab." 4, 11.

468

Xenoph. "Hellen." 2, 1; 8.

469

Herod. 7, 54; Xenoph. "Cyri Inst." 8, 1, 23, 24, with the addition that this was the custom in his day. Plut. "Ad princ. ineruditum," 3.

470

Plutarch, "Artax." c. 5; "Conjug. praecepta," c. 16; "Quaest. Conviv." 1, 3, 1.

471

Heracl. Cum. fragm. 2; Xenoph. "Hellen." 4, 1, 30.

472

"Cyri Inst." 8, 4, 2, 3.

473

Suidas, Ἐδέατρος.

474

"Cyri Inst." 5, 2, 17.

475

Plut. "Quaest. Conviv." 7, 4, 5.

476

Athenaeus, p. 145. Above, p. 352.

477

Plut. "Quaest. Conviv." 1, 1, 1; "Conjug. praecepta," 16.

478

Heracl. Cum. fragm. 2; Diod. 17, 77.

479

Ctesias and Darius, in Athenaeus, p. 434.

480

Herod. 9, 110, 111; Esther ii. 18.

481

"Alcib. I." p. 121.

482

Heracl. Cum. fragm. 1, ed. Müller.

483

Xenoph. "Anab." 4, 4, 4.

484

Herod. 7, 54; Curtius, 5, 1, 20.

485

Herod. 7, 40, 41; 54, 55; Xenoph. "Cyri Inst." 8, 3, 5-10; Curtius, 3, 3, 21.

486

Herod. 7, 2, 97; 8, 89. Herodotus (7, 68) calls Arsamenes the son of Darius, and (7, 69) Arsames the son of Darius and Artystone. Artabazanes is called by Justin (2, 10) Artamenes.

487

Herod. 7, 224; Justin, 2, 10.

488

Diod. 17, 77; Athenaeus, p. 557.

489

Esther ii. 7-17; v. 2; viii. 4.

490

Deinon in Athenaeus, p. 557.

491

Heracl. Cum. fragm. 1, ed. Müller; Plut. "Artax." c. 27.

492

Plut. "Artax." 5.

493

Xenoph. "Cyri Inst." 7, 5, 58.

494

Xenoph. "Cyri Inst." 8, 1, 9; 8, 8, 20; Plut. "Artax." c. 19; Nicol. Damasc. fragm. 66, ed. Müller. On the physicians, above, p. 134, 313.

495

Herod. (1, 188) ascribes this custom to Cyrus, though the reference to Susa which he adds shows that it can only have come into existence after Susa became a residence.

496

Demosth. "Symmor." p. 185.

497

Athenaeus, p. 608.

498

Plut. "Artax." c. 13; Xenoph. "Cyri Inst." 8, 1, 40; "Anab." 1, 5, 8; Strabo, p. 734.

499

Xenoph. "Cyri Inst." 8, 8, 17.

500

Aeschyl. "Pers." 543; Xenophon, "Cyri Inst." 8, 8, 16.

501

Herod. 1, 133; Heracleides of Cyme (Fragm. 2, ed. Müller) contests the excess of the king at table as well as of the officers and generals. Cf. Xenoph. "Cyri Inst." 5, 2, 17; 8, 8, 10; Strabo, p. 733, 734.

502

Herod. 1, 135.

503

Herod. 7, 83, 187; 9, 76, 80, 81, 82; Xenoph. "Anab." 4, 4.

504

Xenoph. "Cyri Inst." 8, 8, 8 ff.

505

Xenoph. "Cyri Inst." 8, 8, 15; Heracl. Pont. ap. Athenaeum, p. 512.

506

Plut. "Artax." 24, 25; Xenoph. "Anab." 1, 5; "Cyri Inst." 8, 8, 2; Thuc. 2, 17.

507

Diod. 17, 114. Cf. Curtius, 3, 3, 9.

508

Plut. "Artax." 3.

509

Vol. V. 32, 37. "Aban Yasht," 22, 25, 46, 50.