The History of Antiquity, Vol. 6 (of 6)

85

1 Chron. iii. 17-19.

86

Ezra ii. 36-39.

87

Ezra ch. ii. As Babylon was conquered in the summer of 538, the first year of Cyrus in Babylon reaches to the summer of 537; Ezra i. 1, 3; Beros. fragm. 15, ed. Müller.

88

Deut. Isa. xlviii. 20.

89

Deut. Isa. lii. 7.

90

Deut. Isa. lii. 11.

91

Deut. Isa. lv. 12.

92

Deut. Isa. xlviii. 21.

93

Deut. Isa. li. 11.

94

Deut. Isa. liv. 6-10.

95

Deut. Isa. xlix. 19; lviii. 12.

96

Deut. Isa. liv. 11.

97

Deut. Isa. lx. 5.

98

Deut. Isa. lxvi. 12.

99

Deut. Isa. xlix. 17.

100

Deut. Isa. lx. 4-9.

101

Deut. Isa. liv. 2.

102

Deut. Isa. xlix. 22, 23.

103

Ewald, "Volk. Israel." 3, 91.

104

Ezra ii. 59-63.

105

Ezra iii. 8-13.

106

Ps. cxxix. – cxxxii.

107

Ezra iv. 1-5, 24. It is obvious that verse 24 must follow on verse 5 in chap. iv. The verses 6-23 treat of things which happened under Xerxes and Artaxerxes, and they have got into the wrong place.

108

Behist. 1, 6.

109

Arrian. "Ind." 1, 1.

110

Plin. "H. N." 6, 25; Ptolem. 6, 18.

111

Script. Alex. Magni; fragm. 23, ed. Müller.

112

Diod. 17, 81.

113

Strabo, p. 724; Arrian, "Anab." 3, 27, 4; 4, 4, 6.

114

Curtius, 7, 3, 1.

115

In Strabo, p. 686.

116

Arrian, "Anab." 4, 5.

117

Xenoph. "Cyri inst." 6, 6, 9; 8, 8, 20.

118

E. g. Ctes. "Pers." 43.

119

Herod. 3, 31; Xenoph. "Anab." 1, 6, 4; Esther i. 14.

120

Herod. 5, 25; 7, 194.

121

Herod. 1, 134.

122

Herod. 3, 154; 8, 85.

123

"Cyri inst." 8, 8, 1; 8, 2, 7.

124

Herod. 3, 75, 86, 160.

125

[125] "Persae," 768-770. "Transact. Bibl. Arch." 2, 148.

126

"Cyri inst." 8, 6, 9; 8, 8, 22, 23.

127

Plin. "H. N." 33, 15.

128

Arrian, "Anab." 3, 16; Curtius, 5, 2, 11; 6, 9, 6, 10; Diod. 17, 66, 71; Strabo, p. 731.

129

Diod. "Exc. vat." p. 33, 2, 44; Justin, 1, 8; 2, 3; 37, 3.

130

Arrian, "Anab." 5, 4. A similar story is in Frontin. "Strateg." 2, 5, 5.

131

Polyaen. "Strateg." 8, 28.

132

Çparheghapaeça, from çpareg, to shoot, spring, and paeça, piça, shape: Müllenhoff, "Monatsberichte Berl. Akad." 1866, s. 567.

133

Strabo, p. 514, 520; Plin. "H. N." 6, 16; Ptolem. 4, 20; Curtius, 3, 2; Diod. 2, 2; Steph. Byz. Δερβίκκαι.

134

Ctes. "Pers." 6-9.

135

"Cyri inst." 8, 7.

136

Ctes. "Pers." 7; Arrian, "Anab." 6, 28; Strabo, p. 730; Plin. "H. N." 6, 29; Plut. "Alex." 69. Curtius (10, 1) asserts after Cleitarchus, that when Alexander visited the tomb of Cyrus on his return from India, he only found the shield of Cyrus, then rotten, two Scythian bows, and a sword in the sepulchre.

137

In the wings, the clothing, and the peculiar head-dress this portrait (Tenier, "Descript." pl. 84) differs essentially from the representation of Darius and his successors at Persepolis and Naksh-i-Rustem. It is not Cyrus but his Fravashi which is here represented. The building at Murghab is somewhat like the description of the tomb of Cyrus given in the text, but the site will not allow us to regard it as the tomb at Pasargadae. It must be a building which one of his successors has dedicated to the memory of the great king. The profile in the relief confirms to some degree Plutarch's statement that Cyrus had an aquiline nose, and the Persians therefore considered beaked noses the most becoming: "Praec. ger. reip." c. 30. The nose of Darius, as we see it in the monuments, appears straighter and longer.

138

The Babylonian tablets give dates from the first to the ninth year inclusive of "Kuras, king of Babylon," which entirely agree with the dates of the canon of Ptolemy, i. e. with the capture of Babylon by Cyrus 538 B.C., and the death of Cyrus in 529 B.C. On another tablet, No. 877, Br. Mus., we find the "year eleven of Cambyses king of Babylon" (E. Schrader, "Z. Aegypt. Sprach." 1878, s. 40 ff.). It is a fact established by the canon of Ptolemy as well as by Herodotus that Cambyses did not sit on the throne for eight whole years. Tablet 906 explains this eleventh year; it runs as follows: "Babylon month Kislev, day 25, year 1 of Cambyses king of Babylon, at that time Cyrus king of the lands." Hence in Babylon dates were sometimes fixed by the years of Cyrus king of Babylon, and sometimes by the years of the viceroy. If the "year eleven" of Cambyses in Babylon was the year of Cambyses' death, Cyrus must have handed over the government of Babylonia to him in the year 532 B.C., i. e. three years before his own death. This view, which has been developed by E. Schrader, I feel able to adopt against the opinion of T. G. Pinches, who wrongly assumes an abdication of Cyrus. That years were not dated from Cambyses after his death is proved by seventeen other tablets, which do not go beyond the eighth year of his reign, and two others of the 20 Elul and 1 Tisri from the first year of Barziya, i. e. of the Pseudo-Smerdis.

139

Herod. 2, 182; Diod. 1, 68.

140

Herod. 3, 1.

141

Herodotus writes Kadytis after the Egyptian name Kazatu. Vol. I. 132.

142

Herod. 2, 1; 3, 44.

143

Bekker reads 7000.

144

Ctesias, "Pers." 9; Athenaeus, p. 560.

145

Strabo, p. 758.

146

In Herod. (3, 19) the voluntary submission of the Cyprians stands in direct connection with their participation in the campaign against Egypt; hence it cannot be placed earlier. If Xenophon ("Inst. Cyri," 1, 1) represents the Cyprians as already subjugated by Cyrus, he maintains the same of Egypt also. On the other hand, the statement of Xenophon that the Cyprians retained their native kings owing to their voluntary submission is amply confirmed by later events ("Inst. 2 Cyri." 7, 4, 2; 8, 6, 8).

147

Herod. 3, 44.

148

According to Lepsius, Amasis died in January 525, and hence Memphis fell in July of this year: "Monatsberichte Berl. Akademie," 1854. The Psammenitus of Herodotus is called Psammecherites in Manetho; and Psamtik on the monuments. Rosell. "Monum. storici." 2, 153; 4, 105.

149

Diod. "Exc. de virtute," p. 557; Polyaen. "Strateg." 7, 9. In regard to the campaign we may compare the march of Pharnabazus and Iphicrates against Nectanebos in the year 374 B.C., in Diod. 15, 41-43. Aristot. "Rhet." 2, 8, 12.

150

Herod. 2, 181. De Rougé, "Revue Archeol," 8, 3; Brugsch, "Hist. of Egypt," 2, 294.

151

Aristot. "Rhet." 2, 8, 12.

152

Herod. 2, 181.

153

Herod. 3, 37.

154

Herod. 3, 13.

155

Diod. "Exc. de legat." p. 619 = 10, 14.

156

Herod. 7, 69. Cf. Strabo, p. 802.

157

Herod. 3, 30.

158

Herod. 3, 17-26; Diod. 3, 1.

159

Vol. III. 63 ff. 159.

160

The name Miluhhi is nevertheless used so often in the inscription of the kings, and in such close connection with Egypt, that the kingdom of Napata may merely be meant. Assurbanipal tells us that his brother seduced into rebellion "the princes of Miluhhi whom he subjugated." Vol. III. 170.

161

Herod. 2, 29; Strabo, p. 786. Herodotus' statements, like those of the later authorities from Eratosthenes to Strabo and Pliny, have the second, more southern, Meroe in view, the ruins of which were found at Begerauieh, above the mouth of the Atbara, some 150 miles as the crow flies to the south of Napata. They describe this Meroe as situated on an island, because the Atbara was regarded as an arm of the Nile. The ruins at Begerauieh are less important and artistic than those of Napata, the hieroglyphics are of another kind. As the Persians maintained their hold on Napata, a new metropolis of the Ethiopian kingdom obviously grew up at this place after the times of Cambyses and Darius, which adopted the name and civilization of the old.

162

Strabo, p. 790; Diod. 1, 33.

163

"Antiq." 2, 10.

164

"Hymn." 26, 9.

165

"Hymn." 2, 146.

166

"Hymn." 7, 69.

167

"Hymn." 3, 97.

168

Diod. 3, 26, 33; Strabo, p. 772.

169

Plin. "H. N." 6, 35; Strabo, p. 822.

170

Herod. 2, 42.

171

Parthey, "Die Oase des Jupiter Ammon, Abh. Berl. Akad." 1862, s. 159 ff.

172

Belzoni, "Narrative," p. 398.

173

Ritter, "Erdkunde," 2, 1, 397.

174

Lepsius, "Trinuthis, Z. Aegypt. Sprache," 1874, s. 76 ff.

175

Herod. 3, 27-30.

176

Herod. 3, 37.

177

Vol. I. 175. Diod. 1, 49.

178

Justin. 1, 8.

179

The reading "year 4" in the first is confirmed by "year 5" in the second inscription. Lepsius ("Monatsberichte Berl. Akad." 1854, s. 224, 495) has examined the difficulties which arise regarding the time of Cambyses' campaign against Egypt, from the contradiction between these dates and the statements of the Greeks.

180

The inscriptions also give the name Cambyses in the form Kambuza.

181

Lepsius, "Z. Aegypt. Spr." 1874, s. 76.

182

De Rougé, "Revue Archéol." 8, 37 ff.; Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypt," p. 267, 269. In the "History of Egypt," Brugsch reads Uzahorenpiris for Uzahorsun.

183

Stephen. Byz. Ἀγβάτανα Βάτανα Ἄμαθα. Cf. V. 307, and von Gutschmid, "N. Beitrage," s. 96.

184

Herod. 3, 3, 33.

185

"Excerpt. de virt." p. 557 = 10, 13.

186

Plato, "Legg." p. 691, 694, 695.

187

Herod. 3, 73.

188

Justin. 1, 9.

189

So Oppert according to the Persian inscription in "Journal Asiatique," 4, 17, 385, 386; and according to the second series, "Records of the Past," 7, 90.

190

Barziya in the Babylonian text. Smerdis, the favourite of Polycrates (Anacreon, fragm. 4, ed. Bergk), was no doubt named after the brother of Cambyses.

191

Sachau, "Albiruni," p. 205; Nöldeke, "Tabari," s. 91, 271.

192

Elul and Tisri fall in September and October. The last year of Cambyses is 522 B.C. According to Herodotus, Cambyses reigned seven years and five months, and the Magian more than seven months; the two make up eight years. The number of the Persian days of the month are repeated in the Babylonian version of the Behistun inscription. Hence the Persians adopted the year of the Assyrians and Babylonians as well as their cuneiform writing, but they had independent names for the months. Unfortunately the names of the months in the Babylonian text are more frequently destroyed than not, so that we can only be certain in giving Kislev (November-December) as corresponding to the Athriadiya of the Persians, Tebet (December-January) to Anamaka, Iyar (May-June) to Taigarshis. Oppert maintains that we can also identify the Babylonian Adar or Veadar (Febr. – March) with the Viyakhna of the Persians; but the text is uncertain in this passage. Finally, we may with tolerable certainty regard Garmapada (i. e. the path of heat) as corresponding to July and August, to the Tammuz or Ab of the Babylonians. If Viyakhna is really Adar, the proclamation of the Magian took place in March, 522 B.C., and his coronation in Garmapada (July and August). This according to Darius was followed by the death of Cambyses. The two tablets quoted date from September and October in the first year of Barziya. According to Herodotus, the Magian reigned more than seven months after the death of Cambyses, i. e. down to the spring of 521 B.C. According to the inscription of Behistun, Darius slew him on the tenth of Bagayadis (i. e. sacrifice to the gods), which would thus be parallel to the Nisan of the Babylonians, i. e. to our April.

193

Herod. 4, 166.

194

"Antiqu." 11, 2.

195

Herod. 3, 89.

196

Herod. 5, 25.

197

Herod. 3, 88; 7, 78.

198

Ctes. "Pers." 13. The names of the Seven in Ctesias have been discussed already, Vol. V. 329 n.

199

Herod. 3, 83, 84, and below, p. 221, 222.

200

Herod. 4, 83; 5, 25, 30.

201

Vol. V. 326 n.

202

Herod. 3, 72, 77.

203

Spiegel, "Keilinschriften," s. 7, "to say;" so Oppert ("Peuple des Mèdes," p. 110) after the Turanian version; on the other hand Mordtmann in "Z. D. M. G." 16, 37 gives, "to undertake."

204

Spiegel, "Keilinschriften," s. 81 ff.; Oppert, loc. cit. p. 121.

205

Herodotus gives Aspathines or Aspathenes; the inscription on the tomb of Darius mentions Açpachana as holding an honourable office near the person of the king.

206

Herod. 3, 67.

207

Herod. 3, 139, 126, 127.

208

See below, p. 229.

209

Plutarch, "Praec. gerend. reip." c. 27; Polyaen. "Strateg." 7, 12.

210

Herod. 7, 2; Behist. 4, 84; 5, 7, 9. N. R. c.

211

G. Rawlinson's view, which he gives in an excursus to his Herodotus (2, 548 ff.) – that the Magian was not a Mede, I accept, as I have observed, p. 191. Darius says in the inscription of Behistun that neither a Persian nor a "Mede" had risen against Gaumata, and moreover, that he had recovered the dominion which had been taken "from his tribe" and "race." But in no case was it a question of a religious conflict, but rather to avoid a new struggle between Media and Persia. On the passage 3, 14 in the inscription all that need be said has been given already (p. 216).

212

Herod. 3, 80-88.

213

Justin. 1, 10.

214

Ctes. "Pers." 14.

215

Sext. Empir. "Adv. Rhet." 33 in Stein, Herod. 3, 80.

216

Herod. 6, 43.

217

The evidence in support of this will be found in the Greek History.

218

Above, p. 195, n.

219

Herod. 3, 67, 126, 150.

220

He was, according to Herodotus, twenty years old at the death of Cyrus. Herod. 1, 209; 3, 139. Ctesias ("Pers." 19) gives Darius a reign of thirty-one years and a life of seventy-two. That the reign of Darius lasted thirty-six years is fixed both by the astronomical canon and Egyptian inscriptions, which mention the thirty-sixth year of Darius; and lastly by the Egibi-tablets of Babylon, which give dates out of thirty-five years (with the single exception of the seventh year). "Transact. Bibl. Arch." 6, 69 ff. According to Ctesias, Darius would be thirty-six years old in the year 521 B.C.

221

Herod. (3, 118, 119) puts this event; αὐτίκα μετὰ τὴν ἐπανάστασιν.

222

Herod. 1, 130.

223

Justin repeats the narrative of Herodotus in a rhetorical form; he incorrectly regards Zopyrus as one of the seven. Diodorus attempts to unite the statements of Herodotus and Ctesias, by maintaining that Zopyrus was also called Megabyzus; the "twenty Babylons" are reduced to ten. (Exc. Vat. p. 34, 35 = 10, 19.) In Herod. (4, 143) Darius wishes when he opens the finest pomegranate that he had as many Megabyzuses (the father of Zopyrus is meant) as the fruit had seeds. Plutarch transfers this to Zopyrus, and represents Darius as saying that he would rather have Zopyrus uninjured than 100 Babylons; "Reg. Apophthegm." 3. In Polyaenus (7, 12), Zopyrus imitates the device which Sirakes, a Sacian, had previously employed against Darius, and opens the gates of Babylon to the Persians by night.

224

Thucyd. 1, 104, 109, 110; Diod. 11, 71, 74, 75, 77; 12, 3; Isocr. "De Pace," 82.

225

Ctes. "Pers." 44. The paidagogos of Alcibiades was no doubt named after this Zopyrus. Plutarch, "Lycurg." c. 16; Alcib. c. 1; Kirchhoff, "Enstehungszeit," s. 15.

226

E. g. Ménant, "Babylon," p. 204; Oppert. "Expéd." 1, 187, 223.

227

So according to the Babylonian text in Schrader, "Keilinschriften," s. 345.

228

Oppert after the Turanian text: "I slew much people from the army of Nidintabel, and drove others to the river; they were drowned in the river."

229

The Turanian version mentions Egypt after Assyria. In the inscription nothing is said of this country; no Egyptians are found in the rows of the conquered rebels.

230

The two Egibi-tablets quoted by Boscawen in "Trans. Bibl. Arch." 6, 68, on Nebuchadnezzar III. have been rightly ascribed by Oppert, relying on the names of the witnesses, to the later rebellion of Arakha.

231

Cf. Schrader, "Keilinschriften," s. 346.

232

Schrader, loc. cit. s. 346. The day of the month belongs to the corresponding Babylonian month Tebet.

233

Mordtmann, loc. cit. s. 75; Schrader, loc. cit. s. 347.

234

Above, Vol. V. 323. The district of Otene belongs no doubt to Armenia. Steph. Byz. sub voce.

235

What Herodotus relates of Zopyras, Ctesias relates of his son Megabyzus II. in regard to this new rising, of which we have no more accurate knowledge in any other source, but which must not be called in question. Herodotus himself indicates a rebellion under Xerxes, in which the golden image of Belus was taken away from the lower chamber in the great temple (1, 183), and we have Strabo's statement of the destruction of Belus by Xerxes, p. 738. If Darius, as Herodotus tells us, 3, 159, "destroyed the gates of Babylon," it does not follow that he opened the supposed tomb of Nitocris over the main gateway, because it made it impassable, as Herodotus thinks (1, 187).

236

Vol. V. p. 10, n.

237

Oppert, "Peuple des Mèdes," p. 133.

238

Mordtmann, loc. cit. s. 76, 77; Spiegel, "Altpers. Keilinschriften," Bag. 3, 3; Schrader, loc. cit. s. 351.

239

Oppert, "Records of the Past," 7, 104. The date of this rebellion cannot be accurately fixed. The passage in the inscription of Behistun which bears upon it stands at the close of the connected narrative; we should therefore have to assume that it took place in the year 517 B.C., for this passage begins with the words, "When I was in Persia and Media," which in the connection can only have the meaning: When I was occupied with the overthrow of Phraortes and Vahyazdata. On the other hand the Egibi-tablets are wanting for the seventh year of Darius only, so that according to this the year 515 B.C. would be the year of the rebellion of Arakha. Above, p. 240, n.

240

Polyaen. 7, 27.

241

Oppert, "Peuple des Mèdes," p. 158, inserts at the beginning of this fifth column of the inscription of Behistun before thardam: duvadaçamam, so that we get the meaning; "This is what I have done up to the twelfth year." The eleventh year of Darius ends in spring 510. But chronological dates are not to be obtained by merely emending the text. According to the context and the first line of Col. v. Darius said in reference to the four preceding columns: "This I have done up to this or that year." Then follows the narrative of the new rebellion of the Babylonians and the subjugation of the Sacæ. If the rebellion of Arakha took place in the seventh year of Darius, as Oppert himself assumes, we should rather insert astemam before thardam.

242

Diodor. 2, 13; 17, 110. Suidas Βαγίστανον ὄρος. Ritter, "Erdkunde," 9, 350.

243

Spiegel, "Keilinschriften," s. 31 ff. Oppert in the "Journal Asiatique," S. 4, VOL XVII., 322 ff., and "Peuple des Mèdes," p. 151 ff., Col. iv. 19. Oppert after a Turanian version above the picture here translates as follows: "Et Darius le roi dit: par la grâce d'Ormuzd j'ai fait une collection de textes ailleurs en langue arienne, qui autrefois n'existait pas. Et j'ai fait un texte de la loi et un commentaire de la loi et la bénédiction et les traductions. Et ce fut écrit et je le promulgai en entier, puis je rétablis l'ancien livre dans tous les pays et les peuples le reconnurent."

244

"Pers." 555, 644, 654, 852 ff. 900.

245

Herod. 3, 92-94, 97; 7, 78, 79. Xenoph. "Anab." 5, 4; 7, 8. Arrian ("Anab." 3, 11) mentions Albanians in the army of the last Darius.

246

Herod. 4, 44.

247

Vol. IV. 384.

248

Exc. Vatic. p. 35 = 10, 19, 5.

249

Herod. 3, 139, 140.

250

Herod. 3, 141-149. Paus. 7, 5, 4, ff. Heracl. Pont. Fragm. 10, ed. Müller.

251

Herod. 4, 138.

252

Ctes. "Pers." 16.

253

At a later time Xerxes caused Sataspes to sail round Africa.

254

Herod. 4, 1.

255

Herod. 4, 85, 87.

256

360 triremes and penteconters were used for the bridge of Xerxes. Herod. 7, 36.

257

Herod. 4, 87.

258

Polyb. 4, 39.

259

Strabo, p. 319, 320. Opposite the temple of the Chalcedonians on the mouth of the Pontus, which was sacred to Zeus Urias (now Anadoli Kavak), there lay on the European shore also on the mouth of the Pontus a temple of the Byzantines which later authors call the Serapeum (now Rumili Kavak). Scyl. "Peripl." 67.

260

Herodotus allows the Bosphorus a breadth of four stades; Strabo in one passage mentions four, in another five; p. 125, 319. Modern authors do not agree in their measurements (Grote, "Hist. of Greece," 5, 26), but give about 1¼ mile, i. e. above 5000 feet for the narrowest part, and five miles for the widest. For the narrowest place most authorities allow about 3900 feet, i. e. 6½ stades; cp. Kruse, on Herodotus' measurement of the Pontus, s, 41. On the other hand, Moltke ("Briefe," s. 82) gives the following: At the northern mouth between the light-houses, 4166 paces; at Tell Tabia, 1497 paces; between the castles, 958 paces.