The Native Races [of the Pacific states], Volume 5, Primitive History

List of the princes of the Royal House of Ahau Quiché, Popol Vuh, p. 345, Ximenez, pp. 136-7; 1, Mahucutah; 2, Qoahau; 3, Caklacan; 4, Qocozom; 5, Comahcan; 6, Vukub-Ah; 7, Qocamel; 8, Coyabacoh, Vinak-Bam. These lists, however, do not seem to correspond altogether with the Quiché annals as given by the same authority, as the reader will see in the succeeding pages.

893

Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 38, tom. ii., pp. 338-40. See also Helps' Span. Conq., vol. iii., pp. 246-9.

894

Geografía, pp. 97-9, 128, et seq.

895

Gallatin, in Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. i., p. 8.

896

Voy. Pitt., pp. 41, 646.

897

Mem. de Tecpan-Atitlan, in Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 155-75.

898

Pp. 299-307; Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 475-99; Ximenez, Hist. Ind. Guat., pp. 119-21.

899

In his Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 478, Brasseur seems to regard Balam II. and Conache as two kings, one succeeding the other, but in his notes to Popol Vuh, p. cclxxiii., he unites them in one.

900

Título de los Señores de Totonicapan.

901

Título de los Señores de Totonicapan, in the introduction to Popol Vuh, pp. cclxxv-vi.

902

See p. 529, of this volume.

903

Mem. de Tecpan-Atitlan, in Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 483-9.

904

See p. 570-1, of this volume.

905

Brasseur places his reign somewhere between 1225 and 1275.

906

The Popol Vuh represents Utatlan, as we have seen, p. 573, to have been first occupied by Cotuha and Gucumatz; meaning, as is shown by the table of kings in the same document – see p. 566, of this volume – by Gucumatz as king and Cotuha II. as second in rank. Brasseur states that the name Gumarcaah was then given to the city, but it is much more likely that this was the ancient name, and Utatlan of later origin.

907

For description of the ruins of Utatlan, see vol. iv., pp. 124-8 .

908

Juarros, Hist. Guat., pp. 9-16.

909

Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 150-2, 475-7, 499. The opinion that Hunahpu and Gucumatz were identical, however, is said to receive some support from the Isagoge Historico, of Pelaez' work, quoted by Id., in Popol Vuh, p. 316.

910

See vol. ii., pp. 637-44.

911

Or, as Ximenez renders it, to Hell.

912

He is named as being of the fifth generation in the tables at the end of the document.

913

Popol Vuh, pp. 307-17; Ximenez, Hist. Ind. Guat., pp. 121-5; Id., Escolios, in Id., pp. 165-8. This last work is perhaps the same as that quoted by Brasseur as Ximenez, Hist. de los Reyes del Quiché, MS., but it is merely a list of kings with some of their deeds, adding nothing whatever, in a historical point of view, to the translation of the Quiché record.

914

Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., pp. 493-9; Id., in Popol Vuh, p. cclxxvi.

915

Título de los Señores de Totonicapan, in Popol Vuh, pp. cclxxvi-vii.

916

Mem. de Tecpan-Atitlan, in Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 501-3.

917

See p. 576, of this vol.

918

Cakchiquels and Pipiles almost constantly at war; Squier's Cent. Amer., p. 323; Id., in Nouvelles Annales, tom. cliii., p. 180.

919

Juarros, Hist. Guat., pp. 16-23. Fuentes used a history written by a son and grandson of the last king of Guatemala, Müller, Amer. Urrel., p. 454. Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 46, declares the Guatemalan manuscripts not reliable, and states that the Macario manuscript used by Fuentes was badly translated.

920

Juarros, Hist. Guat., pp. 23-4.

921

The seventh according to the tables.

922

Popol Vuh, pp. 317-27; Ximenez, Hist. Ind. Guat., pp. 125-9. There are some differences and omissions in the Spanish translation.

923

Escolios, in Hist. Ind. Guat., pp. 168-9.

924

Mem. de Tecpan-Atitlan, in Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 503-45.

925

Escolios, in Hist. Ind. Guat., pp. 169-71.

926

Juarros, Hist. Guat., pp. 24-6.

927

Id., pp. 9-11, 35-9.

928

Mem. de Tecpan-Atitlan, in Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 529-45.

929

Juarros, Hist. Guat., p. 26. It is impossible to connect this account in any way with the others.

930

Ximenez, Escolios, in Hist. Ind. Guat., pp. 172-3.

931

See p. 470 of this volume; Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., p. 624.

932

Brasseur, Hist., tom. iv., pp. 619-51, with reference to MS. Cakchiquel, and other documents.

933

See for location of these tribes, vol. i., pp. 681-2.

934

Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xi.; Remesal, Hist. Chyapa, p. 264; Brasseur, Hist., tom. iii., p. 16.

935

Remesal, ib.; Herrera, ib.; Murguia, Estadist. Guajaca, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. vii., p. 187.

936

Juarros, Hist. Guat., p. 8.

937

Clavigero, tom. iv., p. 52, tom. i., pp. 150-1; Larrainzar, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. iii., p. 92; Bradford's Amer. Antiq., p. 202.

938

Boturini, Idea, pp. 115, 118-19.

939

Five-leaved silk-cotton tree, Bombax Ceiba.

940

Piñeda, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. iii., pp. 344-5. The names of these heroes were: Imox, Igh, Votan, Chanan, Abah, Tox, Moxic, Lambat, Molo or Mulu, Elab, Batz, Evob, Been, Hix, Tziquin, Chabin, Chic, Chinax, Cahogh, Aghual.

941

Who these 'better known tribes' are is not stated.

942

Piñeda, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. iii., p. 346. The history, position and civilization of the Chiapanecs shows that they preceded, or were at least contemporaries of the first tribes or factions of the Aztec family. They were certainly a very ancient people, and of Toltec origin, while their civilization undoubtedly came from the north and not from the south. Orozco y Berra, Geografía, pp. 44, 60, 120.

943

Clavigero, tom. iv., pp. 267-8; Bernal Diaz, Hist. Conq., fol. 73, 178; Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xi.; Larrainzar, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. iii., p. 92; Brasseur, Esquisses, p. 17.

944

Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. xi.; Remesal, Hist. Chyapa, p. 264.

945

Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 333. Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., p. 76, identifies them with the Pipiles and Xuchiltepecs.

946

Torquemada, tom. i., p. 332.

947

Cuzcatlan was the ancient name of Salvador.

948

Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 78-9. Torquemada, tom. i., p. 332, relates that twenty days after starting, one of their high-priests died. They then traversed Guatemala, and journeying a hundred leagues farther on, came to a country to which the Spaniards have given the name of Choluteca, or Choroteca. Here another priest died. After this the author goes on to tell the story which, according to the version followed above, applies to the Xuchiltepecs who proceeded to the Gulf of Conchagua, and which will be referred to elsewhere.

949

Juarros, Hist. Guat., p. 224. A reduplication of pilli, which has two meanings, 'noble,' and 'child,' the latter being generally regarded as its meaning in the tribal name. Buschmann, Ortsnamen, p. 137. See also Molina, Vocabulario.

950

Juarros, Hist. Guat., pp. 81-4, 17-18, 20, 23, 26.

951

'L'époque que les événements paraissent assigner à cette légende coïncide avec la période de la grande émigration toltèque et la fondation des divers royaumes guatémaliens qui en furent la conséquence.' Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., p. 81.

952

Torquemada, tom. i., p. 336; Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 106-7; Herrera, dec. iv., lib. viii., cap. iv.

953

Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 101-5.

954

Torquemada, tom. i., p. 332; Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 79, 107-8. See vol. i., of this work, p. 791, for territory of Cholutecs.

955

Torquemada, tom. i., p. 332; Levy, Nicaragua, p. 6; see vol. i., of this work, p. 792.

956

Id.

957

Id.

958

Id., p. 790.

959

Nicaragua, (Ed. 1856), vol. ii., pp. 309-12; Oviedo, Hist. Gen., tom. iv., p. 35.

960

For locality, see vol. i., p. 792.

961

Torquemada, tom. i., pp. 332-3.

962

Hist., tom. ii., pp. 108-9.

963

On the name of this country see: —Landa, Relacion, and Brasseur, in Id., pp. 6, 8, 42-3; Lizana, in Id., p. 348; Perez MS., in Id., pp. 421, 429; Id., in Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 465, 467; see also vol. i., pp. 139-40; Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., pp. 60-1, 178-9; Villagutierre, Hist. Conq. Itza, p. 28; Ternaux-Compans, in Nouvelles Annales, tom. xcvii., pp. 30-1; Malte-Brun, Yucatan, pp. 14-15; Gomara, Hist. Ind., fol. 60.

964

Landa, Relacion, p. 28; Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. ii.

965

Lizana, in Landa, Relacion, p. 354; Orozco y Berra, Geografía, p. 128. Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., p. 178, quotes this from Lizana.

966

Lizana and Cogolludo, as above. Ternaux-Compans, in Nouvelles Annales, tom. xcvii., p. 32, also reverses the statement of the tradition respecting the relative numbers of the respective colonies.

967

Orozco y Berra, Geografía, p. 129.

968

Veytia, tom. i., p. 237; Torquemada, tom. i., p. 269; Lizana, in Landa, Relacion, p. 354; Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., p. 178; Fancourt's Hist. Yuc., p. 115.

969

Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 304-8, 342-3, 453-4; Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 201-2; Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., pp. 270-1; Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pp. 44-5; Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. i., pp. 99-100; Wappäus, Geog. u. Stat., pp. 33, 142; Prichard's Researches, vol. v., p. 346; Ternaux-Compans, in Nouvelles Annales, tom. xcvii., pp. 31-2.

970

On Zamná, see: – vol. iii., pp. 462-5 of this work; Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., pp. 178, 192, 196-7; Landa, Relacion, pp. 328-30; Lizana, in Id., p. 356; Brasseur, Hist., tom. i., pp. 78-80; Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., p. 23; Malte-Brun, Yucatan, pp. 15-17.

971

On Cukulcan and the Itzas, see: —Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. ii.; Torquemada, tom. ii., p. 52, tom. iii., p. 133; Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., pp. 190, 196-7; Landa, Relacion, pp. 34-9, 340-2; Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 10-13; Malte-Brun, Yucatan, pp. 15-16; Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 140-1.

972

In a note to Landa, Relacion, pp. 35, 39; Orozco y Berra, Geografía, pp. 155-6.

973

Vol. iii., p. 465; Malte-Brun, Yucatan, pp. 15-16.

974

Torquemada, tom. ii., p. 52; Landa, Relacion, pp. 38-45, 54-6; Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., pp. 179-80; Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. ii.; Ternaux-Compans, in Nouvelles Annales, tom. xcvii., p. 34; Malte-Brun, Yucatan, pp. 15-6.

975

Landa, Relacion, pp. 44-8. 'Le nom des Tutul-Xiu paraît d'origine nahuatl; il serait dérivé de totol, tototl, oiseau, et de xíuitl, ou xíhuitl, herbe, etc. En ceci il n'y aurait rien d'extraordinaire, puisqu'ils sortaient de Tula ou Tulapan, cité qui aurait été la capitale des Nahuas ou Toltèques après leur victoire sur Xibalba.' Brasseur, in Id., p. 47. See also Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. ii., iii.; Torquemada, tom. iii., p. 132; Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., pp. 178, 182; Morelet, Voyage, tom. i., p. 271; Gallatin, in Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. i., p. 171; Ternaux-Compans, in Nouvelles Annales, tom. xcvii., pp. 34-5.

976

This volume, pp. 227-8. Additional study of the subject has caused me to modify considerably in this chapter some of the statements on Maya history contained in vol. ii., pp. 118-20.

977

Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., pp. 465-9; Brasseur, in Landa, Relacion, pp. 420-9.

978

For an account of this system of Ahau Katunes and the order of their succession, see vol. ii., pp. 762-5.

979

See vol. ii., pp. 762-5.

980

In his Hist. Nat. Civ., Brasseur follows this system and repeatedly gives 174 (171 on p. 228 of this volume is a misprint) as the date of this migration, using it indeed to fix the date of the migration of the Toltecs and Quichés from Tulan; but he adopts the other theory in his notes to Landa's work.

981

Reckoning an epoch as 24 years, the migration lasted from 173 to 270, or 97 years instead of 81, as in the text. Perez has it from 144 to 217, or 73 years, which agrees neither with the text nor with his own theory.

982

As late as 661 or 485, if Perez' statement of 8 Ahau be accepted, which is inconsistent with the whole record.

983

From 218 to 360, according to Perez; or according to his statement that four epochs elapsed, from 270 to 366.

984

360 to 432, Perez; 533 to 605, on the basis of 24 years to an epoch.

985

432 to 576, Perez; 605 to 725 on the basis of 24 years to an epoch.

986

Or 821 according to the other system.

987

We have seen above that there is some confusion about the date of the Tutul Xius taking Chichen.

988

In his commentary, Perez applies this stay of 13 epochs to the Tutul Xius, although the text seems to state the contrary, making them live in Champoton from 576 to 888; or if he had added simply the 260 years of the text, 576 to 836; or if he had correctly adapted his chronology to his own theory, from 821 to 1133. On a basis of 24 years to a Katun the stay of the Itzas at Champoton, as given in the text, was from 533 to 821.

989

888-936, Perez; 821-869, on the basis of 24 years. Perez, applying this wandering to the Tutul Xius, makes them settle again at Chichen.

990

936-1176, Perez; 869-1109, on basis of 24 years, but this of course would not agree with the two hundred years of the text.

991

Perez makes these events, which he seems to regard as two or three distinct wars, fill the time from 1176 to 1258. From 1119 to 1157, on a basis of 24 years.

992

1258 to 1368, Perez; 1229 to 1445, on the basis of 24 years. Perez admits in his commentary only one destruction of Mayapan in 1308.

993

Or, on a basis of 24 years to a Katun, between 1493 and 1517. Either of these dates agrees very well with the facts, since Córdova reached the coast of Yucatan in 1517, and Gerónimo de Aguilar was wrecked there, probably some years earlier. But Perez dates their arrival between 1392 and 1488, before America was discovered!

994

Perez directly contradicts the text in placing this death in 1493.

995

Vol. iv., pp. 140-285 .

996

Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., p. 197.

997

It seems to me very probable that there is an error or omission by the copyist or translator in this part of the document.

998

On this revolution see: —Landa, Relacion, pp. 48-52, 56. This author calls the Chel prince Achchel, and calls him the son-in-law of a venerable priest in Mayapan. Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. ii., iii.; Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., pp. 60, 178-9; Lizana, in Landa, Relacion, p. 350; Villagutierre, Hist. Conq. Itza, p. 28; Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 32-40, 48-9. This author calls him Ahalin Chel, and their province Cicontun. Ternaux-Compans, in Nouvelles Annales, tom. xcvii., pp. 31, 35; Gallatin, in Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. i., pp. 172-3; Prichard's Researches, vol. v., p. 347; Malte-Brun, Yucatan, pp. 20-1; Stephens' Yuc., vol. i., pp. 140-1.

999

Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 41-2, tells us that their province was called Calkini, and the people, from their ruler, took the name of Ahcanuls; and also that they built or enlarged the cities of Sabacché, Labná, and Pokboc. (See vol. iv., pp. 211-8) The only authority for the latter statement is probably the location of these ruins in a general southern direction from Uxmal. Cogolludo says the natives of Conil and Choàca, called Kupules, were the most warlike in Yucatan. Hist. Yuc., p. 143; see also Landa, Relacion, p. 54; Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. iii.

1000

Landa, Relacion, pp. 54-5; Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. iii.; Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., p. 42; Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., p. 143; Malte-Brun, Yucatan, p. 20.

1001

Registro Yuc., tom. ii., pp. 261-72. The tradition is given in the form of a dialogue between a visitor to the ruins and a native of extraordinary intelligence, who claimed to be well acquainted with the historical traditions of his race. Brasseur, Hist., tom. ii., pp. 578-88, gives what is probably an extended translation of the article referred to. Stephens, Cent. Amer., vol. ii., pp. 423-5, obtained from a native a tradition similar in some respects, so far as it goes, which is translated by Charnay, Ruines Amér., pp. 369-71.

1002

See vol. iv., pp. 172 , 192-7 .

1003

Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., pp. 507-8; Villagutierre, Hist. Conq. Itza, pp. 29-31, 401-2, 488-91; Waldeck, Voy. Pitt., pp. 24, 36, 41; Stephens' Yucatan, vol. ii., p. 200; Gondra, in Prescott, Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 98; Ternaux-Compans, in Nouvelles Annales, tom. xcvii., pp. 51-2; Squier's Cent. Amer., pp. 547, 550-1.

1004

Herrera, dec. iv., lib. x., cap. ii., iii.; Torquemada, tom. iii., p. 132; Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., pp. 100, 179; Landa, Relacion, pp. 50-2, 62; Villagutierre, Hist. Conq. Itza, p. 28; Stephens' Yucatan, vol. i., pp. 140-1; Gallatin, in Amer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. i., pp. 172-3. Landa makes the date 100 years before the Conquest, that is 1446. Villagutierre and Cogolludo say 1420. Herrera says 70 years before the arrival of the Spaniards, and 500 years after its foundation. Gallatin makes it 1517 or 1536.

1005

Landa, Relacion, pp. 58-64; Herrera, dec. ii., lib. iii., cap. i., dec. iv., lib. x., cap. iii.; Cogolludo, Hist. Yuc., pp. 97-100, 185; Gomara, Hist. Ind., fol. 63; Villagutierre, Hist. Conq. Itza, pp. 35-7; Torquemada, tom. iii., pp. 132-3; Alcedo, Dicc., tom. iii., p. 473; Remesal, Hist. Chyapa, pp. 245-6.