Kaliningrad – an ambivalent transnational region within a European-Russian scope

36

First «Day of long sausage» noted by 1520, when the butchers of Königsberg produced a long sausage and carried it to the downtown. The idea to revive this holiday was proposed by the management of the World Ocean Museum in Kaliningrad. Nowadays a sausage has a total length of about 200 meters.

37

Historic reconstruction of battles of knights of the Teutonic Order, as well as the battle of Gumbinnen in 1914, the battle of Friedland in 1807 and the Battle of Preussisch Eylau in 1807 became regular and widely popular among Kaliningradians and tourists.

38

The prototype for the «Prussian cat» is the hero of the novel by E. T. A. Hoffmann «Lebensansichten des Katers Murr».

39

Welz, Gisela: Ethnografien europäischer Modernen, in: Binder, Beate; Göttsch, Silke; Kaschuba, Wolfgang; Vanja, Konrad (Hrsg.): Ort. Arbeit. Körper. Ethnografie Europäischer Modernen. Münster 2005. S. 25.

40

Kusenbach, Margarethe: Street phenomenology. The go-along as ethnographic research tool.In: Ethnography, 2003, 2 (3), p. 455—485.

41

Marcus, George: Ethnography in/of the world system. The emergence of multi-sited ethnography, in: Annual Review of Anthropology, 24 (1995). S. 95—117.

42

Welz, Gisela: Ethnografien europäischer Modernen, in: Binder, Beate; Göttsch, Silke; Kaschuba, Wolfgang; Vanja, Konrad (Hrsg.): Ort. Arbeit. Körper. Ethnografie Europäischer Modernen, Münster 2005. S. 19.

43

Darieva, Tsypylma; Kaschuba, Wolfgang (Hrsg.): Representations on the Margins of Europe: politics and identities in the Baltic and South Caucasus states. Frankfurt/Main – New York 2007.

44

Kaschuba, Wolfgang: Das alte und das neue Europa. Repräsentationen und Inszenierungen, http://www.kaschuba.com/texte/Altes_und_neues_Europa.pdf, S. 2—3.

45

Welz, Gisela: Ethnografien europäischer Modernen, in: Binder, Beate; Göttsch, Silke; Kaschuba, Wolfgang; Vanja, Konrad (Hrsg.): Ort. Arbeit. Körper. Ethnografie Europäischer Modernen, Münster/New York/München/Berlin 2005. S. 25—26.

46

Bornemann, John; Fowler, Nick: Europeanization, in: Annual Review of Anthropology 1997 (26), p. 489.

47

Römhild, Regina: Reflexive Europäisierung. Tourismus, Migration und die Mediterranisierung Europas, in: Welz, Gisela; Lottermann, Annina; Baga, Enikö (Hrsg.): Projekte der Europäisierung. Kulturanthropologische Forschungsperspektiven. Frankfurt/Main 2009, S. 261—276.

48

Welz, Gisela: Ethnografien europäischer Modernen, in: Binder, Beate; Göttsch, Silke; Kaschuba, Wolfgang; Vanja, Konrad (Hrsg.): Ort. Arbeit. Körper. Ethnografie Europäischer Modernen, Münster/New York/München/Berlin 2005. S. 26—27.

49

Buchowski, Michał: Hierarchien des Wissens in der ostmitteleuropäischen Anthropologie, in: Poehls, Kerstin; Vonderau, Asta (Hrsg.): Turn to Europe. Kulturanthropologische Europaforschungen, Berliner Blätter: Ethnographische und ethnologische Beiträge, Heft 41, Münster/Hamburg/Berlin/London 2006. S. 27—41

50

Buchowski Michał: Rethinking transformation an anthropological perspective on post-socialism. Poznań 2001, p. 9—10.

51

Vonderau, Asta: Leben im «neuen» Europa. Konsum, Lebensstile und Körpertechniken im Postsozialismus. Bielefeld 2010.

52

Römhild, Regina: Reflexive Europäisierung. Tourismus, Migration und die Mediterranisierung Europas, in: Welz, Gisela; Lottermann, Annina; Baga, Enikö (Hrsg.): Projekte der Europäisierung. Kulturanthropologische Forschungsperspektiven. Frankfurt/Main 2009. S. 262.

53

Prescott, John: Political frontiers and boundaries. London 1987, p. 36.

54

Ibid, p. 12.

55

Ibid, p. 13—14.

56

Prescott, John: Political frontiers and boundaries. London 1987.

57

Donnan, Hastings; Wilson, Thomas: Borders: frontiers of identity, nation and state. Oxford 1999, p. 45.

58

Kristof, Ladis: The nature of frontiers and boundaries. In: Kasperson, R.; Minghi, J. (ed.): The structure of political geography. Chicago 1969, p. 129.

59

Donnan, Hastings; Wilson, Thomas: Borders: frontiers of identity, nation and state. Oxford 1999, p. 49.

60

Szymanski, Adam: The establishment of the final borders of the EU. In: Janczak, Jaroslaw. (ed.): De-Bording, Re-Bording and Symbols on the European Boundaries. In: Wissenschaftliche Reihe des Collegium Polonicum, Band 16, 2011, p. 115.

61

Donnan, Hastings; Wilson, Thomas (ed.): Border Identities. Nation and state at international frontiers. Cambridge 1998, p. 4.

62

Römhild, Regina: Reflexive Europäisierung. Tourismus, Migration und die Mediterranisierung Europas, in: Welz, Gisela; Lottermann, Annina; Baga, Enikö (Hrsg.): Projekte der Europäisierung. Kulturanthropologische Forschungsperspektiven. Frankfurt/Main 2009, S. 262.

63

Verdery, Katherine: What was socialism and what comes next? Princeton 1996.

64

Buchowski, Michał: Rethinking transformation an anthropological perspective on post-socialism. Poznań 2001.

65

Verdery, Katherine: What was socialism and what comes next? Princeton 1996, p. 4.

66

Buchowski, Michał: Rethinking transformation an anthropological perspective on post-socialism. Poznań 2001, p. 175.

67

Kagan, Moisey: Filosofija kultury. Sankt-Petersburg 1996.

68

Voskressenski, Alexei; Porfiriev, Boris; Columbus, Frank (ed,): Russia on the Brink of the Millennium: International Policy and National Security Issues. New York 1998.

69

Ljapkina, Tatjana: Region kak predmet mezhdisziplinarnogo analiza. In: Sozialno-gumanitarnyje znanija, 3 (2007).

70

Vinokurov, Evgenij: Anklavy v mirovoj politike i ekonomike: opyt poslednich desjatiletij. In: Mezhdynarodnaja ekonomika i mezhdynarodnyje otnoshenija, 9 (2002).

71

Zamjatin, Dmitrij: Kultura i prostransto: Modelirovanije geograficheskich obrazov. Moscow 2006.

72

Vinokurov, Еvgenij: Teorija anklavov, Kaliningrad 2007.

73

Pogranichnost’ – is finding yourself in a «bordered zone» between physical borders, which forms a specific psychological status.

74

Lotman, Yuri: Kultura i vzryv, Moscow 1992.

75

Bort, Eberhard: Mitteleuropa: the difficult frontier. In: Anderson, Malcolm; Bort, Eberhard (ed.): The frontiers of Europe. London 1998, p. 103.

76

Keating, Michael: Is there a regional level of government in Europe? In: Le Gales/Lequesne 1998, p. 8—26.

77

Schmid, Harald (ed.): Erinnerungskultur und Regionalgeschichte. München 2009; Lancaster et I al. 2007

78

Mühler, Kurt; Opp, Karl – Dieter: Region und Nation: Zu den Ursachen und Wirkungen regionaler und überregionaler Identifikation. Wiesbaden 2004

79

Keating, Michael: Is there a regional level of government in Europe? In: Le Gales/Lequesne 1998, p. 8.

80

Barth, Fredrik: Ethnic groups and boundaries: the social organization of cultural difference. Long Grove 1998, p. 9.

81

Donnan, Hastings; Wilson, Thomas: Borders: frontiers of identity, nation and state. Oxford 1999, p. 4.

82

Martinez, Oscar: Border people: Life and society in the U. S. – Mexico borderlands. Tucson 1994, p. 6—10.

83

Donnan, Hastings; Wilson, Thomas: Op. cit., p. 51.

84

Ibid, p.13.

85

Ibid, p. 53.

86

Anderson, Malcolm: Frontiers: territory and State Formation in the Modern World. Oxford 1996, p. 5.

87

Casas-Cortes, Maribel; Cobarrubias, Sebastian; De Genova, Nicholas; Garelli, Glenda; Grappi, Giorgio; Heller, Charles; Hess, Sabine; Kasparek, Bernd; Mezzadra, Sandro and al.: New keywords: migration and borders. In: Cultural studies. Vol. 29, Issue 1 (2015), p. 15.

88

Cohen, Anthony: Boundaries and boundary-consciousness: politicizing cultural identity. In: Anderson, Malcolm; Bort, Eberhard (ed.): The frontiers of Europe. London 1998, p. 31.

89

Strassoldo, Raimondo: Boundaries in sociological theory; A reassessment. In: Strassoldo, Raimondo; Delli Zotti, G. (ed.): Cooperation and conflict in border areas. Milan 1982, p. 152.

90

Strassoldo, Raimondo: Frontier regions: Future collaboration or conflict? In: West European politics. Vol. 5, no. 4, 1982.

91

Donnan, Hastings; Wilson, Thomas: Borders: frontiers of identity, nation and state. Oxford 1999, p. 5.

92

Anderson, Malcolm: Frontiers: territory and State Formation in the Modern World. Oxford 1996, p. 2.

93

Anderson, Benedict: Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London 1983.

94

Cohen, Anthony (ed.): Symbolizing Boundaries. Manchester 1986, p. 17.

95

Anderson, Malcolm: Op. cit., p. 189.

96

Cohen, Anthony: Boundaries and boundary-consciousness: politicizing cultural identity. In: Anderson, Malcolm; Bort, Eberhard (ed.): The frontiers of Europe. London 1998, p. 23.

97

Anderson, Malcolm: Frontiers: territory and State Formation in the Modern World. Oxford 1996, p. 4.

98

Barth, Fredrik: Ethnic groups and boundaries: the social organization of cultural difference. Long Grove 1998.

99

Donnan, Hastings; Wilson, Thomas: Borders: frontiers of identity, nation and state. Oxford 1999, p. 21.

100

Cohen, Anthony: Boundaries and boundary-consciousness: politicizing cultural identity. In: Anderson, Malcolm; Bort, Eberhard (ed.): The frontiers of Europe. London 1998, p. 26.

101

Donnan, Hastings; Wilson, Thomas: Borders: Op. cit., p.22.

102

Sezneva, Olga: Modalities of Self-understanding, Identification and Representation in the Post-1991 Kaliningrad. A Critical View. In: Berger, Stefan (Hg.): Kaliningrad in Europa. Nachbarschaftliche Perspektiven nach dem Ende des Kalten Krieges. Wiesbaden 2010, p. 37.

103

Barth, Fredrik: Ethnic groups and boundaries: the social organization of cultural difference. London 1969, p. 15.

104

Jenkins, Richard: Rethinking ethnicity: Arguments and explorations. London 1997, p. 23.

105

Cohen, Anthony: Boundaries and boundary-consciousness: politicizing cultural identity. In: Anderson, Malcolm; Bort, Eberhard (ed.): The frontiers of Europe. London 1998, p. 23.

106

Brubaker, Rogers; Cooper, Frederick: Beyond «Identity». In: Theory and Society 29 (2000), p. 1 – 47.

107

Sezneva, Olga: Modalities of Self-understanding, Identification and Representation in the Post-1991 Kaliningrad. A Critical View. In: Berger, Stefan (Hg.): Kaliningrad in Europa. Nachbarschaftliche Perspektiven nach dem Ende des Kalten Krieges. Wiesbaden 2010, p. 49.

108

Ibid, p. 52.

109

Ibid, p. 51.

110

Sovetsko-anglijskie otnoshenija vo vremia Velikoj Otechestvennoj voiny 1941—1945. Moscow 1983. Vol. 1, p. 182.

111

USSR i Germanskij vopros. 1941—1949. Мoscow 1996. Vol.1, p. 138.

112

The «Curzon Line» was recommended in December 1919 by the Supreme Council of the Entente as the eastern border of Poland. The project of boundary was named in honour of Lord Curzon, the British Foreign Secretary, who took into account the ethnic composition of population along boundary line. As a result of the offensive of the Red Army in August 1939 the state border of the USSR with Poland was set roughly along the Curzon line.

113

Rzheshevskij, Oleg: Vizit A. Idena v Moskvu v dekabre 1941. In: Novaja i noveishaja istorija, №2, 1994, p. 91.

114

Churchill, Winston: Vtoraja mirovaja vojna. Moscow 1991. Vol. 6, p. 325.

115

Sovetskij Sojuz na mezhdynarodnych konferencijach perioda Velikoj Otechestvennoj voiny 1941—1945. Мoscow 1978. Vol. 1, p. 181.

116

Ibid, p. 183.

117

Sovetskij Sojuz na mezhdynarodnych konferencijach perioda Velikoj Otechestvennoj voiny 1941—1945.Teheranskaja konferencija. Мoscow 1984. Vol. 2, p. 148—149.

118

Ibid, p. 149.

119

Ibid, p. 150.

120

Ibid.

121

Perepiska predsedatelja Soveta Ministrov USSR s prezidentami USA i premier-ministrami Welikobritanii vo vremia Velkoj Otechestvennoj voiny 1941—1945. Moscow 1976, Vol. 1, p. 230.

122

Ibid, p. 235.

123

Ibid, p. 242—243.

124

Feis, Herbert: Churchill. Roosevelt. Stalin. The war they waged and the peace they sought. Princeton 1957, p. 455.

125

Ibid, p. 525.

126

Teheran – Yalta – Potsdam. Sbornik dokumentov. Мoscow 1970, p. 161—162.

127

Potsdamer Konferenz, http://potsdamer-konferenz.de/dokumente/protokoll_en.php#VI, accessed on 23.02.2014.

128

Berlinskaja (Potsdamskaja) konferencija rukovoditelej trech sojuznych derzhav – USSR, USA i Welikobritanii 17 ijulia – 2 avgusta 1945. Moscow 1980, p. 491—492.

129

Pravda, 30 November 1946.

130

Kaliningrad: len’ vo spasenije? Kaliningradskaja Pravda, 12 Mai 2005.

131

Kolganova, Energija: Obrazovanie i razvitie Kaliningradskoj oblasti – nacionalnyj podvig sovjetskogo naroda. Kaliningrad 1974, p. 43.

132

GAKO. The state archive of the Kaliningrad region. Box 298, folder 4, file 2, sheet 1.

133

Isupov, Vladimir; Kretinin, Gennady (ed.): Vostochnaja Prussija s drevnejshih vremen do konza vtoroj mirovoj voyny. Kaliningrad 1996, p. 494—495 (on 1st of September 1945 the Special Military District of Königsberg was populated by 139614 persons).

134

According to the census of 1939 on the same territory lived 1089000 persons.

135

Isupov, Vasilij (ed.): Vostochnaja Prussija. S drevneishich vremen do konza vtoroj mirovoj voiny. Istoricheskie ocherki. Dokumenty. Materialy. Kaliningrad 1996, p. 493.

136

Temporary Office of Civil Affairs existed in the period from July1945 to July 1947 until the first election of permanent executive authorities.

137

Isupov, Vladimir; Kretinin, Gennady (ed.): Vostochnaja Prussija s drevnejshih vremen do konza vtoroj mirovoj voyny. Kaliningrad 1996, p. 493.

138

Hoppe, Bert: Auf den Trümmern von Königsberg. Kaliningrad 1946—1970. München 2000, p. 34.

139

Stroganova, Natalja: «Neue Zeit» – gazeta dla nemezkogo naselenija Kaliningradskoj oblasti. In: Vestnik Baltijskogo federalnogo universiteta imeni I. Kanta, 6/2006, p. 52—56.

140

Kostjashov, Juri: Op. cit., 2002, p. 144.

141

Kretinin, Gennady: Ocherkii storii Vostochnoj Prussii. Kaliningrad 2004, p. 463.

142

Obrussenie Prussii; http://www.vremya.ru/2010/2/13/245113.html, accessed 12. 04. 2013.

143

GAKO. The state archive of the Kaliningrad region. Box 121, folder 1, file 7, sheet 51—51.

144

GAKO. The state archive of the Kaliningrad region. Box 183, folder 5, file 154, sheet 51

145

GAKO. The state archive of the Kaliningrad region. Box 330. folder 1. file 18., sheet 2.

146

Kostjashov, Juri: Vostochnaja Prussia glazami sovjetskih pereselencev. Pervye gody Kaliningradskoj oblasti v vospominanijah i dokumentah, St. Petersburg 2002, p. 69.

147

Kostjashov, Juri: Zaselenie Kaliningradskoj oblasti posle vtoroi mirovoj vojny, In: Humanitarnaja nauka v Rossii, Moscow 1996. Vol. 2, p. 87.

148

Kostjashov, Juri. Op. cit., 2002, p. 72.

149

Birkovski, Vasilij; Gordeev, Ivan, Zaboenkova, Alla. (ed.): Istorija kraja (1945—1950). Uchebnoe posobie dla studentov-istorikov Kaliningradskogo universiteta. Kaliningrad 1984, p. 75.

150

Kostjashov, Juri. Op. cit., 2002, p. 78.

151

Maslov, Vilaly. (ed.): V nachale novogo puti: Dokumenty i materialy o razvitii Kaliningradskoj oblasti v gody dejatelnosti chrezvychainych organov upravlenija (aprel 1945 – ijun 1947). Kaliningrad 2004, p. 144, 194.

152

Kostjashov, Juri: «Obratnichestvo» v processe zaselenija Kaliningradskoj oblasti v poslevojennye gody, In: Baltijckij region v istorii Rossija i Europy. Kaliningrad 2005, p. 211—219.

153

Hoppe, Bert: Op. cit., p. 150.

154

Zastroit i blagoystroit, Kaliningradskaja Pravda, 6 February 1954.

155

Sezneva, Olga: Modalities of Self-understanding, Identification and Representation in the Post-1991 Kaliningrad. A Critical View, In: Kaliningrad in Europe: Perspectives from inside and outside. Lüneburg 2010, p. 42.

156

Stroiteli, Kaliningradskaja Pravda, 1 May 1948.

157

Sezneva, Olga: Op. cit., p. 43.

158

Ibid., p. 41.

159

Data of the USSR census of 1959 and 1989.

160

Sovetskij Sojuz na mezhdynarodnych konferencijach perioda Velikoj Otechestvennoj voiny 1941—1945. Мoscow 1978. Vol. 1, p. 183.

161

Glebov, V.: Vostochnaja Prussia: Kratkij spravochnik. Moscow 1944.

162

Padenie Königsberga, Pravda, 13 April 1945.

163

Kostjashov, Juri: Sekretnye dokumenty otdela spezposelenij MVD USSR o zaselenii Kaliningradskoj oblasti v 1946. In: Problemy istochnikovedenija i istoriografii. Kaliningrad 1999, p. 64—67.

164

Kostjashov, Juri: O nacionalnoj strukture, etnograficheskich osobennostyach i socio-kulturnoj adaptacii sovietskich pereselencev v Kaliningradskoj oblasti (1945—1950). In: Nacionalnye otnochenija v novoe i novejshee vremia: teorija i praktika. Kaliningrad 2000, p. 66—79.

165

Hoppe, Bert: Op. cit, p. 29.

166

Obrussenije Prussii; http://www.vremya.ru/2010/2/13/245113.html, accessed 12. 04. 2013

167

Ibid.

168

Szcherbakov, Viktor: Stalinskaja programma hoziajstvennogo i kulturnogo stroitelstva Kaliningradskoj oblasti (V pomosz agitatoru). Kaliningrad 1947.

169

Kaganskij, Vladimir (ed.): Kulturrnyj landshaft i sovetskoje obitaemoe prostranstvo: sbornik statej. Moscow 2001.

170

Kostjashov, Juri: Istoriko-kulturnoe nasledie Vostochnoj Prussii i formirovanie istoricheskogo soznanija naselenija Kaliningradskoj oblasti; http://www.gako.name/index.php?publ=300&razd=228, accessed 28. 02. 2013.

171

GAKO. The state archive of the Kaliningrad region. Box 522, folder 1, file 14.

172

Sologubov, Alexander: Pereselenez, kak HomoScientist: epistemologicheskij aspect osvojenija Kaliningradskoj oblasti, In: Vestnik Baltijskogo federalnogo universiteta im. I. Kanta, №6, 2012, p. 41.

173

Navalichin, Dmitry: K voprosu rekonstrukcii cetra Kaliningrada. Moscow 1955, Vol. 1, p. 33.

174

Kostjashov, Juri: Vostochnaja Prussia glazami sovjetskih pereselencev. Pervye gody Kaliningradskoj oblasti v vospominanijah i dokumentah. St-Petersburg 2002, p. 76.

175

Kostjashov Juri: Istoriko-kultyrnoje nasledije Vostochnoj Prussii i formirovanije istoricheskogo soznanija naselenija Kaliningradskoj oblasti, http://www.gako.name/index.php?publ=300&razd=228, accessed 28.2. 2013.

176

The definition «suitcase mood» was voiced by the Secretary of the party committee of Leningradskij district of Kaliningrad at the Third party conference of Kaliningrad in 1950. The reproach was made in address of party and government employees who had intention to leave the Oblast’ forever.

177

Sovetskij Sojuz na mezhdynarodnych konferencijach perioda Velikoj Otechestvennoj voiny 1941—1945.Teheranskaja konferencija. Мoscow 1984. Vol. 2, p. 167.

178

Kaliningradskaja Pravda, 26 July 1950.

179

«Brief course» of history was drawn up on the texts of regional radio broadcasts of 1947—1948: GAKO. The state archive of the Kaliningrad region. Box 19, folder 1.

180

Bolshaja Sovetskaja Enciklopedija. Moscow 1953. Vol. 19, p. 426.

181

Brodersen, Per: Op. cit., p. 170.

182

Hoppe, Bert: Op. cit., p. 42.

183

Brodersen, Per: Op. cit., p. 223—224.

184

Ibid. p, 239.

185

Ibid, p. 240.

186

Ibid.

187

Kolganova, Energija; Kolganov, Ivan: Samaja zapadnaja: Kratkij ocherk o Kaliningradskoj oblasti. Kaliningrad 1959.

188

Brodersen, Per: Op. cit., p. 180.

189

In the name of peace, security and cooperation. On the results of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, held in Helsinki 30.07 – 1. 08. 1975. Moscow 1975, p. 18.

190

Brodersen, Per: Op. cit., p. 237.

191

Sezneva, Olga: Modalities of Self-understanding, Identification and Representation in the Post-1991 Kaliningrad. A Critical View. In: Berger, Stefan (Hg.): Kaliningrad in Europa. Nachbarschaftliche Perspektiven nach dem Ende des Kalten Krieges. Wiesbaden 2010, p. 44.

192

Idib, p. 45.

193

Tri pisma na odny temy, Literaturnaja gazeta, 30 Oktober 1965.

194

Kaliningradskaja Pravda, 20 September 1961.

195

Klemesheva, Maria: O sudbe Korolevskogo zamka (iz dokumentov Oblgosarchiva); http://www.gako.name/mainsite/kaliningradarchives/-2/293-2010-03-28-16-59-44, accessed 20. 03. 2013

196

Maslov Vitaly: Dva pybezha, ili ocherk togo, kak zaklyvali I otkryvali spezialnost «istorija» v KGHI-KGU. In: Problemy istochnikovedenija i istoriografii. Kaliningrad 2004/3, p. 82—94.

197

Matthes, Eckhard: Regionales Bewusstsein der Bevölkerung im Gebiet Kaliningrad, In: Böttcher, W.: Region. Internationales Forum für lokale, regionale und globale Entwicklung. Münster 2004, p. 94; Matthes, Eckhard: Verbotene Erinnerung. Die Wiederentdeckung der ostpreußischen Geschichte und regionales Bewußtsein in Gebiet Kaliningrad (1945—2001). In: Osteuropa. Zeitschrift für Gegenwartsfragen, 11/12 (2001); Matthes, Eckhard: Regionalnoje samosoznanie v Kaliningradskoj oblasti. In: Kaliningradskije arhivy. Materialy i issledovanija. Kaliningrad, 5 (2003), p. 203—218.