Полная версия
Краткая история: Реформация
6
См.: A. G. Dickens and J. Tonkin. The Reformation in Historical Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985; B. Gordon (ed.). Protestant History and Identity in Sixteenth Century Europe, 2 vols. Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1996; A. Grafton. What was History? The Art of History in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007; P. Kewes (ed.). The Uses of History in Early Modern England. San Marino, CA: Huntingdon Library Press, 2006; K. van Liere, S. Ditchfield and H. Louthan. Sacred History: Uses of the Christian Past in the Renaissance World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012; I. Backus. Historical Method and Confessional Identity in the Era of the Reformation (1378–1615). Leiden: Brill, 2003); B. Gregory. Persecutions and Martyrdom // Cambridge History of Christianity: Reform and Expansion 1500–1660, Vol. 6. R. Po-Chia Hsia (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 261–82; P. Burschel. Sterben und Unsterblichkeit: Zur Kultur des Martyriums in der frühen Neuzeit, Ancien Régime, Aufklärung und Revolution 35. Munich: Oldenbourg, 2004; B. Gregory. Salvation at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early Modern Europe, Harvard Historical Studies 134. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999; R. Kolb. For All the Saints: Changing Perceptions of Martyrdom and Sainthood in the Lutheran Reformation. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1987; D. Nicholls. The Theatre of Martyrdom in the French Reformation // Past and Present 121 (1988): 49–73; J.-F. Gilmont. Jean Crespin: Un éditeur réformé du XVIe siècle. Travaux d’Humanisme et de Renaissance 186. Geneva: Droz, 1981; D. Wood (ed.). Martyrs and Martyrologies: Papers Read at the 1992 Summer Meeting and the 1993 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society, Studies in Church History 30. Oxford: Blackwell, 1993; J. Knott. Discourses of Martyrdom in English Literature, 1563–1694. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993; H. C. White. Tudor Books of Saints and Martyrs. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1963.
7
Van Liere. Ditchfield and Louthan, Sacred History, p. 186; E. Cameron. Primitivism, Patristics and Polemic in Protestant Visions of Early Christianity // Van Liere, Ditchfield and Louthan, Sacred History, pp. 27–51; F. M. Heal. What can King Lucius do for you? The reformation and the early British Church // English Historical Review 120 (2005): 593–614.
8
По-видимому, речь идет о Фридрихе II Пфальцском (1482–1556), курфюрсте в 1544–1556 гг., при котором началась Реформация в курфюршестве, или о Фридрихе V Пфальцском (1596–1632), курфюрсте в 1610–1623 гг., в правление коего отмечался столетний юбилей Реформации.
9
Образ Вавилонской блудницы появляется в Откровении Иоанна Богослова (Откр. 17).
10
C. Zika. Reformation Jubilee of 1617: Appropriating the Past through Centenary Celebration // Authorized Pasts: Essays in Official History. D. E. Kennedy (ed.). Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1995; R. Kastner. Geistliche Rauffhandel: Form und Funktion der illustrierten Flugblatter zum Reformationsjubilaum 1617. Frankfurt and Berne: Peter Lang, 1982; R. Kastner. The Reformer and Reformation Annivesaries // History Today 33 (1983): 22–23; J. R. Paas. The German Political Broadsheet 1600–1700, 2 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrossowitz, 1986.
11
Göttlicher Schrifftmessiger, woldenckwürdiger Traum, welchen der Hochlöbliche… Churfürst zu Sachsen… dreymal nach einander gehabt hat… (London: British Museum, 1880, 0710.299).
12
Имеется в виду курфюрст Саксонский Фридрих III Мудрый (1463–1525), правивший в 1486–1525 гг. и покровительствовавший Мартину Лютеру.
13
B. Kurtz and J. G. Morris. The Year-Book of the Reformation. Baltimore, MD: Publication Rooms, 1844, pp. 48ff.
14
R. Scribner. Incombustible Luther: the Image of the Reformer in Early Modern Germany // Past and Present 110 (1986): 38–68.
15
J. L. Kerner. The Reformation of the Image. London: Reaktion, 2004.
16
C. Linberg. The European Reformations. London: Wiley and Sons, 1996; R. Kolb. Martin Luther as Prophet, Teacher and Hero. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1999.
17
Цит. по: Гегель Г.В.Ф. Лекции по философии истории / Пер. А. М. Водена. СПб.: Наука, 2000. С. 420.
18
Vorlesungen über die Philosophie der Geschichte.
19
L. von Ranke. Fragment Uber Luther 1817 // L. von Ranke, Aus Werk und Nachlass: Fruhe Schriften III. W. P. Fuchs (ed.). Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag, 1973; L. von Ranke. German History in the Age of the Reformation, 6 vols. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1839–1847; A. G. Dickens. Ranke as a Reformation Historian. Reading: University of Reading, 1980; C. Hinrichs. Ranke’s Lutherfragment von 1817 und der Ursprung seiner univeralhistorischen Anschauung // Festschrift für Gerhard Ritter zu seinem 60. Geburtstag. Richard Nürnberger (ed.). Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1950, pp. 299–321; G. Berg. Leopold von Ranke als akademischer Lehrer: Studien zu seinen Vorlesungen und seinem Geschichtsdenken. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1968, pp. 109–113; C. Hinrichs. Ranke und die Geschichtstheologie der Goethezeit. Göttingen: Musterschmidt Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 1954; L. von Ranke. Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation // L. von Ranke, Sämmtliche Werke, vols 1–6. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1867–1890.
20
K. Kupisch. Von Luther zu Bismarck: Zur Kritik einer historischen Idee: Heinrich von Treitschke. Berlin: Verlag Haus & Schule, 1949; S. M. Landry. That All May Be One? Church Unity and the German National Idea, 1866–1883 // Church History 80, no. 2 (2011): 281–301; H. von Treitschke. Luther und die deutsche Nation // H. von Treitschke, Historische und politische Aufsätze, vol. 4. Berlin: S. Hirzel, 1897, pp. 378–394; T. Nipperdey. Luther und die Bildung der Deutschen // Luther und die Folgen: Beiträge zur sozialgeschichtlichen Bedeutung der lutherischen Reformation, (ed.). H. Löwe and C.-J. Roepke. Munich: Chr. Kaiser, 1983, p. 27.
21
Справедливости ради нужно отметить, что термин «свободный дух» (der freie Geist) не принадлежит исключительно Ранке – это одно из понятий философии Гегеля; см. § 481–482 его «Энциклопедии философских наук». Русский перевод: Гегель Г.В.Ф. Энциклопедия философских наук. Т. 3. Философия духа / Отв. ред. Е. П. Ситковский. М.: Мысль, 1977 (Философское наследие). С. 323–324.
22
G. Ritter, H. Bornkamm and O. Scheel. Zur Neugestaltung unserer Zeitschrift’, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 35 (1938): 1–7.
23
Эта мысль отнюдь не нова: предшественники Лютера – Джон Виклиф в Англии, Ян Гус в Чехии, гуманисты в Нидерландах – формировали критическое отношение к католической церкви. Обвинение Лютера в повторении «ереси» Гуса и Виклифа озвучил еще на диспуте в Лейпциге папский посланник Экк в 1519 г. Требование узнать «проповедь Христа из самого источника», то есть Евангелия, озвучил Эразм Роттердамский. См., напр.: Виппер Р. Учебник новой истории с историческими картами. М.: Типолитография Т-ва И. Н. Кушнерев и Ко, 1906. С. 27, 32.
24
Автор книги «Европейские Реформации», впервые вышедшей в 1996 г. См.: Lindberg C. The European Reformations. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 1996.
25
Истоки этого подхода хорошо видны в кн.: H. Oberman. The Harvest of Medieval Theology: Gabriel Biel and Late Medieval Nominalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963; Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2001; H. Oberman. Dawn of the Reformation: Essays in Late Medieval and Early Reformation Thought. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1986; H. Oberman. The Reformation: Roots and Ramifications. Trans. A. C. Gow. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1993; H. Oberman (ed.). Forerunners of the Reformation: The Shape of Late Medieval Thought. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966; Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1981; R. J. Bast and A.C. Gow (eds.). Continuity and Change: The Harvest of Late Medieval and Reformation History: Essays Presented to Heiko A. Oberman on His 70th Birthday. Leiden: Brill, 2000; S. Ozment (ed.). The Reformation in Medieval Perspective. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971; S. Ozment. The Age of Reform, 1250–1550: An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1980, 1981. См. также: P. Blickle. Die Gemeindereformation: Die Menschen des 16. Jahrhunderts auf dem Weg zum Heil. Munich: Oldenbourg, 1987; B. Moeller. Die Reformation und das Mittelalter. Kirchenhistorische Aufsätze [The Reformation and the Middle Ages: Essays in Church History]. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1991; B. Hamm. Wie innovativ war die Reformation? // Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung 27 (2000): 481–497; A. Levi. Renaissance and Reformation: The Intellectual Genesis. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.
26
H. Schilling. Konfessionskonflikt und Staatsbildung. Gütersloh, Germany: Gütersloher Verlagshaus, 1981; W. Reinhard. Konfession und Konfessionalisierung in Europa // Bekenntnis und Geschichte: die Confessio Augustana im historischen Zusammenhang. W. Reinhard (ed.). Munich: Verlag Ernst Vögel, 1981, pp. 165–189; H. Schilling. Confessionalization: Historical and Scholarly Perspectives of a Comparative and Interdisciplinary Paradigm // Confessionalization in Europe, 1555–1700: Essays in Honor and Memory of Bodo Nischan. J. M. Headley, H. J. Hillerbrand and A. J. Papalas (ed.). Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004; W. Reinhard. Reformation, Counter-Reformation, and The Early Modern State a Reassessment // Catholic Historical Review 75, no. 3 (July 1989): 383; Ср.: T. A. Brady, Jr. Confessionalization: The Career of a Concept // Confessionalization in Europe, 1555–1700: Essays in Honor and Memory of Bodo Nischan. J. M. Headley, H. J. Hillerbrand and A. J. Papalas (ed.). Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004, pp. 1–20. Обобщение см. также: J. F. Harrington and H. W. Smith. Confessionalization, Community, and State-Building in Germany, 1555–1870 // Journal of Modern History 69 (1997): 77–101.
27
R. Po-Chia Hsia. Social Discipline in the Reformation: Central Europe, 1550–1750. London: Routledge, 1989; E. Rummel. The Confessionalization of Humanism in Reformation Germany. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000; C. S. Dixon. The Reformation and Rural Society: The Parishes of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, 1528–1603. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002; B. Kaplan. Divided by Faith: Religious Conflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007; J. Spohnholz. Multiconfessional Celebration of the Eucharist in Sixteenth-Century Wesel // Sixteenth Century Journal 39, no. 3 (2008); U. Lotz-Heumann and M. Pohlig. Confessionalization and Literature in the Empire, 1555–1700 // Central European History 40 (2007); C. S. Dixon, C. Scott, D. Freist and M. Greengrass (eds.). Living with Religious Diversity in Early Modern Europe. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009; O. P. Grell and R. Scribner (eds.). Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996; B. Kaplan, R. Moore, H. van Nierop and J. Pollmann (eds.). Catholic Communities in Protestant States: Britain and the Netherlands, c. 1570–1720. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009; C. J. Nederman and J. C. Laursen (eds.). Difference and Dissent: Theories of Tolerance in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996); L. Racault and A. Ryrie (eds.). Moderate Voices in the European Reformation. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005; A. Walsham. Charitable Hatred: Tolerance and Intolerance in England, 1500–1700. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2006).
28
M. Wiesner-Hanks. Christianity and Sexuality in the Early Modern World: Regulating Desire, Reforming Practice. New York: Routledge, 2000; S. C. Karant-Nunn and M.E. Wiesner-Hanks (eds.). Luther on Women: A Sourcebook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003; L. Roper. The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989; L. Roper. Oedipus and the Devil: Witchcraft, Religion and Sexuality in Early Modern Europe. London: Routledge, 2013; K. I. Stjerna. Women and the Reformation. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2009; M. Plummer. Priest’s Whore to Pastor’s Wife: Clerical Marriage and the Process of Reform in the Early German Reformation, St. Andrews Studies in Reformation History. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012; S. Ozment. When Fathers Ruled: Family Life in Reformation Europe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985.
29
Выражение «сборище сатанинское» встречается в Откровении Иоанна Богослова (Откр. 2:9; 3:9), но в английском языке оно передается выражением «synagogue of Satan» (συναγωγή τοῦ Σατανᾶ), что отсылает к иудаизму и звучит более оскорбительно для англоязычного уха, чем русский перевод.
30
K. Firth. The Apocalyptic Tradition in Reformation Britain 1530–1645. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979; R. Bauckham. Tudor Apocalypse: Sixteenth Century Apocalypticism, Millenarianism, and the English Reformation from John Bale to John Foxe and Thomas Brightman, Courtenay Library of Reformation Classics, vol. 8. Oxford: Sutton Courtenay Press, 1978. О природе средневековых пророчеств об Антихристе и влиянии таких пророчеств см.: Bauckham. Tudor Apocalypse, pp. 10–33; Firth. The Apocalyptic Tradition, pp. 1–15; M. Reeves. History and Eschatology: Mediaeval and Early Protestant Thought in Some English and Scottish Writings // Medievalia et Humanistica, New Series, 4 (1973): 99–123.
31
R. W. Scribner. For the Sake of Simple Folk: Popular Propaganda for the German Reformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981; M. Edwards. Printing, Propaganda, and Martin Luther. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994; L. Febvre and H.-J. Martin. L’apparition du livre. Paris: A. Michel, 1958; L. Febvre and H.-J. Martin. The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing, 1450–1800, 3rd (ed.). London: Verso, 2000; K. Hruza (ed.). Propaganda, Kommunikation und Öffentlichkeit (11.–16. Jahrhundert). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2002; P. A. Russell. Lay Theology in the Reformation: Popular Pamphleteers in Southwest Germany, 1521–1525. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002; A. Pettegree. Reformation and the Culture of Persuasion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005; E. L. Eisenstein. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979; E. L. Eisenstein. An Unacknowledged Revolution Revisited // American Historical Review 107, no. 1 (2002): 87–105; E. L. Eisenstein. The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe, 2nd (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005; J. Schwitalla. Deutsche Flugschriften, 1460–1525: Textortengeschichtliche Studien. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1983; L. Roper and J. Spinks. Karlstadt’s Wagen: The First Visual Propaganda for the Reformation // Art History: Journal of the Association of Art Historians 40, no. 2 (April 2017): 256–285.
32
M. Milner. The Senses and the English Reformation. London: Routledge, 2011; W. de Boer and C. Göttler (eds.). Religion and the Senses in Early Modern Europe. Leiden: Brill, 2012; J. M. Frymire. The Primacy of the Postils: Catholics, Protestants, and the Dissemination of Ideas in Early Modern Germany. Leiden: Brill, 2010; C. Brown. Singing the Gospel: Lutheran Hymns and the Success of the Reformation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005; L. Taylor (ed.). Preachers and People in the Reformations and Early Modern Period. Boston: Brill Academic, 2003; R. W. Oettinger. Music as Propaganda in the German Reformation. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001; A. Walsham. The Reformation of the Landscape: Religion, Identity and Memory in Early Modern Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011; A. Walsham. Recording Superstition in Early Modern Britain: The Origins of Folklore // The Religion of Fools? Superstition Past and Present, Past and Present Supplement 3. S. A. Smith and A. Knight (ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 178–206; A. Walsham. Like Fragments of a Shipwreck: Printed Images and Religious Antiquarianism in Early Modern England // Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation. M. Hunter (ed.). Aldershot: Ashgate, 2010, pp. 87–109; A. Walsham. History, Memory and the English Reformation // Historical Journal 55 (2012): 899–938.
33
A. Walsham. Domesticating the Reformation: Material Culture, Memory and Confessional Identity in Early Modern England // Renaissance Quarterly 69 (2016): 566–616; C. C. Christensen. Art and the Reformation in Germany. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1979; J. Dillenberger. Images and Relics: Theological Perceptions and Visual Images in Sixteenth-Century Europe. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999; A. Walsham. Migrations of the Holy: Religious Change in Medieval and Early Modern Europe // Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 44 (2014): 241–280; J. L. Koerner. The Reformation of the Image. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004; B. Heal. The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Early Modern Germany: Protestant and Catholic Piety, 1500–1648. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
34
R. W. Scribner. Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany. London: Hambledon, 1987; K. Thomas. Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century England. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971; C. S. Dixon, D. Freist and M. Greengrass (eds.). Living with Religious Diversity in Early Modern Europe. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009; D. Mayes. Communal Christianity: The Life and Loss of a Peasant Vision in Early Modern Germany. Leiden: Brill, 2004; W. Coster and A. Spicer (eds.). Sacred Space in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005; M. Todd. The Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.
35
Доступное изложение перехода от церковной к религиозной истории можно найти в статье: D. Shaw. What is religious history? // History Today 38, no. 8 (1985).
36
R. J. Bast. The Reformation of Faith in the Context of Late Medieval Theology and Piety. Leiden: Brill, 2004; A. E. McGrath. The Intellectual Origins of the European Reformation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987; S. Ozment. The Age of Reform, 1250–1550: An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981.
37
D. Bagchi and D. Steinmetz (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 4–5.
38
F. Capon. Newsweek, 12 February 2015. URL: http://www.newsweek.com/martin-luther-playmobil-toy-sells-out-germany-following-recordbreaking-demand‑306329.
39
E. Iserloh. The Theses were not Posted: Luther Between Reform and Reformation. Boston: Beacon Press, 1968.
40
Ibid., pp. 66–73.
41
Та же лексика используется в рассуждениях Брэда Грегори о воздействии протестантизма: B. Gregory. The Unintended Reformation. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012.
42
M. Mullett. Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses // History Today 46 (September 2003).
43
B. Stephenson. Performing the Reformation: Ritual in the City of Luther. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 91; U. Husken. Negotiating Rites. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 91.
44
См., например: M. Arnold. De l’hérétique Allemand au témoin oecumenique de Jesus-Christ: La biographie de Martin Luther au XXe siècle, a la croisée des ecoles historiographiques Françaises et Allemandes // Revue d’Allemagne 334 (2001): 395–412; H. Neuhaus. Martin Luther in Geschichte und Gegenwart: Neuerscheinungen Anläßlich des 500 Geburtstages des Reformators // Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 662 (1984): 425–479; R. Vinke (ed.). Lutherforschung im 20 Jahrhundert: Rückblick, Bilanz, Ausblick. Mainz: P von Zabern, 2004; R. H. Bainton. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2009; M. Brecht. Martin Luther. Trans. James L Schaaf, 3 vols. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985; R. Marius. Martin Luther: The Christian between God and Death. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999; H. Oberman. Luther: Man between God and Devil. Trans. E. Walliser-Schwarzbart. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006; T. Heinz. Die Deutsche Nation und Martin Luther // Historisches Jahrbuch 1052 (1985): 426–454; C. Bultmann. V. Leppin and A. Lindner (eds.). Luther und das monastische Erbe. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2007; W. Schwab. Entwicklung und Gestalt der Sakramententheologie bei Martin Luther. Frankfurt: P. Lang, 1977; P. Althaus. The Theology of Martin Luther. Trans. R. C. Schultz. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1966; B. Lohse. Martin Luther’s Theology: Its Historical and Systematic Development. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1999; T. Hohenberger. Lutherische Rechtfertigungslehre in den reformatorischen Flugschriften der Jahre 1521–1522. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1996; A. McGrath. Luther’s Theology of the Cross: Martin Luther’s Theological Breakthrough. Oxford: Blackwell, 1985.
45
M. Luther. Luther’s Works [hereafter, LW]. J. Pelikan and H. T. Lehmann (ed.). 55 vols. Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press, 1957–1986, XLVIII, 24.
46
«Сентенции в четырех книгах» (Libri Quattuor Sententiarum) – первое систематическое изложение католического богословия, написанное Петром Ломбардским в XII в. Петр Ломбардский (ок. 1096–1160) – французский богослов, схоласт, епископ Парижский с 1159 г.
47
Уильям Оккам (1288–1348) – английский логик, философ и богослов, один из основных представителей номинализма в средневековой философии. Критиковал возможность синтеза аристотелизма и христианского богословия. Наиболее известная максима, или «бритва», Оккама – «Не умножай сущностей сверх необходимости».
48
Габриэль Биль (Biel, до 1410–1495) – немецкий богослов и схоластик, августинец. Разрабатывал номинализм Уильяма Оккама, а также учение о заветах благодати и справедливости.
49
«В нем открывается правда Божия от веры в веру, как написано: праведный верою жив будет». Из этого положения Лютер вывел радикальный догмат оправдания (спасения) только верой.
50
Обсуждение этих вопросов в разном контексте см.: N. Tanner. The Ages of Faith: Popular Religion in Late Medieval England and Western Europe. London: I. B. Tauris, 2008; и применительно к Англии см.: G. Bernard. The Late Medieval English Church: Vitality and Vulnerability Before the Break with Rome. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012.