Loyola and the Educational System of the Jesuits

Sommervogel, Carlos, S. J.: Bibliothèque de la Compagnie de Jésus: – Première partie, Bibliographie; seconde partie, Histoire. Bibliographie, tom. i, Abad-Boujart, in 4to, à double colonne, 1928 col.; Bruxelles, Oscar Schepens, 16, rue Treurenberg; Paris, Alphonse Picard, 82, rue Bonaparte, 1890.

Wetzer und Welte's Kirchenlexicon: 2d edit., by Cardinal Hergenroether and Dr. F. Kaulen; vol. vi, "Jesuiten," col. 1374–1424; Freiburg, Benjamin Herder, 1889.

1

Christian Schools and Scholars, by A. T. Drane; 1881; last chapter.

2

On the Furthering of Humane Studies; Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ix, p. 129.

3

History of the Papacy, vol. i, book v, § 3; Jesuit Schools in Germany.

4

Sur la destruction des Jésuites, par un auteur désintéressé, p. 19.

5

Imago Primi Sæculi, lib. vi, Societas Flandro-Belgica, cap. iii, § 1, p. 772.

6

Crétineau-Joly, Histoire de la Compagnie de Jésus, tom. iv, ch. 3, p. 210; 3me edit. 1851.

7

Histoire de l'Université de Paris, par Charles Jourdain, liv. i, ch. 1; quoted with other testimonies, in the learned work, Un Collège de Jésuites aux xvii and xviii siècles, Le Collège Henri iv de la Flèche, par le P. Camille de Rochemonteix, 1889; tom. i, ch. 1, p. 3.

8

Exercitia Spiritualia.

9

Ranke, History of the Papacy, vol. i, book ii, § 7.

10

Genelli, Life of St. Ignatius Loyola, p. 351.

11

Imago Primi Sæculi, lib. iv, cap. ix, pp. 521-2; De Calumniis.

12

Jouvancy, Epitome Hist. S. J., p. 168, ad annum 1551.

13

Advancement of Learning, book i; Philadelphia edit. 1841, vol. i, p. 167.

14

Month of July, tom. vii; auct. J. P., § xviii, pp. 443-4.

15

Genelli, Life of St. Ignatius Loyola, part i, ch. 8.

16

Bollandists, as above, nn. 313-4; ibid., Suarez, Nigronius, and others.

17

Genelli, Life of St. Ignatius Loyola, part ii, ch. 13.

18

Bulla canoniz. S. Ign. de Loyola, § 22.

19

Bollandists, nn. 313-4; 317.

20

Bollandists, July, tom. vii, auct. J. P., §§ xxvii, xxviii.

21

Nigronius; Bollandists, n. 317.

22

Apocalypse, ch. xviii, 13.

23

Advancement of Learning, book i, p. 176; Phila. edit.

24

Père Charles Daniel S. J., Des Études Classiques dans la Société Chrétienne, ch. 8, La Concile de Trente; 1853.

25

Bollandists, auct. J. P., nn. 293-7.

26

Bollandists, n. 292.

27

Gagliardi.

28

Hist. S. J., 2da pars, Lainius; ad annum 1564, n. 220, p. 340.

29

Chiefly from P. Enrico Vasco, S. J., Il Ratio Studiorum Addattato ecc, vol. i, cap. vii, n. 33, a private memoir, 1851.

30

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, ii, p. 71; Ratio Studiorum, etc., by G. M. Pachtler, S. J.; Berlin, 1887.

31

Ibid. Pachtler, p. 334 seq.

32

Ibid. Pachtler, p. 337 seq.

33

Genelli, part ii, ch. 8.

34

Jouvancy, Epitome Hist. S. J., Anno Christi, 1547.

35

Vasco, vol. i, cap. vii, n. 33 seq.

36

Orlandini, Bollandists, n. 843.

37

Bollandists, n. 839.

38

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii, p. 72.

39

Constitutiones S. J., pars iv, declarationes in proœmium.

40

Sacchini, pars iii, lib. i, nn. 36-42.

41

Sacchini, pars iii, Borgia; lib. i, nn. 36 seq.

42

Sacchini, pars v, Claudius Aquaviva, tom. prior; lib. iv, n. 81.

43

Recherches sur la Compagnie de Jésus en France au temps du Père Coton, par le P. Prat, tom. ii, p. 296.

44

Constitutiones S. J., pars iv, cap. vii, n. 3.

45

Bibliothèque des Écrivains de la Compagnie de Jésus, Preface, 1869.

46

Crétineau-Joly; Histoire Religieuse, Politique et Littéraire de la Compagnie de Jésus, tom. ii, ch. iv, p. 176; troisième édit. 1851.

47

De Institutione Juventutis; Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ix, p. 61.

48

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii; Pachtler, p. xx.

49

They are catalogued by Rochemonteix, Collège Henri IV, tom. ii, ch. i, p. 57, note.

50

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ix; Pachtler, p. 192, n. 3.

51

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ix, pp. 110-2.

52

Arch. Rheni Sup., quoted by Pachtler; Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ix, p. 110; see also the letter of the General John Paul Oliva, ibid. p. 106.

53

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii; Pachtler, p. xx.

54

Vol. ix, pp. 322-389.

55

Maynard; The Studies and Teaching of the Society of Jesus, at the Time of its Suppression, 1750–1773; Baltimore edit. 1885, ch. 2; The Jesuits in Germany, pp. 112-3.

56

1777, 18 novembre, Œuvres de Voltaire, vol. xcv, p. 207; edit. 1832.

57

Lettre à Voltaire, 7 juillet, 1770; Œuvres de Voltaire, tom. xii, p. 495; edit. 1817.

58

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii, pp. 358-9.

59

Le Collège Henri IV, tom. ii, ch. 1, p. 20.

60

Fernand Butel, Docteur en Droit, etc.; L'Éducation des Jésuites autrefois et aujourd'hui, Un Collège Breton, ch. 1, p. 51; p. 19; p. 28; Paris, Firmin-Didot, 1890.

61

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ix, p. 65.

62

Constitutiones, pars iv, c. 7, n. 1.

63

Formulæ acceptandorum Collegiorum, etc., summarium; Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii, Pachtler, p. 338.

64

Ibid.

65

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii, Pachtler, p. 76, 5. Their curriculum was enlarged in 1829; ibid., p. 110, 6.

66

Ratio Studiorum 1599; Reg. Prov. 21, § 4. Pachtler, Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii, p. 258.

67

Constitutiones, ibid.

68

Constitutiones, pars iv, c. 12.

69

Constitutiones, pars iv, c. 5, n. 1.

70

Constitutiones, pars iv, c. 9, n. 3.

71

Ibid., c. 5, n. 1, C.

72

Ch. xi. below.

73

Constitutiones, pars iv, c. 6, n. 2.

74

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii, p. 311.

75

Ibid., p. 310, note.

76

Ribadeneira, Bollandists, July, tom. vii, nn. 335 seq.

77

Le Collège Henri IV., tom. iii, pp. 5-7.

78

Compare the ordinance of Father Oliver Manare, 1583, n. 114; Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii. p. 269.

79

Constitutiones, pars iv, c. 13, n. 4.

80

Bollandists, ibid., 376-7.

81

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii, Pachtler, p. 169.

82

L'Éducation des Jésuites autrefois, etc., par Dr. F. Butel, ch. 1, pp. 22-8. This author sketches agreeably the means touched upon in the text, and his references are useful.

83

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii, Pachtler, p. 261. Addita quædam Exercitiis Litterariis Humanistarum, 1580; prior to the completed Ratio Studiorum.

84

Ibid., p. 262.

85

Lettre xc.

86

Compare Chateaubriand's Genius of Christianity, part iv, book vi, Recapitulation; translation by Dr. Chas. I. White; Baltimore, 1884, p. 637 seq.

87

Paris, Victor Palmé, 1880.

88

Works; Philadelphia edit. 1859, vol. i, p. 244.

89

Bibliotheca Selecta in qua agitur de Ratione Studiorum, in Historia, in Disciplinis, in Salute Omnium procuranda. De Backer in his Bibliothèque des Écrivains de la Compagnie de Jésus gives the list of republications, either in whole or in part. Sommervogel's new work, royal quarto, Bibliothèque de la Compagnie de Jésus, 1890, has reached thus far only to the letter B; hence Possevino is not yet entered.

90

Ibid., p. 187.

91

Ibid., p. 136.

92

Ch. 10, of book 1, Ratio Collegiorum et Scholarum, etc., end of chapter; Roman edit.

93

Histoire d'un Collège Municipal aux XVIe, XVIIe, et XVIIIe siècles … à Bayonne avant 1789. Thèse presentée à la Faculté des Lettres de Toulouse, par J. M. Drevon, censeur des Études au Lycée d'Agen, 1890. About 500 pages.

94

Pp. 160-234.

95

P. 429.

96

Dante, Parad. viii.

97

De La Haute Éducation Intellectuelle, liv. iv, ch 4. Compare Vasco, vol. i, n. 24.

98

Essais sur l'Instruction Publique, par Charles Lenormant, membre de l'Institut; quoted by Rochemonteix, Le Collège Henri IV, tom. ii, ch. 1, p. 49, in his very instructive discussion on the Jesuit internat, or pensionnat.

99

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii, Pachtler, p. 78.

100

Const., part iv, ch. 3, decl. B.

101

Turpissimis signis.

102

Bibliotheca Selecta, lib. i, ch. 44; Quasnam tetenderit insidias humani generis hostis, etc.

103

Ribadeneira, Bollandists, nn. 373 seq.

104

Bibliotheca Selecta, lib. i, ch. 40.

105

Ratio Studiorum of 1599 and 1832, Reg. Prov. 37. The higher courses are allowed a midsummer vacation of between one and two months; in the lower or literary course, Rhetoric is allowed one month, the others classes less. Besides certain feast-days during the year, every week must have one day free, which, in the higher courses, is the whole day, but, in the lower, is only the latter part of it.

106

1602; Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii, Pachtler, p. 467.

107

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii, Pachtler, p. 411.

108

Bollandists, n. 374.

109

Lettre 7 février, 1746; Œuvres, tom. viii, p. 1128; edit. 1817.

110

Crétineau-Joly, Histoire de la Compagnie de Jésus, tom. iv, ch. 3, p. 209; edit. 1851. This chapter and the following one, ch. 4, in Crétineau-Joly, pp. 158-297, contain the most varied information on our subject, regarding professors, writers, scholars, etc.

111

Epistola de Institutione Juventutis, et Studiis Litterarum Promovendis, 1639; Mon. Germ. Pæd., vol. ix, Pachtler, p. 62.

112

Paradise Lost, book iv.

113

Notice sur le Pensionnat, etc. à Fribourg en Suisse, 1839, pp. 56 seq.

114

1585; Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii, Pachtler, p. 411.

115

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ix, Pachtler, p. 59.

116

Manare, Commentarius.

117

Crétineau-Joly, tom. i, ch. 3, p. 150.

118

Compare Cretineau-Joly, tom. i, ch. 6; tom. iv, chs. 3, 4.

119

The more heavily the strain of war bore upon Germany, the more assiduously were the succors sent in; no part of the field was more under Loyola's eye.

120

History of the Papacy, vol. i, book v, § 3; The First Jesuit Schools in Germany; Foster's translation, p. 417.

121

Compare Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ix, Pachtler, Nr. 72; Nr. 91; Nr. 92, etc.

122

This very instructive correspondence may be seen sketched in Genelli's Life of St. Ignatius of Loyola, part ii, ch. 8, pp. 342 seq. 1889.

123

Ch. 6, above, p. 84.

124

Const., pars iv, c. 7, decl. E.

125

Compare Mon. Germ. Pæd., vol. ii, Pachtler, Nr. 38, the theological faculty of the University of Würzburg, p. 303, n. 7; Mon. Germ. Pæd., vol. ix, Pachtler, Nr. 67, p. 162, and Nr. 68, p. 178, the theological and philosophical faculties of the University of Trier, etc.

126

Compare Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii, Pachtler, p. 38, note about Perugia.

127

Ibid., p. 51, note about Valencia.

128

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii, p. 369, Letter to Father Kessel.

129

Compare Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii, Pachtler, Papstliche Privilegien, pp. 1-8.

130

Bollandists, J. P., n. 612.

131

The pedagogic legislation, from this date onwards, is to be found in Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii, Pachtler, pp. 70-125.

132

Pachtler, ibid., p 75.

133

Pachtler, ibid., pp. 126-132.

134

European Civilization, ch. 46.

135

National Education, part ii, vol. ii, p. 659; p. 74; New York, 1872.

136

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ix, Pachtler, p. 57.

137

Blair's Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, Lecture 26.

138

Lecture 35.

139

Eulogy pronounced by the Cardinal Maury on his predecessor in the Institute of France, the Jesuit De Radonvilliers, 1807. – Orateurs Sacrés, Migne, tom. lxvii, column 1161.

140

A classification of eminent students may be found in Crétineau-Joly, tom. iv, ch. 3, p. 207.

141

Bibliothèque de la Compagnie de Jésus, nouvelle édition, par Carlos Sommervogel S. J., Strasbourgeois, tom. i, from Abad to Boujart; large quarto edition, 1890.

142

Doctrina Christiana, etc.; Traductions; Sommervogel, sub voce, Bellarmine, columns 1187–1204.

143

In the matter of general philology alone compare the monograph, Die Sprachkunde und die Missionen, von Joseph Dahlmann S. J., 15 January, 1891, fiftieth supplement to the Stimmen aus Maria-Laach, 121 pages.

144

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. v, Pachtler, p. 29.

145

Ibid., vol. v, p. 9 seq.

146

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. v, p. 12 seq.

147

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. v, p. 26 seq.

148

Disputatio acris oriebatur.

149

Ibid., Nr. 8, p. 65.

150

Vol. v, pp. 67-217.

151

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. v, p. 15 seq.

152

As an instance of the minute criticism brought to bear upon it in Germany, consult Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. v, p. 218 seq. Similar animadversions are to be understood as coming from other quarters.

153

Supercheries littéraires dévoilées iii, 446, f; Sommervogel, Dictionnaire des Ouvrages Anonymes et Pseudonymes, etc., S. J., sub voce, Ratio.

154

Quoted by Ch. Daniel, S. J., Les Jésuites Instituteurs de la Jeunesse, etc., last ch. p. 297.

155

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. v, Nr. 11, p. 227.

156

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. v, p. 252, Ratio Studiorum of 1599, Reg. Prov. 19, § 11.

157

Compare Lord Bacon, The Advancement of Learning, book ii, p. 186, 1st column; Philadelphia edit. 1846.

158

Chapter vi, above, p. 83.

159

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. v, p. 129, Ratio Studiorum of 1586, c. Stud. Philos.

160

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. v, p. 491, n. 32.

161

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. v, p. 154, n. 6, Humanitatis Doctores quos et quales, etc.

162

Vitelleschi, 1639, Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ix, p. 60, n. 4.

163

Ratio Stud., Reg. Prov. 19; Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. v, p. 242.

164

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii, pp. 84, 93.

165

Ibid., vol. ii, p. 101.

166

Rt. St. 1599, Reg. Prof, Rhet. 6; Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. v, p. 404.

167

Sommervogel fills twenty-four columns with a partial enumeration of the editions of Alvarez; Bibliothèque de la Compagnie de Jésus, 1890, sub voce, Alvarez.

168

Compare Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii, p. 269, n. 114; Manare's Ordinance for Germany.

169

Rationarium Temporum, Paris, 1632.

170

Daniel, Les Jésuites Instituteurs, etc., ch. 10, p. 216.

171

Geographiæ et Hydrographiæ Reformatæ Libri xii, Bologna, 1661, in folio.

172

See the pleasant sketch in Daniel's Les Jésuites Instituteurs, etc., chs. 2-5; also Maynard's The Jesuits, their Studies and Teaching, ch. 4, Scientific Condition of the Jesuits, etc.

173

Rome, 1583, 8vo, pp. 219.

174

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. v, p. 141, De Mathematicis.

175

Reg. Prov. n. 20.

176

First edition in 1697.

177

De l'Église Gallicane, liv. i, ch. 8, p. 46; edit. 1821.

178

The medal is in the Coleman Museum of the Georgetown University, where De Vico, with Sestini, was astronomer for some time.

179

For an historical sketch of Bavarian Jesuits, under the aspect of scientific eminence, see Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ix, pp. 445-6, where Father Pachtler gives the Prospectus of a new scientific and literary review, to be issued in Bavaria, 1772. The Suppression forestalled it.

180

Histoire des Mathematiques, t. iv, p. 347; quoted by Crétineau-Joly, t. iv, c. 4, p. 283, who contains a large amount of literature upon this subject. According to late researches, made by MM. C. André and G. Rayet, astronomers of the observatory of Paris, the number of observatories established in the whole world, towards the close of the last century, was 130. Of this number, 32 were founded by Jesuits, or were under their direction. – Victor Van Tricht, La Bibliothèque des Écrivains de la Compagnie de Jésus, etc., appendice 1er, p. 221; 1876.

181

Constitutiones, pars iv, c. 13, n. 4.

182

Bollandists, J. P., n. 871.

183

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. v, p. 151 seq.

184

Ratio St., Reg. Prov. 28; Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. v, p. 260.

185

Ibid., vol. ix, p. 59.

186

Ibid., vol. v, Rt. St. 1586, Humanitatis Magistri, n. 5, p. 153.

187

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii, p. 415.

188

Ibid., vol. v, n.. 3, p. 152.

189

Ibid., vol. v, n. 4, p. 152.

190

Ibid., vol. v, p. 260; Reg. Prov. 24, 25.

191

Ibid., vol. ix, p. 60; letter of the year 1639.

192

Ibid., vol. v, p. 154.

193

Ibid, vol. ix, p. 130, n. 2.

194

Ibid., n. 6.

195

Ibid., vol. v, p. 352.

196

Ibid., vol. v, p. 149.

197

Ibid., p. 153.

198

Rt. St., Reg. Rect. 3; Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. v, p. 268.

199

Ibid., n. 18, p. 272.

200

Reg. Prov. 33; Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, p. 262.

201

Ibid., vol. ix, p. 131.

202

Jouvancy, Ratio Discendi; c. Ordo Studendi.

203

Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. v, p. 144.

204

Ibid.

205

Ibid., vol. ii, p. 126; Reg. Prov. n. 50.

206

Rt. St. 1586; Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. v, p. 150.

207

Formula Acceptandorum Collegiorum, b; Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ii, p. 339.

208

Hist. S. J., Sacchini, pars ii, Lainius, lib. viii, n. 219, ad annum 1564.

209

Rt. St. 1586, ibid.

210

Rt. St. 1599, Reg. Prov. 27; Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. v, p. 260.

211

Chapter xi, above, p. 155.

212

Statuten der philos. Fak. Ingolstadt, 1649; De Auditoribus; Monumenta Germaniæ Pædagogica, vol. ix, p. 284.