Будущее капитализма
11. Ibid., p. 21.
12. Lynn A. Karoly, «Changes in the Distribution of Individual Earnings in the United States, 1967-1986,» Review of Economics and Statistics, February 1992, pp. 107, A 78; Danziger and Peter, eds., Uneven Tides, pp.69, 85, 102, 129; Steven J. Davis, Cross-Country Patterns of Changes in Relative Wages, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, p. 273; Karoly, «Changes in the Distribution of Individual Earnings,» pp. 107, 113; Frank Levy and Richard J. Murnane, «U. S. Earnings Levels and Earnings Inequality,» Journal of Economic Literature, September 1992, p. 1333.
13. «Wealth: The Divided States of America,» New York Times, April 23, 1995, p. F2; Steven Sass, «Passing the Buck,» Regional Review, Boston Federal Reserve Bank, Summer 1995, p. 16.
14. Barry Bluestone, Economic Inequality and the Macro-Structuralist Debate. Eastern Economics Association Meetings, February 1994, p. 8; Lynn A. Karoly, «The Trend in Inequality Among Families, Individuals, and Workers in the United States,» Rand Corporation, 1992, pp. 44, 66, A16, 221; Lawrence Mishel and Ja-red Bernstein, The State of Working America 1992-1993 (Washington, D. C.: Economic Policy Institute/M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 14; «Male Educated in a Pay Bind,» New York Times, February 11, 1994, p. Dl; Richard D. Reeves, «Cheer Up, Downsizing Is Good for Some,» International Herald Tribune, December 29, 1994, p. 4.
15. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Income, Poverty, and Valuation of Noncash Benefits: 1993. Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, Series P-60-188 (Washing-
ton, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1995), p. x; Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President 1995 (Washington D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1995), pp. 276, 311.
16. Economic Report of the President 1995, p. 310.
17. Kevin Phillips, Boiling Point: The Decline of Middle Class Prosperity (New York: Random House, 1993), p. xvii.
18. Keith Bradsher, «American Real Wages Fell 2.3 Percent in 12-Month Period,» New York Times, June 23, 1995, p. D4.
19. Mishel and Bernstein, The State of Working America 1992-1993, p. 36.
20. Jason DeParle, «Sharp Increase Along the Borders of Poverty,» New York Times, March 31, 1994, p. A18.
21. Center for National Policy, Job Quality Index, November 15, 1993.
22. David E. Bloom and Richard B. Freeman, The Fall of Private Pension Coverage in the United States," American Economic Review, May 1992, p. 539; Virgina L. DuRivage, ed., New Policies for the Parttime and Contingent Work Force (New York: Economic Policy Institute/M. E. Sharpe, 1992), p. 22.
23. The Urban Institute, Inequality of Earnings and Benefits, Winter/Spring, 1994, p. 21.
24. «The Widening Pension Gap,» Fortune, March 16, 1995, p. 48; Bloom and Freeman, «The Fall of Private Pension Coverage in the United States,» p. 540.
25. Karoly, The Trend in Inequality," pp. 44, 66, A16, 221.
26. Steven Greenhouse, «Clinton Seeks to Narrow a Growing Wage Gap,» New York Times, December 13, 1993, p. Dl.
27. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, 1993,
p. x.
28. Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President 1995 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), pp. 276, 311, 326.
29. Ibid., pp. 276, 326.
30. Kilborn, «More Women Take Low Wage Jobs,» p. 24; Wallace C. Peterson, Silent Depression (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994).
31. Keith Bradsher, «Sluggish Income Figures Show Gains for Some,» New York Times, October 6, 1995, p. A22.
32. U. S. Bureau of Census, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, 1993, p. x.
33. Mishel and Bernstein, The State of Working America 1992-1993, p. 72.
34. Tamar Lewin, «Mom Is Providing More Income,» International Herald Tribune, May 12, 1995, p. 14.
35. Danziger and Gottschalk, eds., Uneven Tides, p. 195.
36. «Getting Their Dues,» The Economist, March 25, 1995, p. 86.
37. Stephen S. Roach, «Announced Staff Cuts of U. S. Corporations,» in Morgan Stanley Special Economic Study, The Perils of America's Productivity-Led Recovery, 1994.
38. George Church, «The White Collar Layoffs That We're Seeing Are Permanent and Structural,» Time, November 22, 1993, p. 35.
39. U. S. Department of Labor, Employment and Earnings, January 1981 and January 1982, pp. 36, 20.
40. Ibid., pp. 28, 29.
41. Richard E. Caves and Matthew B. Krepps, Fat: The Displacement of Nonproduction Workers from U. S. Manufacturing Industries, The Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No. 2, 1993, p. 231.
42. John A. Byme, The Pain of Downsizing," Business Week, May 9, 1994, p. 61; Matt Murry, «Amid Record Profits Companies Continue to Lay Off Employees,» Wall Street Journal, Europe, May 8, 1995, p. 1.
43. Farrell Kramer, «AT amp;T and Sprint Plan Big Job Cuts,» Boston Globe, November 16, 1995, p. 46.
44. Dean Baker and Lawrence Mishel, Profits Up, Wages Down, Economic Policy Institute Briefing Paper (Washington, D. C.: 1995), p. 1.
45. Caves and Krepps, «Fat,» p. 227.
46. Martin Neil Baily, Eric J. Bartelsman, and John Haltiwanger, Downsizing and Productivity Growth: Myth or Reality, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 4741, May 1994.
47. Martin Orth and Rudiger Edelmann, «Flexible Working Times: Only a Trendy Concept?» Deutschland, No. 1, February 1994.
48. «Deutsche Bank Plan to Cut 10,000 Jobs,» New York Times, September 18, 1995, p. C2.
49. German Information Center, Unemployment in Germany, March 1994.
50. Marlise Simons, «In French Factory Town, Culprit Is Automation,» New York Times, May 12, 1994, p. A3.
51. Mishel and Bernstein, The State of Working America, p. 174; Robert E. Scott and Thea M. Lee, Reconsidering the Benefits and Costs of Trade Protection, Economic Policy Institute Working Paper No. 105, April 1991, p. 41.
52. William J. Carrington, «Wage Losses for Displaced Workers: Is It Really the Firm That Matters?» Journal of Human Resources, Summer 1993, p. 454.
53. Church, «White Collar Layoffs,» p. 35.
54. Bruce Butterfield, «Working but Worried,» Boston Globe, October 10, 1993, p. 1.
55. «Companies Rewrite the Rules on Jobs,» Financial Times, January 7, 1995, p. 12.
56. Bennett Harrison, Lean and Mean (New York: Basic Books, 1994), p. 201; Polly Callaghan and Heidi Hartmann, Contingent Work (Washington, D. C.: Economic Policy Institute, 1994).
57. DuRivage, ed., New Policies, p. 56.
58. Ibid., pp. 3, 21, 22.
59. Jason DeParle, «Report to Clinton Sees Vast Extent of Homelessness,» New York Times, February 17, 1994, p. 1; Christopher Jencks, «The Homeless,» New York Review of Books, April 21, 1994, p. 20.
60. «Europe and the Underclass,» The Economist, July 30, 1994, p. 19.
61. «Homeless in France,» International Herald Tribune, December 20, 1994, p. 1.
62. Sylvia Nasar, «More Men in Prime of Life Spend Less Time Working,» New York Times, December 1, 1994, p. 1.
63. Alan Cowell, «Where Juliet Pined Youths Now Kill,» New York Times, March 22, 1994, p. A4.
64. Nasar, «More Men in Prime of Life,» p. 1.
65. Jencks, «The Homeless,» p. 23; Robert N. Bellah et al., The Good Society (New York: Knopf, 1991), p. 4.
67. Цит. по: Peter S. Canellos, «The Outer Class,» Boston Globe, February 6, 1994.
68. Tamar Lewin, «Families in Upheaval Worldwide,» International Herald Tribune, May 31, 1995, p. 1.
69. Tamar Lewin, «Family Decay Global, Study Says,» New York Times, May 30, 1995, p. A5.
70. Urban Institute, Welfare Reform Brief No. 13, p. 3 as corrected.
71. «The Family: Home Sweet Home,» The Economist, September 9, 1995, p. 26.
72. Seth Faison, «In China, Rapid Social Changes Bring a Surge in Divorce Rate,» New York Times, August 22, 1995, p. 1.
73. Steven A. Holmes, «Low-Wage Fathers and the Welfare Debate,» New York Times, April 25, 1995, p. A12.
74. Duncan Lindsey, The Welfare of Children (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 69.
75. Robert N. Bellah et al., The Good Society (New York: Knopf, 1991), p. 46.
76. Bob Tyrrell and Charlotte Cornish, «Beggar Your Neighbor,» Financial Times, November 17, 1993, p. 14.
77. David Popenoe, «The Family Condition of America,» in Values and Public Policy, ed. Henry J. Aaron, Thomas E. Mann, Timothy Taylor (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1994), p. 104.
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid., p. 46.
80. Ibid., p. 73.
81. «The Family: Home Sweet Home,» p. 26.
82. Faison, «In China, Rapid Social Changes,» p. 1.
83. James Q. Wilson, «Culture, Incentives, and the Underclass,» in Values and Public Policy, p. 46.
84. Fred Block, Post-Industrial Possibilities: A Critique of Economic Discourse (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 27.
85. «Upon the States' Shoulders Be It,» The Economist, March 25, 1995, p. 67.
86. «The Future Surveyed,» The Economist, September 11, 1993, special section.
87. James Q. Wilson, «The 1994 Wriston Lecture,» The Manhattan Institute, November 1994.
88. Gunnar Myrdal, Against the Stream (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972), p. 175.
89. Peter Drier and John Atlas, «Housing Policies Moment of Truth,» Challenge, Summer 1995, pp. 8, 70.
90. Jack Beatty, «Who Speaks for the Middle Class?» The Atlantic, May 1994, p. 73; Wallace C. Peterson, Silent Depression (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), p. 53.
91. Bellah et al., The Good Society, pp. 141, 175.
92. Phillips, Boiling Point, p. 175.
93. Ibid.
94. David Fletcher, «Worst-Off Fall Further Behind,» Daily Telegraph, June 3, 1995,
p. 5.
95. Steven Davis, Cross-Country Patterns of Change in Relative Wages, NBER Working Paper, 1994.
96. «Inequality,» The Economist, November 4, 1994, p. 19; «Rich Man, Poor Man,» The Economist, July 24, 1994, p. 71.
97. «Real Earnings Down for West German Workers, up in East,» The Week in Germany, March 11, 1994, p. 4.
98. Ibid.
99. International Herald Tribune, «French Staff Takes I Wage Cut,» December 27,
1994, p. 10.
100. Susan N. Houseman and Katharine G. Abraham, Labor Adjustment Under Different Institutional Structures: A Case Study of Germany and the United States, Upjohn Institute Staff Working Papers, April 1994, p. 6; R. Dore, Incurable Unemployment: A Progressive Disease of Modem Societies? Center for Economic Performance Paper No. 6, August 1994.
101. «Marketing Labour,» The Economist, April 1, 1995, p. 44.
102. David Marsh, «German Exporters Feeling the Squeeze,» Financial Times, March 24, 1995, p. 2.
103. Robert Solow, Is AH That European Unemployment Necessary? The World Economic Laboratory, MIT Working Paper No. 94-06, 1993.
104. «Labour Pains,» The Economist, February 12, 1994, p. 74.
105. Heino Fassbender and Susan Cooper Hedegaard, «The Ticking Bomb at the Core of Europe,» McKinsey Quarterly, No. 3, 1993, p. 132.
106. Ibid.
107. «Doleful,» The Economist, October 9, 1994, p. 17.
108. Richard Donkin, «World Outlook for Jobs Gloomy,» Financial Times, April 27, 1994, p. 4.
109. Ibid.
110. Frank Riboud, «Army of Invalids,» Worldlink, May/June 1994, p. 5.
112. Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President 1995, p. 314.
113. Oliver J. Blanchard, «European Unemployment,» NBER Reporter, Winter 1993-94, p. 7.
114. James M. Poterba and Lawrence H. Summers, Unemployment Benefits, Labor Market Transitions, and Spurious Flows, NBER Working Paper No. 4434, August 1993.
115. «The 12% Shame,» The Economist, April 1, 1995, p. 42.
116. Richard Freeman, «The Trouble with Success,» The Economist, March 12, 1994 p. 51.
117. «How Regulations Kill New Jobs,» The Economist, November 19, 1994, p. 82.
118. «European Bosses Ask for Cuts in Employee Benefits,» Straits Times, August 20,
119. Robert J. Gordon, Back to the Future: European Unemployment Today Viewed from America in 1939, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No. 1, 1988, p. 271.
120. Audren Choi, «Daimler Benz Looks to Flee German Woes,» Asian Wall Street Journal, March 13, 1995, pp. 1, 2.
121. «Dark Days,» The Economist, October 9, 1993, p. 59.
122. «Nothing Could Be Finer,» The Economist, November 19, 1994, p. 77.
123. «Herr Lazarus,» The Economist, March 18, 1995, p. 68.
124. «Labour Costs,» The Economist, May 27, 1995, p. 110.
125. Ariane Benillard, «Cost Savings of Relocation Lure German Companies,» Financial Times, November 9, 1993, p. 1.
126. «New Law Allows Private Employment Agencies,» This Week in Germany, April 22, 1994, p. 4.
127. «Low Pay Forces Desperate 1 Million to Take Second Jobs,» Guardian, October 24, 1994, p. 4.
128. Takeuchi Hiroshi, «Reforming Management,» Journal of Japanese Trade and Industry, No. 2, 1994, p. 12; «Japan: One in Ten?» The Economist, July 1, 1995, p. 52.
129. «Inequality,» The Economist, November 4, 1994, p. 19.
130. «Shoot Out at the Check Out,» The Economist, June 5, 1993, p. 81.
1. «Oil,» The Economist, July 15, 1995, p. 88.
2. Clyde Prestowitz, «Good but Not Good Enough,» World Link, March/April 1994, p. 31.
3. Kenneth Gooding, «Metals Analysts Expect Fall in Russian Nickel Exports,» Financial Times, May 2, 1995, p. 23.
4. Adi Ignatius, «Former U. S. Executives Advise Russians How to Convert Military Factories,» Wall Street Journal, June 26, 1992, p. D7.
5. Jenny Luesby, Mikki L. Tail, and Chrystia Freeland, «Australia Furious' at Soaring CIS Wool Exports,» Financial Times, August 24, 1995, p. 5.
6. Craig R. Whitney, «West European Companies Head East for Cheap Labor,» New York Times, February 9, 1995, p. Dl.
7. «Making Shoes in Brazil,» The Economist, June 24, 1995, p. 61.
8. Richard Eckaus, The Metamorphosis of Giants: China and India in Transition, MIT Working Paper, March 1994.
9. «Statistics Cheats Disrupt China's Economic Plans,» South China Morning Business Post, August 18, 1994, p. 1.
10. «China: Not So Miraculous?» The Economist, May 27, 1995, p. 63.
11. «Survey: China,» The Economist, March 18, 1995, p. 9.
12. Paul R. Gregory and Robert C. Stuart, Sow'et Economic Structure and Performance (New York: Harper and Row, 1990], p. 356.
13. «Survey: Russia's Emerging Market,» The Economist, April 8, 1995, p. 4.
14. «Rural Discontent Sparks Alarm,» South China Morning Post, February 13, 1995, p. 1; «Survey: China,» The Economist, March 18, 1995, p. 23.
15. United Nations, Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific (New York, 1993), pp. 86, 150.
16. «Fund Reviews China's Economy, It's Big,» New York Times, May 10, 1993, p. 1.
17. John Gittings, «Chinese Whispers in a Vacuum,» Guardian, February 3, 1995, p. 26.
18. John D. Friske, Chinese Facts and Figures Annual Handbook, Vol. 18 (Beijmg: Academic International Press, 1994), p. 114.
19. Alice H. Amsden, Jacek Kochanowicz, and Lance Taylor, The Market Meets Its Match: Restructuring the Economies of Eastern Europe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994).
20. Michael W. Bell, Hoe E. E. Khor, and Kalpana Kochhar, China at the Threshold of a Market Economy, International Monetary Fund Report No. 107, September 1993, p. 16.
21. Ibid., p. 58.
22. Michael Specter, «Russia's Fall Grain Harvest Seen as the Worst in 30 Years,» New York Times, October 10, 1995, p. A10.
23. Wanda Tseng et al., Economic Reform in China, International Monetary Fund Report No. 114, November 1994.
24. Dun's Asia/Pacific Key Business Enterprises, 1993/94 (Sydney, Australia: Dun and Bradstreet Information Series, 1994), p. 223.
25. Jeffrey D. Sachs, Reforms in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union in Light of East Asian Experience (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Institute for Economic Development, 1995), p. 44.
26. Платежные ведомости из архивов компании «Форд Моторз».
27. «USSR,» The Economist, July 13, 1991, p. 110.
28. John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory (London: Macmfflan amp; Co., 1936), p. 383.
29. «A Survey of Vietnam,» The Economist, July 8, 1995, p. 4.
30. Keith Bradsher, «Skilled Workers Watch Their Jobs Migrate Overseas,» New York Times, August 28, 1995, p. 1. 31. Andrew Stark, «Adieu, Liberal Nationalism,» New York Times, November 2, 1995, p. A27.
1. Paul A. Samuelson and William D. Nordhaus, Economics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989), pp. 901-910.
2. Этот перечень был прислан мне одним из читателей моей книги "Head to Head-(New York: Morrow, 1992) и предположительно был опубликован в «Уолл-стрит джорнэл» на рубеже веков, но я не смог разыскать точную цитату.
3. В. R. Mitchell, British Historical Statistics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1933), pp. 104, 253.
4. Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990), pp. 638-43.
5. Lester C. Thurow, Head to Head (New York: Morrow, 1992), p. 204.
6. Ibid., p. 45.
7. Eduardo Borenstein et al., The Behavior of Non-Oil Commodity Prices, International Monetary Fund, August 1994, p. 1; International Monetary Fund, Primary Commodities: Market Development and Outlook, July 1990, p. 26.
8. Профессор Боскин отрицает, что он когда-либо делал такое замечание, но оно войдет в историю как его самая знаменитая фраза независимо от того, произносил он ее в действительности или нет.
9. U. S. Department of Labor, Employment and Earnings, March 1993, pp. 93, 99.
10. Lawrence F. Katz and Lawrence H. Summers, Rents: Evidence and Implications, Brookings Economic Papers, Microeconomics 1989, pp. 209, 220.
11. Fortune, The Fortune 500, April 19, 1993, p. 254.
12. «Put Away Childish Things,» The Economist, July 8, 1995, p. 14; «Survey: The European Union,» The Economist, October 22, 1994, p. 1.
13. Brent Schlender, «Why Andy Grove Can't Stop,» Fortune, July 10, 1995, pp. 90, 94.
14. Lawrence M. Fisher, «Microsoft Net Is Stronger Than Expected,» New York Times, July 18, 1995, p. D4; Michael A. Cusumano and Richard W. Selby, Microsoft Secrets (New York: Free Press, 1995).
15. «Oh What a Difference a Day Makes,» Fortune, September 4, 1995, p. 21.
16. Office of Technological Assessment of U. S. Congress, Multinationals and the National Interest, 103d Congress, Washington, D. C., p. 2.
17. John Holusha, «First to College, Then the Mill,» New York Times, August 22, 1995, p. Dl.
18. William L. OTJeffl, American High: The Years of Confidence, 1945-1960 (New York: Free Press, 1986), pp. 9-10.
19. Peter Applebome, «Study Ties Educational Gains to More Productivity Growth,» New York Times, May 14, 1995, p. Y13.
20. JoAnne Yates, Control Through Communications (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989).
21. John Koomey, Report for the Department of Energy on Usage of Computers (draft).
22. Daniel Yankelovich, «How Changes in the Economy Are Reshaping American Values,» Values and Public Policy, ed. Henry J. Aaron, Thomas E. Mann, and Timothy Taylor (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1994), p. 46.
23. National Issues Forum, Kids Who Commit Crimes (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994), p. 24.
24. Ibid., p. 26.
25. Suzanne Hamlin, «Time Flies, but Where Does It Go,» New York Times, September 6, 1995, p. Cl.
26. Elizabeth Kolbert, «Television Gets Closer Look as a Factor in Real Violence,» New York Times, December 14, 1994, pp. 1, D20.
27. Ruben Cataneda, «Homicides in D. C. Fall,» Washington Post, March 30, 1995, p. Bl.
28. Fox Butterfield, «Many Cities in U. S. Show Sharp Drop in Homicide Rate,» New York Times, August 13, 1995, p. 1.
30. «Republic of the Image,» New Perspectives Quarterly, Summer 1994, p. 25.
31. Richard Bernstein, «'Jefferson' Turning Rumor into Movie Fact,» International Herald Tribune, April 13, 1995, p. 20.
32. Bernard Weinraub, «Dole Sharpens Assault on Hollywood,» International Herald Tribune, June 2, 1995, p. 3.
33. Robert H. Bellah et al., Habits of the Heart (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), p. 279.
34. Shlomo Maital, Minds, Markets, and Money (New York: Basic Books, 1982), p. 39.
35. Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991 (London: Michael Joseph, 1994), p. 3.
36. Robert L. Heilbroner, The Nature and Logic of Capitalism (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985), p. 109.
37. «The Future of Democracy,» and «Democracy and Technology,» The Economist, June 17, 1995, pp. 13, 21.
1. Paul Kennedy, Preparing for the Twenty-first Century (New York: Random House, 1992), p. 23.
2. «India's Long Multiplication,» The Economist, February 18, 1995, p. 73.
3. «Two Billion More Third World People Predicted by 2030,» Boston Globe, August 4, 1994, p. 4.
4. Paul Taylor, «AIDS Epidemic Casts Pall over Zimbabwe,» International Herald Tribune, March 13, 1995, p, 2,
5. Lester R. Brown, Hal Kane, and Ed Ayres, Vital Signs 1993 (New York: W. W. Norton/World Watch Institute, 1993), p. 106.
6. Barbara Crossette, «Severe Water Crisis Ahead for Poorest Nations in Next 2 Decades,» New York Times, August 10, 1995, p. A13.