Through the Fray: A Tale of the Luddite Riots

Weeks went on, and no outward change took place. Ned continued to live at home. Mr. Mulready never addressed him, and beyond helping him to food entirely ignored his presence. At mealtimes when he opened his lips it was either to snap at Charlie or Lucy, or to snarl at his wife, whose patience astonished Ned, and who never answered except by a smile or murmured excuse. The lad was almost as far separated from her now as from his stepfather. She treated him as if he only were to blame for the quarrel which had arisen. They had never understood each other, and while she was never weary of making excuses for her husband, she could make none for her son. In the knowledge that the former had much to vex him she made excuses for him even in his worst moods. His new machinery was standing idle, his business was getting worse and worse, he was greatly pressed and worried, and it was monstrous, she told herself, that at such a time he should be troubled with Ned’s defiant behavior.

A short time before the school Christmas holidays Ned knocked at the door of Mr. Porson’s study. Since the conversation which they had had when first Ned heard of his mother’s engagement Mr. Porson had seen in the lad’s altered manner, his gloomy looks, and a hardness of expression which became more and more marked every week, that things were going on badly. Ned no longer evinced the same interest in his work, and frequently neglected it altogether; the master, however, had kept silence, preferring to wait until Ned should himself broach the subject.

“Well, Sankey, what is it?” he asked kindly as the boy entered.

“I don’t think it’s any use my going on any longer, Mr. Porson.”

“Well, Sankey, you have not been doing yourself much good this half, certainly. I have not said much to you about it, for it is entirely your own business: you know more than nineteen out of twenty of the young fellows who get commissions, so that if you choose to give up work it is your own affair.”

“I have made up my mind not to go into the army,” Ned said quietly.

Mr. Porson was silent a minute.

“I hope, my dear lad,” he said, “you will do nothing hastily about this. Here is a profession open to you which is your own choice and that of your father, and it should need some very strong and good reason for you to abandon it. Come let us talk the matter over together, my boy, not as a master and his pupil, but as two friends.

“You know, my boy, how thoroughly I have your interest at heart. If you had other friends whom you could consult I would rather have given you no advice, for there is no more serious matter than to say anything which might influence the career of a young fellow just starting in life. Terrible harm often results from well intentioned advice or opinions carelessly expressed to young men by their elders; it is a matter which few men are sufficiently careful about; but as I know that you have no friends to consult, Ned, and as I regard you with more than interest, I may say with affection, I think it would be well for you to tell me all that there is in your mind before you take a step which may wreck your whole life.

“I have been waiting for some months in hopes that you would open your mind to me, for I have seen that you were unhappy; but it was not for me to force your confidence.”

“I don’t know that there’s much to tell,” Ned said wearily. “Everything has happened just as it was certain it would do. Mulready is a brute; he ill treats my mother, he ill treats Charlie and Lucy, and he would ill treat me if he dared.”

“All this is bad, Ned,” Mr. Porson said gravely; “but of course much depends upon the amount of his ill treatment. I assume that he does not actively ill treat your mother.”

“No,” Ned said with an angry look in his face; “and he’d better not.”

“Yes, Ned, he had better not, no doubt,” Mr. Porson said soothingly; “but what I want to know, what it is essential I should know if I am to give you any advice worth having, is what you mean by ill treatment—is he rough and violent in his way with her? does he threaten her with violence? is he coarse and brutal?”

“No,” Ned said somewhat reluctantly; “he is not that, sir; he is always snapping and snarling and finding fault.”

“That is bad, Ned, but it does not amount to ill treatment. When a man is put out in business and things go wrong with him it is unhappily too often his custom to vent his ill temper upon innocent persons; and I fancy from what I hear—you know in a little place like this every one’s business is more or less known—Mr. Mulready has a good deal to put him out. He has erected new machinery and dare not put it to work, owing as I hear—for he has lain the documents before the magistrates—for his having received threatening letters warning him against doing so. This is very trying to the man. Then, Ned, you will excuse my saying that perhaps he is somewhat tried at home. It is no pleasant thing for a man to have a young fellow like yourself in the house taking up an attitude of constant hostility. I do not say that his conduct may or may not justify it; but you will not deny that from the first you were prepared to receive him as an enemy rather than as a friend. I heard a story some weeks ago in the town, which emanated no doubt from the servants, that you had actually struck him.”

“He hit Charlie, sir,” Ned exclaimed.

“That may be,” Mr. Porson went on gravely; “and I have no doubt, Ned, that you considered then, and that you consider now, that you were acting rightly in interfering on behalf of your brother. But I should question much whether in such a matter you are the best judge. You unfortunately began with a very strong prejudice against this man; you took up the strongest attitude of hostility to him; you were prepared to find fault with everything he said and did; you put yourself in the position of the champion of your mother, brother, and sister against him. Under such circumstances it was hardly possible that things could go on well. Now I suppose, Ned, that the idea which you have in your mind in deciding to give up the profession you have chosen, is that you may remain as their champion and protector here.”

“Yes, sir,” Ned said. “Father told me to be kind to mother, whatever happened.”

“Quite so, my boy; but the question is, Are you being kind?”

Ned looked surprised.

“That you intend to be so, Ned, I am sure. The question is, Are you going the right way to work? Is this championship that you have taken upon yourself increasing her happiness, or is it not?”

Ned was silent.

“I do not think that it is, Ned. Your mother must be really fond of this man or she would not have married him. Do you think that it conduces to the comfort of her home to see the constant antagonism which prevails between you and him? Is it not the fact that this ill temper under which she suffers is the result of the irritation caused to him by your attitude? Do you not add to her burden rather than relieve it?”

Ned was still silent. He had so thoroughly persuaded himself that he was protecting his mother, his brother, and sister from Mr. Mulready that he had never considered the matter in this light.

“Does your mother take his part or yours in these quarrels, Ned?”

“She takes his part, sir,” said Ned indignantly.

“Very well, Ned; that shows in itself that she does not wish for your championship, that in her eyes the trouble in the house is in fact caused by you. You must remember that when a woman loves a man she makes excuses for his faults of temper; his irritable moods, sharp expressions, and what you call snapping and snarling do not seem half so bad to her as they do to a third person, especially when that third person is her partisan. Instead of your adding to her happiness by renouncing your idea of going into the army, and of deciding to remain here in some position or other to take care of her, as, I suppose, is your intention, the result will be just the contrary. As to your sister, I think the same thing would happen.

“Your mother is certainly greatly attached to her and owing to her changed habits—for I understand that she is now a far more active, and I may say, Ned, a more sensible woman than before her marriage—I see no reason why Lucy should not be happy with her, especially if the element of discord—I mean yourself—were out of the way. As to Charlie, at the worst I don’t think that he would suffer from your absence. His stepfather’s temper will be less irritable; and as Charlie is away at school all day, and has to prepare his lessons in the evening, there is really but slight opportunity for his stepfather treating him with any active unkindness, even should he be disposed to do so.

“Did I think, my boy, that your presence here would be likely to benefit your family I should be the last person to advise you to avoid making a sacrifice of your private wishes to what you consider your duty; but upon the contrary I am convinced that the line which you have, with the best intention, taken up has been altogether a mistake, that your stay at home does vastly more harm than good, and that things would go on very much better in your absence.”

This was a bitter mortification for Ned, who had hitherto nursed the idea that he was performing rather a heroic part, and was sacrificing himself for the sake of his mother.

“You don’t know the fellow as I do,” he said sullenly at last.

“I do not, Ned; but I know human nature, and I know that any man would show himself at his worst under such circumstances as those in which you hare placed him. It is painful to have to say, but I am sure that you have done harm rather than good, and that things will get on much better in your absence.”

“I believe he is quite capable of killing her,” Ned said passionately, “if he wanted her out of the way.”

“That is a hard thing to say, Ned; but even were it so, we have no reason for supposing that he does want her out of the way. Come, Sankey, I am sure you have plenty of good sense. Hitherto you have been acting rather blindly in this matter. You have viewed it from one side only, and with the very best intentions in the world have done harm rather than good.

“I am convinced that when you come to think it over you will see that, in following out your own and your father’s intentions and wishes as to your future career, you will really best fulfil his last injunctions and will show the truest kindness to your mother. Don’t give me your answer now, but take time to think it over. Try and see the case from every point of view, and I think you will come to the conclusion that what I have been saying, although it may seem rather hard to you at first, is true, and that you had best go into the army, as you had intended. I am sure in any case you will know that what I have said, even if it seems unkind, has been for your good.”

“Thank you, Mr. Porson,” Ned replied; “I am quite sure of that. Perhaps you are right, and I have been making a fool of myself all along. But anyhow I will think it over.”

CHAPTER XI: THE NEW MACHINERY

It is rather hard for a lad who thinks that he has been behaving somewhat as a hero to come to the conclusion that he has been making a fool of himself; but this was the result of Ned Sankey’s cogitation over what Mr. Porson had said to him. Perhaps he arrived more easily at that conclusion because he was not altogether unwilling to do so. It was very mortifying to allow that he had been altogether wrong; but, on the other hand, there was a feeling of deep pleasure at the thought that he could, in Mr. Porson’s deliberate opinion, go into the army and carry out all his original hopes and plans. His heart had been set upon this as long as he could remember, and it had been a bitter disappointment to him when he had arrived at the conclusion that it was his duty to abandon the idea. He did not now come to the conclusion hastily that Mr. Porson’s view of the case was the correct one; but after a fortnight’s consideration he went down on New Year’s Day to the school, and told his master that he had made up his mind.

“I see, sir,” he said, “now that I have thought it all over, that you are quite right, and that I have been behaving like an ass, so I shall set to work again and try and make up the lost time. I have only six months longer, for Easter is the time when Mr. Simmonds said that I should be old enough, and he will write to the lord lieutenant, and I suppose that in three months after that I should get my commission.”

“That is right, Ned. I am exceedingly glad you have been able to take my view of the matter. I was afraid you were bent upon spoiling your life, and I am heartily glad that you have been able to see the matter in a different light.”

A day or two afterward Ned took an opportunity of telling his mother that he intended at Easter to remind Mr. Simmonds of his promise to apply for a commission for him; and had he before had any lingering doubt that the decision was a wise one it would have been dissipated by the evident satisfaction and relief with which the news was received; nevertheless, he could not help a feeling of mortification at seeing in his mother’s face the gladness which the prospect of his leaving occasioned her.

It was some time since Ned had seen his friend Bill Swinton, for Bill was now regularly at work in Mr. Mulready’s factory and was only to be found at home in the evening, and Ned had been in no humor for going out. He now, however, felt inclined for a friendly talk again, and the next Sunday afternoon he started for Varley.

“Well, Maister Ned,” Bill said as he hurried to the door in answer to his knock, “it be a long time surely sin oi saw thee last—well nigh six months, I should say.”

“It is a long time, Bill, but I haven’t been up to anything, even to coming up here. Put on your cap and we will go for a walk across the moors together.”

In a few seconds Bill joined him, and they soon left the village behind.

“Oi thought as how thou didn’t feel oop to talking loike, Moister Ned. Oi heared tell as how thou did’st not get on well wi’ Foxey; he be a roight down bad un, he be; it were the talk of the place as how you gived him a clout atween t’ eyes, and oi laughed rarely to myself when oi seed him come through t’ mill wi’ black and blue all round ‘em. There warn’t a hand there but would have given a week’s pay to have seen it done.”

“I am afraid I was wrong, Bill,” Ned said, feeling ashamed rather then triumphant at the thought. “I oughtn’t to have done it, but my beastly temper got the best of it.”

“Doan’t say that Maister Ned; he deserves ten toimes worse nor ye gived him, and he will get it some time if he doan’t mind. Oi tell ee there be lots of talk of him, and Captain Lud’s gang be a getting stronger and stronger. Oi tell ye, t’ maisters be agoing to have a bad time on it afore long, and Foxey be sure to be one of the first served out.”

“Well, don’t you have anything to do with it, Bill. You know I have told you over and over again that no good can come of such bad doings, and that the men will only make matters much worse for themselves. My father used to say that no good ever came of mob violence. They may do some harm for a time, but it is sure to recoil on their own heads.”

“Oi doan’t ha’ nowt to do wi’ it,” Bill replied, “cause oi told yer oi wouldn’t; but oi’ve some trouble to keep oot o’t. Ye see oi am nointeen now, and most o’ t’ chaps of moi age they be in ‘t; they meet at the ‘Dog’ nigh every noight, and they drills regular out on t’ moor here, and it doan’t seem natural for oi not to be in it, especial as moi brothers be in it. They makes it rough for me in t’ village, and says as how I ain’t got no spirit, and even t’ girls laughs at me.”

“Not Polly Powlett, I am sure, Bill.”

“No, not Polly,” Bill replied. “She be a different sort. A’ together it be a bit hard, and it be well for me as oi ‘m main strong and tough, for oi ha’ to fight pretty nigh every Saturday. However, oi ha thrashed pretty nigh every young chap in Varley, and they be beginning now to leave oi alone.”

“That’s right, Bill; I am sure I have no right to preach to you when I am always doing wrong myself; still I am quite sure you will be glad in the long run that you had nothing to do with King Lud. I know the times are very hard, but burning mills and murdering masters are not the way to make them better; you take my word for that. And now how are things going on in Varley?”

“No great change here,” Bill replied. “Polly Powlett bain’t made up her moind yet atween t’ chaps as is arter her. They say as she sent John Stukeley, the smith, to the roight about last Sunday; he ha’ been arter her vor the last year. Some thowt she would have him, some didn’t. He ha’ larning, you see, can read and wroite foine, and ha’ got a smooth tongue, and knows how to talk to gals, so some thought she would take him; oi knew well enough she wouldn’t do nowt of the koind, for oi ha’ heard her say he were a mischievous chap, and a cuss to Varley. Thou know’st, Maister Ned, they do say, but in course oi knows nowt about it, as he be the head of the Luddites in this part of Yorkshire.

“Luke Marner he be dead against King Lud, he be, and so be many of the older men here; it’s most the young uns as takes to them ways; and nateral, Polly she thinks as Luke does, or perhaps,” and Bill laughed, “it’s Polly as thowt that way first, and Luke as thinks as she does. However it be, she be dead set agin them, and she’s said to me jest the same thing as thou’st been a-saying; anyhow, it be sartain as Polly ha’ said no to John Stukeley, not as she said nowt about it, and no one would ha’ known aboot it ef he hadn’t gone cussing and swearing down at the ‘Dog.’

“I thinks. Maister Ned, as we shall ha’ trouble afore long. The men ha been drilling four or five years now, and oi know as they ha’ been saying, What be the good of it when nowt is done and the wages gets lower and lower? They have preachments now out on t’ moor on Sunday, and the men comes from miles round, and they tells me as Stukeley and others, but him chiefly, goes on awful agin t’ maisters, and says, There’s Scripture vor it as they owt to smite ‘em, and as how tyrants owt vor to be hewed in pieces.”

“The hewing would not be all on one side, Bill, you will see, if they begin it. You know how easily the soldiers have put down riots in other places.”

“That be true,” Bill said; “but they doan’t seem vor to see it. Oi don’t say nowt one way or t’ other, and oi have had more nor half a mind to quit and go away till it’s over. What wi’ my brothers and all t’ other young chaps here being in it, it makes it moighty hard vor oi to stand off; only as oi doan’t know what else vor to do, oi would go. Oi ha’ been a-thinking that when thou get’st to be an officer oi’ll list in the same regiment and go to the wars wi’ thee. Oi am sick of this loife here.”

“Well, Bill, there will be no difficulty about that if you really make up your mind to it when the time comes. Of course I should like to have you very much. I have heard my father say that each officer has a soldier as his special servant; and if you would like that, you see, when we were alone together we should be able to talk about Varley and everything here just as we do now. Then I suppose I could help you on and get you made first corporal and then a sergeant.”

“Very well, Maister Ned, then we will look on that as being as good as settled, and as soon as thou gets to be an officer oi will go as one of your soldiers.”

For an hour they walked across the moor, talking about a soldier’s life, Ned telling of the various parts of the world in which England was at that time engaged in war, and wondering in which of them they would first see service. Then they came back to the village and there parted, and Ned, feeling in better spirits than he had been from the day when he first heard of his mother’s engagement to Mr. Mulready, walked briskly down to Marsden.

For a time matters went on quietly. Few words were exchanged between Ned and Mr. Mulready; and although the latter could not but have noticed that Ned was brighter and more cheerful in his talk, he was brooding over his own trouble, and paid but little heed to it.

The time was fast approaching when he could no longer go on as at present. The competition with the mills using the new machinery was gradually crushing him, and it was necessary for him to come to a determination either to pluck up heart and to use his new machines, or to close his mill.

At last he determined to take the former course and to defy King Lud. Other manufacturers used steam, and why should not he? It was annoying to him in the extreme that his friends and acquaintances, knowing that he had fitted the mill with the new plant, were always asking him why he did not use it.

A sort of uneasy consciousness that he was regarded by his townsmen as a coward was constantly haunting him. He knew in his heart that his danger was greater than that of others, because he could not rely on his men. Other masters had armed their hands, and had turned their factories into strong places, some of them even getting down cannon for their defense: for, as a rule, the hands employed with the new machinery had no objection to it, for they were able to earn larger wages with less bodily toil than before.

The hostility was among the hands thrown out of employment, or who found that they could now no longer make a living by the looms which they worked in their own homes. Hitherto Mr. Mulready had cared nothing for the goodwill of his hands. He had simply regarded them as machines from whom the greatest amount of work was to be obtained at the lowest possible price. They might grumble and curse him beneath their breaths; they might call him a tyrant behind his back, for this he cared nothing: but he felt now that it would have been better had their relations been different: for then he could have trusted them to do their best in defense of the mill.

Having once determined upon defying King Lud, Mr. Mulready went before the magistrates, and laying before them the threatening letters he had received, for the first had been followed by many others, he asked them to send for a company of infantry, as he was going to set his mill to work. The magistrates after some deliberation agreed to do so, and wrote to the commanding officer of the troops at Huddersfield asking him to station a detachment at Marsden for a time.

The request was complied with. A company of infantry marched in and were billeted upon the town. A room was fitted up at the mill, and ten of them were quartered here, and upon the day after their arrival the new machinery started.

Now that the step was taken, Mr. Mulready’s spirits rose. He believed that the presence of the soldiers was ample protection for the mill, and he hoped that ere they left the town the first excitement would have cooled down, and the Luddites have turned their attention to other quarters.

Ned met Bill on the following Sunday.

“I suppose, Bill,” he said, “there is a rare stir about Foxey using his new machinery?”

“Ay, that there be, and no wonder,” Bill said angrily, “there be twenty hands turned adrift. Oi bee one of them myself.”

“You, Bill! I had no idea you had been discharged.”

“Ay; oi have got the sack, and so ha’ my brother and young Jarge Marner, and most o’ t’ young chaps in the mill. Oi suppose as how Foxey thinks as the old hands will stick to t’ place, and is more afeerd as the young uns might belong to King Lud, and do him a bad turn with the machinery. Oi tell ye, Maister Ned, that the sooner as you goes as an officer the better, vor oi caan’t bide here now and hold off from the others, Oi have had a dog’s loife for some time, and it ull be worse now. It would look as if oi hadn’t no spirit in the world, to stand being put upon and not join the others. T’ other chaps scarce speak to me, and the gals turn their backs as oi pass them. Oi be willing vor to be guided by you as far as oi can; but it bain’t in nature to stand this. Oi’d as lief go and hang myself. Oi would go and list tomorrow, only oi don’t know what regiment you are going to.”

“Well, Bill, it is hard,” Ned said, “and I am not surprised that you feel that you cannot stand it; but it won’t be for long now. Easter will be here in a fortnight, and then I shall see Mr. Simmonds and get him to apply at once. I met him in the street only last week, and he was talking about it then. He thinks that it will not be long after he sends in an application before I get my commission. He says he has got interest in London at the Horse Guards, and will get the application of the lord lieutenant backed up there; so I hope that in a couple of months at latest it will all be settled.”