Dynasty. Metal. Horse. Volume I. Genesis. The Birth of the Eurasian Nomadic Civilization

Of the 46 Y-determined samples of the Corded Ware culture in the aDNA 2.07.40 database, not one carries R-Z93-descending subclades; in the Yamnaya (n = 22) — likewise zero. The earliest R-Z93 is NAU001 (Fatyanovo, 2836—2573 BCE). The earliest R-Z2124 is I0432 (the Poltavka outlier, 2925—2491 BCE), autosomally distinct from the typical Poltavka individuals. This is an observed configuration localizing the root of the mainline in the Fatyanovo forest-steppe milieu; it does not assert a direct demographic continuity ‘Fatyanovo → Sintashta → later traditions’.

BLOCK 2 · THE SINTASHTA NECROPOLIS:

32 SAMPLES BY Y-BRANCH

Kamenny Ambar 5 yielded 30 of the 32 male aDNA determinations of the Sintashta sample. The samples are grouped by Y-branch: the Z2123 branch, the Z2124 branch, basal Z93/Z94, basal R1a, relict R1b and Okunev Q. 20 of the 32 men (62.5 %) carry R-Z93-descending subclades.

The Y-profile of the 32 Sintashta men: R-Z93-descending 20/32 (62.5 %) — the Z2123 branch (10), the Z2124 + Z2125 branch (8), basal Z93/Z94 (2); basal R1a (7); R1b — three relict Yamnaya — Poltavka — Catacomb lineages (3); Q of the Okunev stem (2). The mtDNA profile of 55 individuals (32 male +23 female): West Eurasian 54/55 (98.2 %), East Eurasian 1/55 (1.8 %). The high diversity of the maternal lines amid the stability of the paternal is an observed pattern of two-sided exogamy, consistent with the DAEX model, not a proven mechanism.

BLOCK 3 · THE POST-SINTASHTA MLBA FAN:

43 SAMPLES ACROSS 14 SITES

The empirical picture of the divergence of the eight R-Z93 macro-branches in the 300—700 years after the closure of Sintashta. Across 14 sites of Central, Eastern and Western Kazakhstan, Zhetysu, the Upper Irtysh and Minusinsk, an unfolded picture of diversification is recorded. The Koken link (Gill 2025) yields three bearers of R-S23592 (KKN083, KKN085, KKN096) with a common ancestor ~2200 BCE — a precise anchoring to the root node of the Volume I mainline. The source for the whole sample, except where noted: Narasimhan 2019.