Collective trait of humanity

Collective trait of humanity

Roman Andreevich Bukhsaev

© Roman Andreevich Bukhsaev, 2026

ISBN 978-5-0069-0619-8

Created with Ridero smart publishing system

DearReaders,

You are presented with a book describing the psychophysiological mold of collective interactions, based on the psychophysiological model developed by Roman Andreevich Buksaev.

Edited by:

– Igor Olegovich Panfilov, MD, PhD, Chief Neurosurgeon

– Olga Mikhailovna Kiselev, Medical Psychologist

Introduction

It is no secret that humans belong to a collective species, meaning we are inherently social beings. In this work, we aim to unveil a series of collective traits unique to our species, describing them in terms of their potential for imitation – or, in other words, mirroring.

Mirroring (or reflective imitation) is a psychological and communicative technique where a person, consciously or unconsciously, copies the verbal (words, tone) and non-verbal (facial expressions, gestures, posture) expressions of another to establish contact, demonstrate attention, and strengthen trust.

From a psychophysiological perspective, mirroring involves the imitation of cellular and muscular tension patterns associated with both primitive and complex behaviors, as well as mental processes, relative to the individual being mirrored. This opens up possibilities for replicating the reflected individual’s reactions.

In each chapter, we strive to reveal new facets of our collective nature. To do so, we examine collectivity through the lenses of psychology, physiology, psychophysiology, physics, philosophy, and electrical engineering – all in relation to the theory of mental structure developed by Roman Bukhsaev.

We wish you an engaging read.

Mental Processes and Their Hierarchy

From the chapter title, you should have gathered that this section will introduce definitions of mental processes and establish their hierarchy according to Roman Andreevich Buksaev’s theory of mental structure – the framework around which the book’s narrative unfolds. In essence, defining mental processes in terms of their hierarchy provides the foundation for understanding this theory. It also allows individuals knowledgeable in this field to compare their existing expertise with the presented model, confirming or challenging its theoretical validity.

Let us now turn our attention to Figure 1, which illustrates the hierarchy of mental processes.

Figure1.

For clarity, we will introduce definitions of mental processes while explaining their position within the mental hierarchy. We will begin with the lowest level – unconditionally conditioned reactions and their parallel branch of conditionally unconditioned reactions – and conclude with a description of the collective mental process.

If we examine the structure of the hierarchy, it becomes evident that the hierarchical “tree” consists of two branches, both culminating in the collective mental process. The first branch begins with the unconditionally conditioned reaction, meaning an unconditional response transforms into a conditioned one – much like how an electrical signal from the nervous system, traveling to the muscles (wires made of cells), triggers their contraction. In this context, the electrical signal acts as a form of unconditional stimulus for the cell, eliciting a specific condition. This condition, or conditioned reaction, arises from the cell’s response – based on its internal “database” – to the nervous system’s electrical signal. Thus, an unconditionally conditioned reaction is formed, driving cellular behavior (e.g., muscle contraction) via nervous system electrical signals.

The second chain begins with the conditionally unconditioned reaction. To initiate the sequence of mental processes in this branch, a conditionally unconditioned reaction must first be triggered. This reaction is activated by a condition or a conditional signal. A conditional signal can be understood as electromagnetic excitation that generates electrical tension within a cell’s elements via an electric current formed in the cell’s coil through electromagnetic induction.

Electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon where an electric current (or electromotive force) is induced in a closed conducting loop when the magnetic field passing through it changes.

Thus, it turns out that an electromagnetic signal from the environment generates an electric current in the cell’s coil, and this current affects the cell’s circuit by increasing the electrical tension between its elements. Now we understand that the elements of a cell are connected not only biochemically but also through a closed electrical circuit. After the coil creates electrical tension between the cell’s elements, the cell produces an unconditionally conditioned reaction based on its internal “database.” In other words, it transforms an unconditional stimulus in the form of electrical tension from its own electrical circuit, using its database, into an unconditional electrical signal that is sent through the branches of the nervous system to the spinal cord.

From this, it follows that an unconditionally conditioned reaction is the transformation of an unconditional electrical signal from the nervous system, using the cell’s database of reactions, into its conditioned behavior. Conversely, a conditionally unconditioned reaction is the transformation of external electromagnetic excitation into electrical tension between the cell’s elements via a cellular receptor, followed by the formation – based on the cell’s reaction database – of an unconditional electrical signal directed through the branches of the nervous system to the spinal cord.

Regarding these processes, we can conclude that the stimuli for reactions in the first branch are internal processes, making the first branch considered relative to the internal environment. From this perspective, the stimuli for the second branch are electromagnetic excitations from external sources in the external environment. Therefore, if the stimuli for the second branch’s reactions are external, then this branch is considered relative to the external environment.

One can draw conclusions about the cellular reaction basis: a cell possesses two types of stimuli (unconditional and conditional) and two types of reactions to each (conditional and unconditional). This results in four types of reactions, each having two directions – one in one direction and the other in the opposite direction:

– Conversion of an electrical signal into a reaction with electromagnetic expression. (Unconditional signal into a conditional reaction)

– Conversion of an electromagnetic signal into a reaction with electrical expression. (Conditional signal into an unconditional reaction)

– Conversion of an electrical signal into a reaction with electrical expression. (Unconditional signal into an unconditional reaction)

– Conversion of an electromagnetic signal into a reaction with electromagnetic expression. (Conditional signal into a conditional reaction)

Later, you will understand that these types of reactions to stimuli are related to four psychological processes.

Since the system of directions for electrical or electromagnetic signals is bidirectional, meaning it has two directions (either receiving or expressing), therefore, thanks to the reactions from the first chain, a cell can both receive and express electrical signals. And thanks to the second chain, a cell can, with the help of a cellular receptor, express or receive electromagnetic excitation. It turns out that each cell has two types of circuits: electrical and electromagnetic. One circuit forms logical neurons in the frontal lobe, while the second circuit forms sensory neurons. It should not be forgotten that the psyche is divided into two psychological chains, one of which is responsible for the internal environment, and the other for the external environment. If we add to this the fact that different hemispheres control different halves of the body, then, consequently, one hemisphere should be responsible for the first chain, and the other for the second. Looking slightly ahead, I would like to note that the left hemisphere is responsible for the internal environment, while the right hemisphere is responsible for the external environment. As a result, the first chain pertains to the sequence of signals associated with the left hemisphere, and the right chain pertains to the sequence of signals associated with the right hemisphere. A certain picture emerges before us. Since the spinal cord processes the signals of the nervous system, it is the controller of the body’s electrical circuit (controls the body’s electrical circuit). It is the spinal cord that controls all reflex activities of the body’s elements by managing them through the branches of the nervous system, which transmit electrical signals. The division of the body into two halves creates two poles of the electromagnetic circuit. When the information flow is directed in one direction, the left amygdala has a negative charge, while the right amygdala has a positive charge. When the information flow is directed in the other direction, the charges of the amygdalae switch to the opposite. From this, it follows that when the direction of the information flow changes, the charges of the amygdalae change to opposite values, while maintaining an element of opposition. The element of opposition can be considered as the difference in the charge of one amygdala from the opposite amygdala over a unit of time. That is, at any given moment, one amygdala will have a positive charge, while the other will have a negative charge. The electromagnetic circuit forms sensory neurons depending on the direction of the flow in the frontal lobe of the left or right hemisphere. And the electrical circuit, depending on the side of origin of the electrical signal, creates a logical neuron in the opposite hemisphere from the side of excitation. Neurons are formed by the repeated repetition of excitation by the same signal. When the same electromagnetic excitation is repeated, a sensory neuron is formed; when the same electrical signal is repeated, a logical neuron is formed.

For a more precise understanding of the overall picture, let’s dissect the sequence of signal transmission from a cell to the formation of neurons in the frontal lobe, starting with the sensory neuron. When reacting to an unconditional electrical signal, a cell forms a conditional reaction based on its own database. The conditional reaction formed by the cell excites a cellular receptor, reminiscent of an electrical coil. This receptor generates electromagnetic excitation. The electromagnetic excitation from the cellular receptor is read by the amygdala. One could also say that, analogous to the electrical potential between cell elements, there exists an electromagnetic potential between the electromagnetic field of the cellular receptor and the amygdala. The amygdala can be compared to a television antenna, a radio tower, or a Wi-Fi router. Amygdalae operate on the principle of radio antennas tuned to cellular receptors. They read the electromagnetic potential of cellular receptors and transmit the formed signal, based on the read information, to the area of tactile sensations. The area of tactile sensations processes the signal relative to its emotional database and transmits it to the parietal lobe. The parietal lobe forms a representation of the received sensation for us, or one could say, for our psyche. Similarly, one could say that the parietal lobe is the center of the thinking system, forming a complete picture regarding the received signals through representations and sensations. Just as the operating system of a computer unites and coordinates all its elements, the parietal lobe unites and coordinates our psyche in relation to our body. With repeated signals received by the parietal lobe, a neuron is formed relative to the received signal. Indeed, if the signal from a cell is read by an “antenna” in the form of the amygdala and, after being processed by the area of tactile sensations, is repeatedly transmitted to the parietal lobe, then the parietal lobe, based on the repeated receipt of this signal, will form a sensory neuron or a neuron of associative sensation. This means a neuron associated with a certain sensory moment. When excited, this sensory neuron will evoke the sensory moment that created it through a reverse sequence. That is, the neuron will generate a signal in the parietal lobe. Based on this signal, the parietal lobe will send a signal to the area of tactile sensations. The area of tactile sensations will decipher this signal based on its own database and, with the help of the amygdalae, will cause the corresponding excitation of the receptor of the necessary cell or cells. The excitation of the cell receptor will create that very sensory sensation. Therefore, our sensations (feelings) are electrical potential based on electromagnetic excitations relative to the database of cell reactions, and sensory neurons are the result of the preservation of our sensations.

To understand the principle of the formation of logical neurons, let’s analyze the physiological elements from the perspectives of electrical engineering, physics, and psychophysiology.

The signal from a cell, formed by muscle movements (shaped by conditioned behavior), enters the branches of the nervous system, which resemble electrical wires, and is transmitted to the spinal cord. The spinal cord, being the center for processing signals of the nervous system, compares the signal with its immune database. If the signal does not pertain to the immune system, it is further transmitted to the cerebellum. It’s worth emphasizing that the spinal cord is not only the reflex center of the body but also processes all electrical signals of the body. Additionally, it serves as an immune database through which it controls the immune system and manages all life activities of the body’s elements.

If the spinal cord receives a signal from a cell that does not pertain to the immune system, it is sent to the cerebellum. The cerebellum is the database for muscular reactions. Therefore, if the signal does not pertain to the immune system, it means it pertains to the muscular system, as cells connected in sequence form muscles.

Let’s step aside a bit and note that from electrical engineering, we know two elementary methods of connecting elements in a circuit: series connection, where elements are connected one after another, and parallel connection, where elements form nodes of connections among themselves, meaning they are connected in parallel within the circuit. In the body, all cells are connected both in parallel and in series. In parallel connection, cells are connected by the power of the cellular receptor. The cellular receptor of each cell forms the cell’s electromagnetic field. The nodes of their connection in this scheme are the amygdalae, which, through their own electromagnetic field (electromagnetic circuit), unite all cells into electromagnetic circuits.

When a signal is transmitted in reverse, with the power of an unconditionally conditioned reaction, an electrical signal is formed from the cell directed to the spinal cord through the branches of the nervous system. This signal should form a logical neuron. The logical neuron is formed as a result of the spinal cord processing the signal and transmitting it to the cerebellum if it does not pertain to the immune system. The cerebellum, having a database of muscular reactions, processes the signal and, through repeated transmission of similar signals, forms a logical neuron. This logical neuron, when excited, will generate a signal that follows the reverse path, leading to a logical response or action.

In summary, the formation of logical neurons is a complex process involving the transmission and processing of signals through the nervous system, spinal cord, and cerebellum, with cells being interconnected both in parallel and in series, and the amygdalae playing a crucial role in uniting cells into electromagnetic circuits.

Roughly speaking, such a parallel connection scheme is formed by an electromagnetic circuit. When cells are connected in series, they form muscles, the coordination of tension in which is managed by the cerebellum. Due to its functions, the cerebellum has developed its own database relative to which it reshapes the signal from the spinal cord and transmits it to the occipital lobe.

In addition to this, I would like to note something else. Please remember or recall that due to interhemispheric asymmetry, the right hemisphere controls the left half of the body, and the left hemisphere controls the right half of the body. For this reason, the electrical signal from the cells of the left half of the body forms logical neurons on the right, and the electrical signal from the cells of the right half of the body forms logical neurons on the left. It is also worth noting that the cerebellum processes signals from cells united into muscles. Therefore, if we combine these two observations, we can conclude that logical neurons are formed in the hemispheres from the repetition of muscle contractions in the halves of the body opposite to the hemispheres.

Continuing, the signal has now arrived from the cerebellum to the occipital lobe. The direct task of the occipital lobe is to process signals from the eyes, forming the volume of the image. The indirect task of the occipital lobe, however, is to process the signal from the cerebellum, reshaping it into a volumetric signal, and forwarding it to the parietal lobe. The parietal lobe forms our sensations and perceptions regarding the signal received from the occipital lobe, and upon repeatedly receiving identical signals from the occipital lobe, it forms a logical neuron. When excited, the logical neuron invokes the reverse sequence that created it, as a result of which a change is called forth corresponding to the cellular tension that created the neuron, or in simpler terms, a muscular reaction.

It turns out that logical neurons cause muscular reactions, while sensory neurons cause sensory sensations that create electromagnetic tension between cells, and as a result of this tension, an electrical potential is created between cellular elements. This intricate interplay between different parts of the brain and the nervous system highlights the complexity of how our body processes information and generates responses, whether they be sensory perceptions or muscular actions.

I would indeed like to emphasize once again that cells, through the reverse unconditionally conditioned reaction, form logical neurons in the hemispheres opposite to the half of the body. Additionally, cells, through the reverse conditionally unconditioned reaction, form sensory neurons relative to the direction of the information flow. We will discuss information flows a bit later, but let’s clarify now that when consciously controlling the psyche, sensory neurons are formed in the right hemisphere, whereas when controlling the psyche at a superconscious level, sensory neurons are formed in the left hemisphere.

Consequently, reactions from cells form chains through the physiological sequences of the body’s elements. These chains participate in the processing of electrical and electromagnetic signals. In the basic model of simple behavior, these chains form experience neurons that store the sequences of cellular reactions that created them. When cells are connected in parallel through the body’s electromagnetic circuit, based on the amygdalae and the zone of tactile sensations, sensory chains are formed. And when cells are connected in series into muscles, whose signals are processed by the cerebellum, logical chains are formed.

Thus, cells form neurons through physiological chains. The creation and excitation of neurons form the model of simple behavior. The reaction of cells is primitive behavior. The preservation of primitive behavior reactions in the form of neurons, with the ability to invoke primitive behavior upon excitation of these neurons, forms simple behavior. I believe this is now clear.

This explanation provides a fascinating insight into how cellular reactions and neural processes are interconnected to form the basis of our behavior, both primitive and more complex. It highlights the intricate balance and coordination required within our physiological systems to produce coherent and purposeful actions. Now, let’s indeed transition to discussing complex behavior, although before that, let’s draw a conclusion regarding the hierarchy of mental processes and the material we’ve covered concerning simple and primitive behavior. We can conclude that reactions from the mental hierarchy, forming the first level of the hierarchy, can be considered primitive behavior of cells. The second level in the mental hierarchy is simple behavior, which is formed by the preservation of primitive cellular reactions in the form of logical and sensory neurons through physiological chains.

It’s important not to confuse physiological chains with mental chains. Physiological chains are sequences of signal processing relative to physiological elements. Mental chains, on the other hand, are sequences of mental processes interacting with each other through physiological chains. Here’s a simple example to illustrate the difference: consider a calculator. The calculator itself represents the psyche, consisting of a display program and a calculation program. These programs are mental processes, and the sequential connection between these programs is a mental chain. The microchips of the calculator can be compared to the physiological elements of an organism. In the informational environment of the calculator, the programs (mental processes) perform their assigned tasks, forming mental thinking (the operation of the calculator). In this environment, the connection between the display and calculation programs occurs based on a mental chain, for the execution of whose functions electrical circuits of sequential and parallel signal processing are used (physiological chains).

This analogy helps clarify the distinction between physiological and mental chains and how they interact to form the basis of behavior, both simple and complex. It underscores the intricate relationship between the physical components of a system and the mental processes they support, highlighting the complexity of understanding behavior at both the physiological and psychological levels.

Now, let’s indeed move on to discussing complex behavior. We have neurons in the left and right halves of the brain, and the relationship between these neurons is defined by complex behavior. Complex behavior is formed by physiological elements such as the reptilian brain and the zone of tactile sensations. While in simple behavior, it’s clear that the excitation of a neuron invokes the primitive behavior that created it, complex behavior supplements the chain triggered by neuron excitation by branching the signal towards physiological elements that form complex behavior.

Based on this, complex behavior is formed by the branching of signals from the excitation of neurons in the zone of tactile sensations into a database of complex behavior. This database creates complex cellular behavior, or in other words, complex reactions, based on its own database of reactions. Let’s delve into how this happens.

Take sensory neurons, for example. If a sensory neuron in the right hemisphere is excited, it invokes a corresponding signal in the right parietal lobe. The right parietal lobe then divides the signal into two branches:

1. The First Branch of the Signal and the Formation of Logical and Sensory Correlation

– Initiation of the Process: A sensory neuron in the right hemisphere of the brain is stimulated, sending a signal to the tactile sensation zone. This zone, with the help of the right amygdala, invokes a corresponding excitation of cellular receptors, creating an electrical potential between cell elements.

– Reverse Signal Formation: The cell, using its reaction base, forms a reverse signal of an unconditional conditioned response, creating an electrical signal that spreads through the branches of the nervous system.