English Grammar with Kudjo. Part 4. Понятная и забавная грамматика для детей и взрослых

You must do as you are told.

In the present we can use both forms: must and have to.

Remember the difference in sentence formations: we use auxiliary do/does for to have to while making questions and negative sentences: Do the dogs have to buy train tickets? – No, they don’t have to do it.

Must is similar to have to but we use have to (not usually must) to say what someone is obliged to do: Luna has to let her parents know where she is. (She is obliged to do it, it’s not her intention)

Mustn’t and don’t have to are completely different:

You mustn’t do something = it is necessary that you do not do it (so don’t do it):

You don’t have to do something = you don’t need to do it (but you can if you want):

EXERCISE 1

Complete the sentences with must/mustn’t or have to/has to/don’t/doesn’t have to.

1 The dogs ***** get into the train again to find Kit.

2 They ***** worry. Kit is clever enough to find the way back home.

3 Anyway, the kitten ***** be left alone on the train.

4 Does everybody ***** return or does Luna alone ***** look for the pet?

5 The dogs have decided they ***** do everything together.

6 Whatever they do, they ***** separate.

7 They got into the train again and suddenly saw the poster: «If you have lost each other on the train, you ***** panic. Use our radio to make an announcement.»

TO HAVE TO

When we talk about past obligations or necessity, we use had to. The dogs had to come back.

Future obligation can be expressed by must or made more precise with will have to.

They will have to get back to the forest as soon as they find the kitten.

The form have to is also used for Perfect Tenses.

They have just had to get into the train again.

They had had to do it very quickly before the train left.

They will have had to return to the forest before dark.

Must has no infinitive, gerund or participle forms. So when necessary, we make this form with have to.

Chilly hates having to waste time.

He never used to have to take care of pets.

Having to look for Kit, the dogs might waste a lot of time.

EXERCISE 2

Complete the questions with the correct form of have to/must and answer them:

1 Is there anything you ***** do for your job or study which you hate?

2 When was the last time you ***** catch a train?

3 Name two things you ***** do every day.

4 What do you hate ***** do?

5 What did you use to ***** do when you were little?

6 What would you ***** do if you were shipwrecked?

7 What will you ***** do to save money for a rainy day?

EXERCISE 3

Complete the sentences using the proper verb and the correct form of must/have to: tell, bark, come back, run, get away, face, pinch, look for

1 The dogs ***** along all the aisles looking for the kitten but couldn’t find him anywhere.

2 Luna was extremely furious because of ***** Kit a dozen times that he ***** from her.

3 ***** the kitten in every corner of this long train, the friends were getting angrier and angrier, more and more exhausted.

4 They had already lost any hope to find the kitten on the train and thought of ***** to that platform when Chilly made a sudden stand.

5 He couldn’t believe his eyes and ***** himself to make sure it was not a hallucination.

6 There was somebody’s sweater on a berth and Kit enjoying such a balmy sleep on it that Chilly ***** loudly to wake him up.

7 When Kit realised what had happened, he got so embarrassed that was ready to do anything to avoid ***** Luna.

SHOULD AND OUGHT TO

Should and Ought to are very much alike in meaning and are often interchangeable. They are very common in spoken English. They have only one form; ought is always followed by the to-infinitive.

Should and Ought to express:

1. Mild obligation, moral or mild/weak duty, responsibility (in this meaning ought to is preferable).

should and ought to are less emphatic than must and have to:

with should the person has some choice on whether or not to act, but with must he has no choice.

Kit should apologise. (= it would be a good thing to do)

Kit must apologise. (= he has no alternative)

2. Advice, desirability, recommendation. (in this meaning should is more common).

We are talking about what is a good thing to do or the right thing to do: Luna thinks Kit should apologise to all the dogs.

3. Should (ought to) have + past participle can mean something that would have been a good idea, but that you didn’t do it. It’s like giving advice about the past when you say it to someone else, or regretting what you did or didn’t do when you’re talking about yourself.

Kit should have stayed with the dogs.

Shouldn’t (oughtn’t to) have + past participle means that something wasn’t a good idea, but you did it anyway.

He shouldn’t have run away.

EXERCISE 4

Chilly is keen on giving advice. Complete the sentences using the proper verb and the correct form of should/shouldn’t: move, use, take, catch, make, trust, yell,

1 You ***** dogs. They always know who to stay away from.

2 If you hear weird noises in the night, you simply ***** weirder noises to confirm your domination.

3 If you find a toilet in your dream, you ***** it.

4 You ***** at cats, lean in close and whisper, it’s much scarier.

5 If you are not happy where you are, you *****. You are not a tree.

6 If you drop a cactus, you ***** it.

7 You ***** decisions without eating first.

TO BE SUPPOSED TO

We can use be supposed to + infinitive instead of should/ought to to talk about an obligation to do something. It is commonly used in spoken English to express a less strong obligation which is frequently ignored: Kit is supposed to be with Luna all the time.

We can use be not supposed to’ to express prohibition:

He is not supposed to run away again.

TO BE TO

To be to is a modal expression, whose meanings are close to those of modal verbs and expressions denoting obligation: must, to have to, should, ought to.

to be to is used in the Present and Past Simple Tense.

To be to expresses:

1. Obligation or necessity arising out of an arrangement, an agreement or plan.

Luna is to come back home by midnight.

to be to in the Past Simple + Perfect Infinitive shows that the action had been arranged but did not happen. (was/were to have done)

Kit was to have stayed in Luna’s bag all the time.

to be to in the Past Simple + Simple Infinitive does not show whether the action was or was not carried out and, on the other hand, it is the only way to show a fulfilled action. (was/were to do)

Chilly was to arrange the trip.

2. Strict orders, formal commands or formal instructions.

3. A strict prohibition. May not, can’t, are not to, must not – are arranged in increasing order of severity, «must’ being an absolute prohibition: Kit is not to leave the bag until he is allowed to do it.

EXERCISE 5

Luna’s scolding Kit. Complete her sentences using the correct form of the verb in brackets with to be to and to be supposed to:

1 You ***** /obey/ me.

2 You ***** /stay/ in the bag as I had told you before the trip.

3 You ***** /let/ me know about all your intentions.

4 You ***** /tell/ me that you were going to leave the bag.

5 You ***** /have/ any secrets from me.

6 You ***** /share/ all your ideas with me instead of doing everything on your own

7 You ***** /be/ always with me so as not to make me worry big.

EXERCISE 6

Fill the gaps in the story with missing words:

Having ***** Kit, the dogs were able to resume looking ***** Kudjo. The friends had to hurry because it was getting ***** and they were supposed to come back home before nightfall. Feeling guilty and miserable, Kit kept ***** in Luna’s backpack. If he ***** run away, the dogs wouldn’t ***** wasted so much time. If the dogs hadn’t ***** so much time, they would have already ***** Kudjo. If they had found Kudjo, everybody would be ***** and cheerful. He must do something to ***** the situation. He ***** find Kudjo. If he does it, everybody will ***** him. But he can’t do it while sitting in the ***** and he isn’t allowed to get out of it. It’s totally out of the question. Suddenly it dawned on him that he ***** be able to get away in the backpack. Luna forbade him to leave her *****, but she didn’t forbid her bag to *****. What a smart kitten!

EXERCISE 7

Find and correct 7 mistakes in the sentences:

1 Luna should left Kit at home but she didn’t.

2 The dogs must to return so as to find the kitten.

3 Kit was supposed to stayed in the bag all the time.

4 Fortunately, the dogs hadn’t to come back home because they had found Kit.

5 Luna has just must to punish her pet.

6 Kit must not to do anything on his own!

7 He doesn’t have to disobey Luna anymore, otherwise, he’ll be punished.

EXERCISE 8

Choose the correct option:

1 Luna ***** at the kitten. He is too little, after all.

a shouldn’t shouted

b shouldn’t have shouted

c mustn’t have shouted

2 Chilly believes Kit *****.

a will be to be grounded

b was to have been grounded

c was to have grounded

3 Cuba thinks Kit ***** be so naughty and stubborn.

a shouldn’t

b needn’t

c oughtn’t

4 Kit doesn’t think the dogs *****to worry about him so much.

a ought

b should

c must

5 The kitten didn’t use ***** obey anybody before.

a to have

b to must

c to have to

6 Luna ***** admit not bringing up her pet at all.

a just must

b has just had to

c has just musted

7 She ***** him some basic rules of behaviour but she didn’t.

a had to teach

b must have taught

c should have taught

EXERCISE 9

Translate the story:

Кит должен был найти Куджо первым, чтобы доказать всем на что он способен. Он решил передвигаться, не вылезая из сумки. Он же обещал Луне оставаться в рюкзаке и он должен сдержать свое слово. Так как собаки горячо спорили в какую сторону идти, никто не заметил, как рюкзак тихонько откатился от них и пополз по тропинке в лес.

Он полз и представлял себе, как все удивятся и обрадуются, когда он вернется вместе с Куджо. Все наконец-то признают, что он не маленький беспомощный питомец, а полноправный член команды. Замечтавшись, котенок не заметил, как случайно свернул с тропинки и оказался в глухой чаще. Споткнувшись о поваленное дерево, Кит кубарем покатился на самое дно глубокой волчьей ямы. Очнувшись, он с ужасом понял, что самому ему оттуда не выбраться. Становилось темно и холодно. Было больно и очень-очень страшно.

(продолжение следует)

Unit 4

Modal Verbs of Probability and Deduction

Modal verbs have functions of certainty, probability, and deduction.

Deduction means making a guess about the facts using available information, depending on which we might be more certain that the conclusion is true, or less certain and we use different modal verbs to indicate the degree of certainty.

While making deductions about the present, we use must if we are sure something is true and can’t if we are sure that something is impossible. Kudjo can’t be at home now. He must be somewhere else.

When we consider some evidence and draw a certain conclusion about what happened in the past, we use must have + V3 and can’t have + V3.

Kudjo must have got lost in the forest. Kudjo couldn’t have vanished into thin air.

EXERCISE 1

Complete the dogs’ speculations about Kit with must, must have, can’t, can’t have and correct form of the verb:

1 He /get/ out of the bag. He swore not to do it.

2 He /run/ away because we had been too tough on him.

3 He /run/ to the forest. He is afraid of wild animals.

4 He /be/ in a hidey-hole somewhere nearby, looking at us.

5 Somebody /steal/ the backpack with him.

6 He /run/ very far. He was here several minutes ago.

7 He /get/ huffy. He knows how much we love him.

8 He /decide/ to look for Kudjo on his own.

POSSIBILITY

Present/Future Possibility

We can use may, might and could to talk about things that are possible in the present and future.

The dogs believe Kit might come back very soon.

Some people say that might is less certain than may, but in spoken English there is really no effective difference. The word may is less common, and we can only use could in the positive form, not the negative form while talking about possibility. He might not find Kudjo.

Past Possibility

When talking about past possibilities, we can use

might have / may have / could have + V3 (for positive possibilities) and might not have / may not have + V3 (for negative possibilities).

Kudjo might not have seen any opportunity to keep in touch with his friends.

EXERCISE 2

Rewrite the sentences using the modal verbs of present or past possibility:

1 Perhaps evil ghosts captured Kudjo.

2 Maybe Kudjo hid somewhere from those ghosts.

3 Maybe Kudjo hasn’t found the way home yet.

4 Perhaps Kudjo has decided to solve the mystery on his own.

5 Perhaps Kudjo followed the blue light ball and it took him very far from home.

6 Perhaps Kudjo got into the abandoned camp and disappeared together with it.

7 Perhaps Kudjo will never be able to find the way home.

8 Maybe Kudjo is somewhere with other dogs having new adventures.

If we need to speculate about the action in progress at the moment of speaking, we use modal verb + be + Ving

Kudjo might be trying to get home now.

If we need to speculate about the action in progress in the past, we use modal verb + have been + Ving

The blue light must have been helping Kudjo all this time.

EXERCISE 3

Answer the questions using modal verbs of deduction:

For example,

What has Kit found in the pit? – He might have found a lot of bones.

1 What is Kit doing in the pit now?

2 Who made this pit and what for?

3 Where is the blue light and why isn’t it helping Kit?

4 What are the dogs arguing about?

5 Who have they decided to look for first? Kudjo or Kit?

6 Where did the abandoned camp disappear?

7 What has happened to Kudjo?

8 Why is Luna whining?

EXERCISE 4

Look at the picture and continue the sentences with your ideas:

For example,

Chilly and Cuba must be …. – Chilly and Cuba must be trying to trace Kit.

1 They are looking down because they must be…

2 They can’t have been ….

3 They look unhappy and frustrated so they might not have ….

4 Chilly is going first because he must ….

5 You can’t see Luna with them because she could be ….

6 The dogs are not talking to each other because they might not ….

7 They are going at a snail’s pace because they must be ….

8 Chilly arched his back because he might have ….

EXERCISE 5

Make a speculation about every situation using modal verbs of deduction:

For example,

Chilly has just found Luna’s backpack but it is empty. – The kitten can’t have escaped in it.

1 While sitting and crying at the bottom of the pit, Kit suddenly heard somebody come up to it.

2 Luna stopped suddenly and raised her head, listening to some sounds very carefully.

3 Chilly stumbled over the tree root and nearly fell down in a deep hole. It was very dark in the hole but he was sure he could see somebody moving at the bottom.

4 Chilly told Cuba about it but she didn’t answer. He turned his head in surprise and didn’t see her anywhere.

5 After several minutes Chilly found her stuck in a thick clump of wait-a-bit. Cuba refused to explain how she had got there.

6 They both returned to the pit and peered out into the gloom. The dogs didn’t see anything but could hear someone snoring at the bottom.

7 They were standing at the edge of the pit when they felt somebody standing behind their backs breathing heavily.

8 Cuba got scared stiff but Chilly immediately growled, jumped and bit in the intruder’s throat.

EXERCISE 6

Choose the correct alternative:

1 Caught unawares, Chilly can’t /must have realised he was biting Luna.

2 Having an acute sense of smell, Luna must / can’t have found the friends easily.

3 Luckily, she can’t / might have been hurt badly because Chilly recognised her just in time.

4 The dogs heard miserable meowing coming from the pit. It sounded so familiar that the dogs hardly had any doubts it was Kit who must sit / be sitting in the pit.

5 Poor Kit must be spending/ have spent so long there that he stopped hoping to be rescued.

6 He must /can’t have tried to escape from this trap but he was too little and too weak to do it on his own.

7 When Kit heard the dogs talking above him, he could hardly believe his ears, thinking he must suffer / be suffering from auditory hallucination.

8 The kitten didn’t know how long he had been sitting in the trap but he had a feeling that he must have been / be there for ages.

EXERCISE 7

Fill the gaps in the story with missing words:

As the pit was absolutely *****, it must have been dug to trap huge animals. At the mere thought of having such monsters around the ***** were terribly screwed up and immediately started ***** Kit out of the pit. They used all their bags to make one long ***** but it wasn’t enough to get Kit out of the *****. Luna tied herself to one ***** of this rope and jumped to the trap to rescue her unfortunate *****. Chilly and Cuba had to try their best and worst to get the both friends up. The fear of being attacked by giant wild ***** made them far stronger and Kit was finally free and *****. He looked so ashamed of himself that the dogs didn’t ***** him. This adventure must have taught the kitten a *****, which he’ll remember for a long time.

EXERCISE 8

Find and correct 9 mistakes in the sentences:

1 The dogs were so happy to find Kit that they can’t have forgotten about the danger.

2 They were standing around the pit discussing where to go next when they heard spine chilling howls. Some wild animals must been approaching.

3 The friends looked around trying to find a kind of shelter to hide but they can hardly see anything suitable.

4 The sound of howling was getting louder and louder, which meant the monster must has been coming nearer and nearer.

5 Suddenly the beast stopped howling but it can’t go away because the dogs could hear it snapping branches to crush everything crossing its path.

6 Chilly suggested to trap the beast into the pit and the dogs rushed to cover it with big sticks for camouflage.

7 The girls with the kitten hid behind a big spruce while Chilly kept to stand near the edge of the trap to provoke the animal to jump.

8 Chilly must wish he hidden too but he had to be a tease to attract the monster.

EXERCISE 9

Choose the correct option:

1 A huge lynx appeared out of the forest and stopped to smell the air suspiciously. It ***** the dogs.

a must detect

b can’t be detecting

c must have detected

2 When the lynx saw Chilly, it growled and moved slowly towards him. Chilly ***** scared stiff but didn’t run away.