Modern English Biography (volume 1 of 4) A-H

Beaufoy, Henry B. H. d. 1851, F.R.S. 212,

his collection of tokens 482.

Bedford, Britannia foundry 1553.

Bedford level canal 1311.

Bedfordshire, lord lieutenant 218.

Bedouin Arab troops 870.

Beds, air 627.

Beer, method of testing gravities 886.

Beethoven, Ludwig von d. 1827, Israel in Egypt performed 1160,

Pastoral symphony performed with illustrations 1160.

Beetroot, spirit distilled from 263.

Belcher, John b. 1841, architect, designed Goss memorial 1187.

Belfast hospitals founded 240.

Bell, John, proprietor of a circulating library 1607.

Bellingham, John executed 1812, assassin, his arrest 908.

Bells, chiming hammers 975,

writers on 975.

Belt, Richard Claude, sculptor, Belt v. C. Lawes 1565.

Benedictine order, Acton Burnell coll. 439,

St. Gregory’s coll. 439.

Bentham, Jeremy d. 1832 philosopher, his amanuensis 732.

Bentinck, Lord George F. C. d. 1848 politician, his betting factotum 1470.

Berkeley, Colonel, connection with Maria Foote 1344.

Berkeley, G. C. Grantley F. d. 1881, M.P. 254,

his huntsman 561.

Berkshire, lord lieutenant 8 bis.

Berlin, Victoria Lyceum founded 81.

Bermuda, slaves emancipated 593.

Bernard’s opera co. 1489.

Berry, Charles, Duc de assassinated 1820, his English wife 431,

his son 431,

marriage annulled 258,

See also Brown, Charlotte and Louise post. col. 1628.

Beryllium, atomic weight of 1588.

Berwick on Tweed, town major 1072.

Betting, Leviathan better 829,

lists originated 829 and declared illegal 829.

Betting men, Davies 829,

Head 1404,

Hill 1470.

Bettws-y-coed, a sketching resort 740.

Bewick, Thomas d. 1828 and John Bewick d. 1795, collections of their works and wood blocks 1579.

Bey, title of given to, Ayrton, F. 114.

Bible, Fry’s collection of bibles 1111,

Haydock’s bible 1396,

list of English editions 728,

monopoly of printing 531,

pentateuch critically examined 673 and Colenso adversely criticised 674,

speakers’ commentary, contributors to 628, 1005,

trinitarian bible soc. 996,

Wycliffe’s version 1084.

Bible, New Testament in Judæo-Polish 1449,

revisers of 46, 950, 1588.

Bible, Old Testament, revisers of 45, 628, 825, 980, 1014, 1041, 1133, 1188, 1352,

paragraph bible 825.

Bidwell, Austin, forger 1396.

Biggar, Joseph Gillis d. 1890 M.P., his trial 1057.

Bill discounters, Overend, Gurney & Co. 1261, 1262.

Billiard players, Dufton 926,

Felix 1032,

Hughes 1578.

Billiards, handicap billiards 926,

writer on 460.

Bills of exchange, law of 505.

Bimetallism 578.

Birds, collections of 1012, 1262, 1530,

eggs 396, 1454,

voice organs of 1079.

Birkbeck, George d. 1841 M.D., Birkbeck schools 986.

Birkbeck, Morris d. 1825, founded New Albion in Illinois 1071.

Birkenhead, St. Aidan’s coll. founded 199.

Birmingham, Atlas steel works 377,

Calthorpe park opened 518,

commissioners of street acts 509,

English watch co. 378,

free art gallery 1007,

free libraries 585,

Hazelwood sch. 1474, 1476,

Holden’s music hall 1505,

Mason coll. 1453,

musical festivals 725,

queen’s coll. 743,

queen’s hospital 743,

royal school of medicine 740, 743,

St. Andrew’s ch. 555,

St. Stephen’s ch. 555,

watches made by machinery 377.

Birth, change of style, affecting age 152.

Birnie, Sir Richard d. 1832, magistrate Bow st., captured Cato st. conspirators 1115.

Biscuits, steam machinery for making 1206.

Black bottle quarrel 542.

Blackburn, Cunliffe’s bank opened 421,

the first mayor 1538.

Blacksmiths learned 491, 1601.

Blarney, St. Anne’s water cure establishment opened 184.

Bleaching, Barlow’s works 1589,

Bridson’s works 397,

stenter or elastic finishing machine invented 397.

Blessington, Charles John Gardiner d. 1829 earl of, acquaintance with comte D’Orsay 899,

his wife 899.

Blind, money left for 1122,

phonetic system of teaching to read 1108.

Blind persons, Barker 165,

Fawcett 1027,

Gilbert 1144,

Hamilton 1303,

Hearder 1409,

Holman 1513.

Blow pipe, oxy-hydrogen, invented 1261,

use in chemical analysis 610.

Blue ribband movement 711.

Board of Control presidents, Dalhousie 803,

Ellenborough 975,

Glenelg 1157,

Halifax 1281,

Herries 1446,

Hobhouse 421,

Wood 1281.

Board of Trade presidents, Cardwell 543,

Clarendon 623,

Dalhousie 803,

Donoughmore 897,

Gibson 1142,

Glenelg 1157,

Henley 1428,

Herries 1446.

Boats, Denham’s rowlocks 856,

outrigger invention of 638.

Bobbing net Trade 592,

machines improved 124.

Bode, Baron de, his case 1472–3.

Bogardus, James d. 1874 inventor, field, cover and trap shooting 1089.

Bohn, Henry publisher 1243.

Bolton, Lancashire, Chadwick’s orphanage 581,

Chadwick’s statue 581.

Bonaparte, Jerome Napoleon d. 1870 at Baltimore 330.

Bonaparte, Joseph d. 1844 king of Spain, his friend 1208.

Bonaparte, Louis Lucien d. 1891 linguist, his medical attendant 1415.

Bonaparte, Napoleon E. L. J. J. in 1879 killed 330,

his tutor 1606.

See also Napoleon.

Bone, Henry P. d. 1855 enamel painter 332,

his successor 998.

Bone setters, Hutton, R. 1609,

Hutton, R. H. 1609.

Bonnetts of embossed paper 851.

Bookbinders, Bedford 218,

Clarke 218,

Hayday 1395,

Howell 1557,

Lewis 218.

Book binding, embossed cloth for 851,

plough for cutting edges 1557.

Books, bookseller with thirty thousand customers 1458,

copyrights foreign 336,

Crane’s coloured toy books 751,

Grenville’s diary expurgated 1239,

Mrs. Mary Ann Clarke’s Narrative suppressed 634,

O. H. B. Hyman tore up his books when he had read them 1612,

Orion a poem published at a farthing 1539,

remainders sale of 326.

Booksellers, Arch 80,

Baldock 140,

Baldwin 141,

Bell 229,

Bickers, H. 270,

Bickers, H. Junr. 270,

Bohn 326,

Brown 433,

Burn 482,

Burns 488,

Bush 270,

Carpenter, J. 556,

Carpenter, W. H. 556,

Cottle 727,

Dalton 808,

Darling 815,

Delf 853,

Diprose 881,

Dolby 891,

Drakard 914,

Evans 1004,

Farran 1245,

Faulkner 1026,

Fulcher 1111,

Gilpin 1152,

Gowans 1193,

Griffin C. 1243,

Griffin J. J. 1244,

Griffith 1245,

Hall 1287,

Hodgson 1494,

Hotten 1547,

Houlston 1549,

Hughes 1577,

Hulbert 1579,

Hunter 1598,

Johnson 1598,

Payne 1004,

Stoneman 1549,

Trubner 853,

Wright 1549.

Boot makers, Hickson 1462,

Hoby 1490.

Boring machine, automatic tunnel machine invented 187.

Borneo, Brooke’s government in 417.

Botanists, Arnott 89,

Atkinson 419,

Bohler 325,

Borrer 341,

Bowie 359,

Bromfield 412,

Brown, J. W. 435,

Brown, R. 437,

Buxton 504,

Calvert 519,

Champion 589,

Daubeny 820,

Dickie 874,

Dickson 875,

Dillwyn 880,

Drummond 920,

Falconer 1017,

Fielding 1043,

Forbes 1076,

Francis 1098,

Gardiner 1122,

Gourlie 1192,

Greville 1240,

Hance 1313,

Henfrey 1427,

Hennedy 1429,

Hooker 1526,

Prescott 1043,

Steudel 1043.

Botany, herbarium of Mauritius plants at Kew 113.

Bottles, bottle washing machines 1569,

stoppered 389,

with taps 389.

Bows and arrows, Clay’s 640.

Boxers, Amateur, Brand 380,

Budd 466.

See also Pugilists.

Boyd, Archibald d. 1883 dean of Exeter 365,

his controversy on episcopacy 1189.

Brachiopoda 824.

Bradlaugh, Charles d. 1891 M.P. kept out of house of commons 1188.

Bradshaw, George d. 1853 publisher 375,

Bradshaw’s Manchester Journal 1018,

railway maps and guides 20, 375.

Bradshaw, James, M.P. 1543.

Braintree, Essex, church rate case 733.

Brass founder, Guest 1254.

Bravo, Charles D. Turner d. in 1876 suddenly 384, 1257.

Brazil, exploration of 475,

first railway 377,

regiment raised for 140,

Thayer expedition 1363.

Bread, aerated 821,

Dauglish’s patent 821,

unfermented 815.

Brechin, bishop of 1075,

seat of bishoprick removed to Dundee 1075.

Bremer, Frederika d. 1865 Swedish novelist, works introduced into England 1559.

Brewers, Allsopp 834, 1481,

Barclay, A. K. 158,

Barclay, C. 158,

Bass 189,

Buxton 503,

Crowley 776,

Findlater 834,

Flower 1071,

Guinness 1256,

Hanbury 1313 bis.,

Hoare 1485,

Hodgson 1495,

Ind Coope 707,

Meux 847,

Truman 834,

Whitbread 309.

Breweries, Barclay, Perkins & Co.’s men assault Haynau 1400,

butt-money 1521.

Brett, Charles a police sergeant killed in 1867 at Manchester 53.

Bridges, Forth railway bridge commenced 347,

lattice bridges 316, 845,

Royal Albert at Saltash 453,

taperchain suspension 1175,

Tay railway bridge and its fall 316.

Bright, John d. 1889 M.P., the cave of Adullam 1543.

Brighton, Brighton and London coach 729,

Burrows and his statue 492,

chain pier 438,

court of request 1113,

Davies’ bequest 829,

Dick Gregory 1234,

master of ceremonies 972,

Old Ship hotel 701,

poor, gift to, on St. Thomas’ day 274,

Preston park 829,

royal literary and scientific institution 492,

St. Mary’s ch. 981,

St. Mary’s hall 982,

St. Paul’s ch. 555,

stipendiary magistrate the first 274,

theatre 597.

Bristol, bull baiting at 540,

court of conscience 1340,

orphan house, Ashley down 749,

Plymouth brethren 749,

port freed from dues 400,

reformatory 554, 555,

sch. industrial 555,

sch. ragged 554.

British museum, Christy ethnological collection 618,

Cuming collection of shells 1218,

Elgin marbles 1046,

engravings, Cousins’ collection 734,

gift refused Ayrton’s Arabic calligraphs 114,

keeper of antiquities 1387,

keeper of manuscripts 1084,

keeper of prints and drawings 556,

keepers of zoological department 610, 1216,

librarian the principal 983,

oriental cylinders and seals, collection of 781,

Persian manuscripts 1076,

persons forbidden to enter reading room 1295, 1353,

reading room, claimant to suggestion of 1545,

reading room superintendent 570,

the ninety one cataloguing rules 965.

Bromsgrove sch. Worcestershire, master Collis 683,

chapel 683,

St. John the Baptist ch. 683,

tercentenary 683.

Brothers, Richard d. 1824 fanatic, his friends 1049.

Brown, Charlotte Marie Augustine (dau. of duc de Berri) comtesse d’Issoudun d. 1886 aged 79, m. 1823 Prince de Faucigny Lucinge.

Brown, Louise Marie Charlotte (dau. of duc de Berri) comtesse de Vierzon d. Brittany 26 Dec. 1891, m. 1826 Baron de Charette.

Browning, Robert d. 1890 poet, his wife 447.

Brunel, Isambard K. d. 1859, C.E. 453, 1259.

Brunswick, Karl d. 1873, duke of 453, 1233.

Buckenham, Old, Norfolk, Cocks’ almshouses 665.

Buckland, Francis T. d. 1880 naturalist, Land and Water 1040.

Bude light invented 1261.

Builders, Cubitt T. 779,

Cubitt W. 780,

Grainger 1199,

Grissell 1249,

Peto 1249.

Bull baiting put down 540.

Bullion broker, Goldsmid 1168.

Bunya bunya tree discovered 274.

Bunyan, John d. 1688 baptist minister, Pilgrim’s Progress in Chinese 490.

Burford, Robert d. 1861 his panoramas 477, 571.

Burial clubs and infanticide 640.

Burns, Robert d. 1796 poet, centenary festival 115,

facts about 1597,

his punch bowl 1371,

his son 489,

memorial at Alloway 1305,

monument Edin. 1305.

Button maker, Hardman 1329.

Byron, Anne I. d. 1860 Lady 507,

gave prize for essay on juvenile delinquency 722.

Byron, George Gordon d. 1824 Lord, Allegra his dau. 621,

Childe Harold, dedication of 427,

Clara M. J. Clairmont 621,

Don Juan 627,

friends 151, 852, 1049, 1342, 1345, 1495, 1591,

Guiccioli, countess 1255,

his fag 1411,

his servant 1016,

Hours of idleness reviewed 1592,

Parisina, dedication of 828,

portraits 1213, 1370,

swam with S. B. Davies 828,

wife 507 and separation from 1495.

C

Cables, iron chain cables invented 438,

manufacturer of 730.

Cabs, Chapman’s patent 592,

Hansom’s patent 592, 1322,

Hearn a cab owner 1409,

safety cabriolet and two wheel carriage Co. 592.

Cahusac, the misses, school mistresses Highgate 1146.

Calculating machine 116,

calculating phenomenon 272.

Calico printers, Brooks 421,

Cobden 659,

Crum 778,

Dalglish 803,

Grafton 1195.

Cambridge, Anglo-Saxon professorship founded 345,

annals of 708,

apostles’ club 305,

B.A. without taking the oath 1362,

Brown’s billiard rooms 434,

chancellor of the university 39,

Christian advocate 1108,

council of the senate 706,

Cripp’s gift of statues 762,

Disney professorship of archæology 882,

Fitzwilliam museum first stone laid 32,

grenadier company of volunteers 616,

nonconformists first take degrees 399,

observatory 582,

peer’s son entering without residence or examination 996,

plan for colonial coll. 776,

Powis, Earl of stood for chancellorship 39,

school of art founded 208,

Sunday schools 586,

university boat club 616,

university library first stone laid 32,

university commission 662.

Cambridge. Magdalen coll. song, Sicut lilium carmen hortativum 336,

model rifle club 497.

Cambridge. Trinity coll. first jew a senior wrangler 1362,

Halliwell accused of taking MSS, from 1295.

Cambridgeshire lord lieut. 1331.

Cambronne, Pierre Jaques Etienne d. 1842 general, taken prisoner at Waterloo 1282.

Camels and elephants in harness 1571.

Camp meetings, first in England 655.

Campbell, Thomas d. 1844 poet, his manuscripts 1167.

Canada. Bytown renamed Gloucester 277,

Caroline steamer burnt 1500,

governor general 1404,

grants of land given to fifty seven rectories 265,

metropolitan bishop 1111,

paper mill the first 768,

peat fuel manufactured 1491,

rebellion suppressed 91,

Victoria bridge 1491,

wheat and flour, first load sent from Upper Canada to Montreal 768.

Canada. Montreal, first daily paper, Daily Advertiser 591.

Canada. Toronto, The Banner established 437,

Mackenzie’s rebellion 1061,

royal grenadier regiment 782,

university built 782.

Canals, cases relating to 560.

Candle makers, Field 1041,

Hale 1278.

Caning, boy caned three times a day for seven years 772.

Canning, George d. 1827 statesman, Brougham’s quarrel with 426.

Cannon, Dove’s rifled cannon 905,

Gardner’s quick firing 1123.

Canterbury, arches court 890,

cath. the six preachers 1084,

cath. windows 632,

musical doctor’s degree first since reformation 1131,

prerogative court abolished 890,

St. Augustine’s abbey 1528.

Canvas maker, Gaskell 1128.

Cape Coast castle defended 916.

Cape Town, bishop of, Grey 673,

Sir G. Grey’s library 311.

Carbolic acid first manufactured 520.

Cardinal, Cullen 781.

Cardiff, castle rebuilt 478,

Sophia gardens 499.

Cards, makers of 851.

Caricatures, collection of 1387.

Caricaturists, Bennett 240,

Cruikshank, G. 777,

Cruikshank, I. 777,

Cruikshank, I. R. 778,

Doyle 912.

Carisbrook castle, Isle of Wight, custodian of 859.

Carlile, Richard d. 1843 bookseller, disputation with 128,

wife charged with selling a libel 1472.

Carlisle, aerated bread made at 821.

Carlyle, Thomas d. 1881 historian, his friends 996, 1058, 1591.

Carlow lord lieutenant 261.

Carmarthenshire lord lieutenant 948.

Caroline d. 1821 queen of Great Britain, attorney general to 426,

solicitor general to 859.

Carpet manufacturers, Crossley 772,

Henderson 1425.

Carriers of goods, law of 613.

Carron, Guy T. J. d. 1821 Abbé, established school at Somers Town, London 502.

Carthage, excavations at 832.

Cashel, Emly, Waterford and Lismore, bishop of 809.

Casks, cleansing of 834.

Catalani, Angelica d. 1849 singer, concerts 621.

Cats, a painter of 1497.

Cattle, breeders of 173, 257, 294, 307, 328, 337, 338, 1039–40,

Fasque pure bred polled 1155,

plague 1342.

Cawthorne, George d. 1833 of circulating library 1607.

Celtic scholar, Evans 1002.

Cemeteries, London cemetery co. founded 1133, London Necropolis projected 429,

Woking, national mausoleum at 429,

See also Cremation.

Census of 1851,

assistant of registrar 1308.

Centenarians and reputed centenarians, Baden 121,

Bailey 127,

Baillie 128,

Beadon 204,

Brewer 392,

Clark 628,

Coxeter 744,

Edwards 964,

Fletcher 1069,

Gardner 1123,

Geeran 1133,

Gibson 1140,

Heathorn 1413,

Hicks 1461,

Howes 1558,

Howlison 1561.

Ceremonies, master of to the Queen 796.

Cetywayo d. 1881 Zulu chief, his friends 673.

Chadwick suit 280.

Chalmers, Rev. Thomas d. 1847 D.D., appointed to Tron. ch. Glasgow 681,

his friends 996.

Chamberlains, hereditary grand, Cholmondeley, G. H. C. 613,

Cholmondeley, W. H. H. 613.

Chambers, Robert d. 1871 and William Chambers d. 1883 publishers 587, 588,

editor of their works 1047.

Chancellors of the exchequer, Baring declined 162,

Disraeli 203,

Goulburn 1190,

Halifax 1281,

Herries 1441,

Hunt 1590.

Chancellors, Lord, Brougham 426,

Cairns 512,

Campbell 525,

Chelmsford 601,

Cottenham 726,

Cranworth 751,

Hatherley 1376.

Chancery, the cat in chancery 1224.

Changes of Names, See Names.

Chapeau bras, the last wearer of the 254.

Channel islands criminal law commission 625.

Characters, illustrious, collector of memorials of 276.

Charity estate commissioner 954.

Charlotte Augusta d. 1817 princess, elegy on death of 360,

portrait 1166.

Chartists, Elt 990,

Epps 954,

Frost 424, 1109,

Gammage 1119,

people’s petition 105, 932.

Chatterton, Frederick B. d. 1886,

theatrical manager 599, 1016.

Chaucer, Geoffrey d. 1400 poet, his astrolabe 377.

Cheddar, Somerset, St. Michael’s home founded 1138.

Chelsea, botanical gardens 1088,

five fields built over 779,

hospital, history of 1607,

Whiteland’s training coll. 853.

Chemistry, polarity of chemical elements 409,

royal coll. of chemistry founded 807.

Chemists, Calvert 1589,

Faraday 1020,

Field 1041,

Gregory 1234,

Hadow 1273,

Hanbury 1312,

Howard J. E. 1553,

Howard Luke 1554,

Hunt 1589,

Hunt 1592.

Cherry ripe, a song 1537.

Chess, early invention of 1076,

games at 578,

Indian problem 583,

London chess club 578,

The Pleiades at Berlin 1544.

Chess players, Alexander 42,

Anderssen 67,

Barnes 173,

Baxter 196,

Brand 380,

Buckle 463,

Horwitz 1544,

Kling 1544.

Chessel Down, Anglo Saxon cemetery at 1477.

Chester, bridge at 1362.

Chestnuts sold in the streets 1130.

Chevalier, person assuming designation of 846.

Children, employment commission 1070,

Faraday’s lectures to 1020,

mental culture of 600,

preacher to 329.

Chimneys, children chimney sweeps 1568,

very high chimneys 458,

sweeping machine invented 1155.

China, Bellot’s collection of coins 236,

Chinese Gordon 1178,

Chinese scholars 1029, 1338,

Christian union to propagate gospel 1263,

Ever victorious army 1178,

execution of Brabazon 371,

medical missionary soc. 676,

missionaries to 825,

Pilgrim’s Progress in Chinese 490,

presbyterian ch. of England in 490,

Taiping rebellion 1178.

China manufacturer, Minton 528.

Chloroform used as a local anæsthetic 1333.

Chocolate manufacturers, Fry 1110,

Gatti 1130.

Cholera, acrostic by Charles Lambe on Asbury’s treatment of cholera 93,

cholera in 1849 col. 131,

cholera in 1832 in London 302, 324,

first visitation of 651,

what to do 582.

Chorlton-upon-Medlock, Manchester, All Saints’ ch. built 493 burnt 493.

Christmas cards, originated 671,

verses for 1527.

Chromatrope invented 609.

Chronometer makers, Arnold 861,

Barraud 861,

Carter 562,

Dent 861,

Vulliamy 861.

Chronometric line run round the world 1064.

Chrysanthemum exhibition 802.

Chunee the elephant shot 770.

Churches, apparatus for heating 1055,

church furnisher 1107.

Cigars made by women 715.

Cinque ports, lord warden 803.

Circassian committee, chairman of 206.

Circle, reflecting, Douglas’ 902.

Circles, automatic graduation of 703.

Circus proprietors, Cooke J. 702,

Cooke T. Thomas 702,

Cooke William 704,

Fanque 1020,

Hengler 1428,

Howes and Cushing 762,

Hughes 1570,

Price and Powell 1428,

Sanger 762.

Cirencester, Roman antiquities at 465.

Cistercian order re-established 854.

Cities and boroughs, plans of 839.

Civil list pensioners, A’Beckett 5,

Ainsworth 33,

Alder 40,

Alison 47,

Anderson 64,

Anster J. 74,

Anster E. 74,

Atherstone 101,

Atkinson 104,

Austin 109,

Backhouse 119,

Bailey 127,

Ball 146,

Barez 160,

Barnard 171,

Bartlett 187,

Basevi 189,

Batty 195,

Beke 223,

Bell 230,

Belzoni 237,

Bigsby 276,

Bingham 278,

Blakey 306,

Bleek W. H. I. 311,

Bleek J. C. 311,

Bloomfield 316,

Boole 335,

Boyle 368,

Britton 404,

Broderip 407,

Brown 437,

Buckingham 461,

Burnet 486,

Burges 477,

Carpenter 554,

Carleton 547,

Cattermole 572,

Chisholm 612,

Clifford 649,

Colby 669,

Cole 671,

Coles 675,

Collier 677,

Cooke Sir W. F. 705,

Cooke Anna L. 705,

Cooley 706,

Corbaux 717,

Costello D. 725,

Costello L. S. 725,

Cross 770,

Cruikshank 777,

Curtis 793,

Dalton 807,

Daly 808,

De Morgan A. 855,

De Morgan S. E. 855,

Dick 872,

Donaldson 893,

Doo 898,

Edward 963,

Falcieri 1016,

Faraday 1020,

Forbes 1078,

Gavin 1131,

Godkin 1163,

Gordon 1177,

Graves 1211,

Haas 1268,

Hall A. M. 1283,

Hall S. C. 1289,

Hamilton W. R. 1307,

Hamilton W. S. 1308,

Harris 1351,

Hawker 1385,

Haydn 1396,

Haydon 1396,

Head 1404,

Helps 1419,

Hickey 1460,

Hincks 1480,

Hind 1481,

Hogan 1500,

Hogg 1502,

Home 1521,

Horne 1539,

Howitt M. 1559,

Howitt W. 1559,

Hughes 1570,

Hullah 1581,

Hunt J. H. L. 1591.

Civil service, first commissioner Packington 1312.