The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume 1

140

Mr. S.C. Roy, The Oraons, p. 262.

141

See also Primitive Culture, 5th ed. ii. pp. 243, 244, 246.

142

See article on Brāhman.

143

See article Bairāgi.

144

Native Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 185, 186.

145

Ibidem, pp. 154, 155.

146

Primitive Culture, 5th ed. ii. pp. 243, 244.

147

Primitive Culture, 5th ed. ii. pp. 243, 244.

148

Dr. A.W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 146. In this case the reference seems to be to any one of several totems of a sub-class.

149

Dr. A.W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 145.

150

Ibidem, pp. 148, 149.

151

The Religion of the Semites, pp. 273, 274.

152

Primitive Paternity, vol. i. pp. 272, 273.

153

The Religion of the Semites, p. 265.

154

See paragraph 80 below and the article on Kasai.

155

The Origin of Civilisation, p. 240.

156

See The Golden Bough, ii. p. 396 et seq.

157

This view of sacrifice was first enunciated by Professor Robertson Smith in the article on Sacrifice in the Encyclopædia Britannica, and The Religion of the Semites.

158

History of Human Marriage, p. 324.

159

Many instances are also given by Mr. Hartland in Primitive Paternity.

160

Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 481.

161

Primitive Marriage, p. 135, footnote.

162

Totemism and Exogamy, ii. p. 473, iii. pp. 34, 76, 101, 225, 272, 308, 360. The Australians have secret Churinga names, the Churingas apparently representing the spirits of ancestors which have returned to the totem. (Spencer and Gillan, ibidem, Appendix A.)

163

Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia, pp. 198, 200.

164

Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 70; Natives of Australia, Mr. N.W. Thomas, p. 75.

165

Totemism and Exogamy, iii. pp. 93, 120, 122, 124, 226, ii. p. 6.

166

Totemism and Exogamy, vol. iv.

167

See article Lakhera for further discussion of the marking with vermilion and its substitutes.

168

La Cité Antique, Paris, Librairie Hachette, 21st ed. p. 4.

169

La Cité Antique, p. 45.

170

This word seems to mean elder sister, and is applied by the girls to their sex-totem, the emu-wren.

171

Native Tribes of S.-E. Australia, p. 149.

172

History of Human Marriage, pp. 418–420.

173

The People of India (Thacker & Co.), pp. 171, 173.

174

Tribes and Castes of the N.-W.P. and Oudh, art. Nunia.

175

Religion and Customs of the Oraons, Memoirs, As. Socy. of Bengal, vol. i. No. 9.

176

Mr. S.C. Roy, The Oraons, p. 247.

177

See article on Rājpūt, para. 9.

178

Professor W. E. Hearn’s Aryan Household (London, Longmans, Green & Co.), p. 160.

179

At first the whole gens were the heirs, Ancient Law, p. 221. The group of agnatic kinsmen are mentioned in Early Law and Custom, pp. 238, 239, but not directly as heirs.

180

Aryan Household, p. 28, quoting Becker’s Charicles, p. 394.

181

Aryan Household, p. 160, quoting Plutarch, Quaestiones Romanae, c. 6.

182

La Cité Antique, 21st ed. Paris, Hachette et Cie.

183

Aryan Household, p. 215.

184

La Cité Antique, p. 299.

185

La Cité Antique, p. 304.

186

Ibidem, pp. 128, 129.

187

Ibidem, p. 318.

188

Ibidem, p. 129.

189

Ibidem, p. 273.

190

Ibidem, p. 129.

191

Ibidem, p. 320.

192

La Cité Antique, p. 279.

193

Ibidem, pp. 281, 282.

194

Ibidem, p. 281.

195

Ibidem, p. 320.

196

La Cité Antique, p. 179.

197

Ibidem.

198

Ibidem.

199

Ibidem, p. 181.

200

La Cité Antique, p. 113.

201

Ibidem, pp. 186–188.

202

La Cité Antique, ibidem.

203

Pp. 151, 154.

204

The above account of the festival and pilgrimage is taken from the Rev. T.P. Hughes’ Dictionary of Islām, articles Idu-l-Azha and Hajj.

205

La Cité Antique, p. 134.

206

Ibidem, p. 127.

207

Para. 48 above.

208

See article on Rājpūt, para. 9.

209

The Magic Art, ii. p. 89, quoting Satapatha Brāhmana.

210

See article on Kasai.

211

See account in article on Kasai.

212

Orpheus, pp. 123, 125.

213

7th ed. p. 300.

214

Origin of Civilisation, 7th ed. p. 299.

215

The Dasahra: an Autumn Festival of the Hindus, Folk-lore, March 1915. Some notice of the Dasahra in the Central Provinces is contained in the article on Kumhār.

216

Crooke, loc. cit. p. 41.

217

See also article Mahār.

218

La Cité Antique, pp. 202, 204.

219

Imperial Gazetteer of India, ii. p. 312.

220

Totemism and Exogamy, vol. ii. pp. 528, 530.

221

Ibidem.

222

Totemism and Exogamy, vol. ii. p. 608; The Golden Bough, 2nd ed. vol. iii. p. 407.

223

Dr. A.H. Keane, The World’s Peoples, p. 138.

224

Mr. L.D. Barnett’s Antiquities of India, p. 171.

225

The Golden Bough, 2nd ed. vol. i. pp. 234, 235.

226

Ibidem, vol. ii. pp. 9, 10.

227

Other features of the sacramental rite, strengthening this hypothesis, are given in the article Kabīrpanthi Sect. The account is taken from Bishop Westcott’s Kabīr and the Kabīrpanth.

228

See articles Dewar, Bhunjia, Gauria, Sonjhara, Malyār.

229

Some instances are given in the article on Kalār and on Rājpūt, para. 9.

230

Dr. A.H. Keane, The World’s Peoples, pp. 129, 130.

231

Para. 11.

232

For further notice of Vishnu and Siva see articles Vaishnava and Saiva sects; for Devi see article Kumhār, and for Kāli, article Thug; for Krishna, article Ahīr; for Ganpati, article Bania.

233

See above, para. 13.

234

La Cité Antique, p. 341.

235

Early History of Mankind, pp. 259, 260. The needfire, as described by Sir E.B. Tylor, had the character of a purificatory rite, but it may be doubted whether this was its original form, any more than in the case of the Suovetaurilia or Pola ceremonies.

236

Mr. J.T. Marten’s Central Provinces Census Report, p. 238.

237

For further notice of this offence see article Sunār under Ear-piercing.

238

Para. 61.

239

“Tarpeia” in M. Salomon Reinach’s Cults, Myths and Religions (English edition, London, David Nutt, 1912).

240

Cults, Customs, p. 130.

241

Maclagan, Punjab Census Report, p. 174.

242

Burn, United Provinces Census Report, p. 82.

243

Cults, Customs, p. 144.

244

Ibidem, pp. 176, 177.

245

Cults, Customs, pp. 148, 149.

246

Maclagan, l.c.

247

Ibidem.

248

J. T. Marten, Census Report (1911).

249

Lillingston, p. 45, on the authority of Max Mullet. Professor Oman states, however, that he had but little acquaintance with the Vedas (Brāhmans, Tkeists, p. 103), and if this was so it would seem likely that his knowledge of the other ancient languages was not very profound. But he published a book in Persian and knew English well.

250

Oman, quoting from Dr. George Smith’s Life of Dr. Alexander Duff, vol. i. p. 118.

251

Oman, quoting Mary Carpenter’s Last Days in England of the Rāja Rām Mohan Roy, p. 67.

252

Lillingston, p. 51.

253

Brāhmans, Theists, p. 105.

254

Brāhmans, Theists, p. 111.

255

Lillingston, p. 73.

256

Brāhmans, Theists, p. 116.

257

Ibidem, p. 113.

258

Brāhmans, Theists, p. 118.

259

Lillingston, p. 96.

260

Brāhmans, Theists, p. 133.

261

Brāhmans, Theists, pp. 131, 139, 140.

262

Brāhmans, Theists, p. 148.

263

This article is compiled from the notices in Wilson’s Hindu Sects, As. Res. vol. xvi. pp. 79–81; Sir E. Maclagan’s Punjab Census Report, 1891; and Mr. Bhimbhai Kirpārām’s Hindus of Gujarāt, Bombay Gazetteer, vol. ix.

264

Captain C.E. Luard, in Central India Census Report (1901), p. 88.

265

Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarāt (Mr. Bhimbhai Kirpārām), p. 545.

266

This information was kindly furnished by the Diwān of Panna, through the Political Agent at Bundelkhand.

267

Barth, p. 148.

268

Hopkins, p. 310, and The Jains, p. 40.

269

Barth, p. 149.

270

The Jainas, pp. 38–47.

271

The writer is inclined to doubt whether either Buddhism or Jainism were really atheistic, and to think that they were perhaps rather forms of pantheism; but the above is the view of the best authorities.

272

The Jainas, p. 10.

273

The Jainas, p. 6.

274

Ibidem, p. 10.

275

Moor’s Hindu Infanticide, pp. 175–176.

276

Marten, C.P. Census Report (1911), p. 67.

277

Maclagan, Punjab Census Report (1891), p. 183.

278

Mr. Marten’s Central Provinces Census Report, 1911.

279

The particulars about the Tirthakārs and the animals and trees associated with them are taken from The Jainas.

280

Jonesia Asoka.

281

Cedrela toona.

282

Grislea tomentosa.

283

Eugenia jambolana.

284

Michelia champaka.

285

Crooke, Things Indian, art. Pinjrapol.

286

Moor, Hindu Infanticide, p. 184.

287

Rājasthān, vol. i. p. 449, and pp. 696, 697, App.

288

Central Provinces Census Report, 1911.

289

Westcott, Op. cit. p. 3.

290

Op. cit. p. 12.

291

Kabīr and the Kabīrpanth, pp. 115 and 116.

292

Raipur District.

293

The description of the Chauka service is mainly taken from Bishop Westcott’s full and detailed account.

294

Ficus glomerata.

295

Sherring, Hindu Castes and Tribes, iii. pp. 96, 123.

296

By Surgeon-Major Cornish.

297

Bombay Census Report, 1901, pp. 181–183.

298

Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies, p. 117.

299

Mr. Marten’s C.P. Census Report (1911), Subsidiary Table, ix., Occupation, p. 276.

300

Short for Amīr or Prince.

301

Siddīk means veracious or truthful, and he was given the name on account of his straightforward character (Bombay Gazetteer.)

302

Supplemental Glossary, vol. i. p. 195.

303

Mr. A. M. T. Jackson in Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj;, p. 10.

304

Bombay Gazetteer, ibidem.

305

Hughes’ Dictionary of Islām, s. v. Marriage.

306

Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj. p. 166.

307

Ibidem, p. 66.

308

Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj. pp. 147,148, from which the whole paragraph is taken.

309

Bomb. Gas. Muh. Guj. p. 150.

310

Temple’s Proper Names of the Punjābis, pp. 41, 43.

311

Qānūn-Islām, p. 20.

312

Ibidem.

313

Qānūn-i-Islām, pp. 26, 27.

314

Ibidem, pp. 30, 35.

315

Hughes, Notes on Muhammadanism, pp. 122, 131.

316

Qānūn-i-Islām, p. 286.

317

Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj. pp. 168, 170.

318

Dictionary of Islām, art. Inheritance.

319

Hughes, Notes on Muhammadanism, pp. 63, 75.

320

See post. The account is compiled mainly from the Dictionary of Islām, articles Idu-l-Azha and Hājj.

321

Bomb. Gas. Muh. Guj. p. 138.

322

Hughes, Dictionary of Islām, s.v. Idu-l-Azha.

323

Hughes, ibidem.

324

Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj. p. 131.

325

Professor Margoliouth’s Muhammadanism.

326

Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj. p. 131.

327

Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj. pp. 132, 135.

328

Bomb. Gaz., ibidem.

329

Professor Margoliouth’s Muhammadanism and the Dictionary of Islām.

330

Early Developments of Muhammadanism, pp. 87, 97.

331

Notes on Muhammadanism, p. 168.

332

Dictionary of Islām, s.v. Food.

333

Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj. pp. 100–103, and Dictionary of Islam, art. Dress and Ornaments.

334

Hughes, Notes on Muhammadanism.

335

Qānūn-i-Islām, pp. 24, 25. This account is a very old one, and the elaborate procedure may now have been abandoned.

336

Hughes, Dictionary of Islām, s.v. Fitrah.

337

Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj. pp. 143, 144.

338

Hughes, Dictionary of Islām, s.v. Whistling.

339

C.P. Census Report, 1911, p. 66.

340

This article is compiled from Sir Denzil Ibbetson’s Punjab Census Report of 1881, and Sir E.D. Maclagan’s Punjab Census Report of 1891.

341

Ibbetson, para. 260.

342

Maclagan, para. 88.

343

Maclagan, loc. cit.

344

Ibbetson, para. 265.

345

Maclagan, para. 95.

346

Tribes and Castes, article Suthra Shāhi.

347

C.P. Census Report (1911), p. 69.

348

P. 276.

349

Orphéus, p. 94.

350

Ibidem.

351

Haug, loc. cit. pp. 69, 70.

352

Orphéus, pp. 91, 92.

353

Haug, pp. 267, 268.

354

Haug, p. 269.

355

Haug, pp. 272, 273.

356

Great Religions of India.

357

Great Religions of India.

358

Orphéus, p. 96.

359

Ibidem, p. 98.

360

Haug, p. 199.

361

Sykes’ Persia and its People, p. 180; Great Religions of India, p. 173.

362

Bombay Gazetteer, vol. ix. part ii., Pārsis of Gujarāt p. 190.

363

Bombay Gazetteer, ibidem.

364

Bombay Gazetteer, vol. ix. part ii., Pārsis of Gujarāt, pp. 233, 237.

365

P. 133.

366

Bombay Gazetteer, vol. ix. part ii., Pārsis of Gujarāt, pp. 221–226.

367

Bombay Gazetteer, vol. ix. part ii., Pārsis of Gujarāt, p. 231.

368

Ibidem, pp. 239–242.

369

Bombay Gazetteer, vol. ix. part ii., Pārsis of Gujarāt, pp. 241, 243.

370

Bombay Gazetteer, Pārsis of Gujarāt, pp. 205, 207, 219, 220.

371

See also article on Kalar.

372

Aegle marmelos.

373

Dr. Bhattachārya’s Hindu Castes and Sects, p. 371.

374

See articles Kumhār, Thug and Sākta sect.

375

See art. Sākta Sect.

376

Mr. Marten’s C. P. Census Report, 1911.

377

India Census Report (1901), p. 360.

378

Hindu Castes and Sects (Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta), pp. 407–413.

379

Sir E. Gait’s note, India Census Report.

380

Hindu Castes and Sects.

381

This article is based principally on a paper by Mr. Durga Prasād Pānde, Tahsīldār, Raipur.

382

Bilaspur Settlement Report (1888), p. 45.

383

Some of Mr. Chisholm’s statements are undoubtedly inaccurate. For instance, he says that Ghāsi Dās decided on a temporary withdrawal into the wilderness, and proceeded for this purpose to a small village called Girod near the junction of the Jonk and Mahānadi rivers. But it is an undoubted fact, as shown by Mr. Hīra Lāl and others, that Ghāsi Dās was born in Girod and had lived there all his life up to the time of his proclamation of his gospel.

384

Ibidem.

385

Luffa acutangula.

386

Solanum melangenum.

387

Some of the Bundela raids in the north of the Province were made on the pretext of being crusades for the protection of the sacred animal.

388

From Mr. Durga Prasād Pānde’s paper.

389

This text is recorded by Mr. Durga Prasād Pānde as follows: