The American Race

3

For a complete refutation of this venerable hypothesis see an article “L’Atlantide,” by Charles Ploix, in the Revue d’Anthropologie, 1887, p. 291; and de Mortillet, Le Préhistorique Antiquité de l’Homme, p. 124.

4

De Quatrefages, Histoire Générale des Races Humaines, p. 558. He adds the wholly incorrect statement that many Japanese words are found in American languages.

5

The nearest of the Aleutian islands to Kamschatka is 253 miles distant. The explorer Behring found the western Aleutians, those nearest the Asian shore, uninhabited. See W. H. Dall, “Origin of the Innuit,” pp. 96, 97, in Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. I. (Washington, 1877).

6

The evidences of a vast ice-sheet once covering the whole of East Cape are plainly visible. See Dr. I. C. Rosse, Medical and Anthropological Notes on Alaska, p. 29. (Washington, 1883.)

7

Joseph Prestwich, Geology, Vol. II, p. 465, (Oxford, 1888). J. D. Dana, Text Book of Geology, pp. 355-359 (New York, 1883). Geo. M. Dawson, in The American Geologist, 1890, p. 153. The last mentioned gives an excellent epitome of the history of the great Pacific glacier.

8

James D. Dana, loc. cit., p. 359.

9

James D. Dana, “Reindeers in Southern New England,” in American Journal of Science, 1875, p. 353.

10

See “On an Ancient Human Footprint from Nicaragua,” by D. G. Brinton, in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 1887, p. 437.

11

J. S. Wilson, in Memoirs of the Anthropological Society of London, Vol. III., p. 163.

12

The finders have been Messrs. H. P. Cresson and W. H. Holmes. From my own examination of them, I think there is room for doubt as to the artificial origin of some of them. Others are clearly due to design.

13

Her account is in the American Naturalist, 1884, p. 594, and a later synopsis in Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1889, p. 333.

14

G. K. Gilbert, in The American Anthropologist, 1889, p. 173.

15

W. J. McGee, “Palæolithic Man in America,” in Popular Science Monthly, November 1888.

16

See G. Frederick Wright, The Ice Age in North America.

17

Dr. Abbott has reported his discoveries in numerous articles, and especially in his work entitled Primitive Industry, chapters 32, 33.

18

De Mortillet, Le Préhistorique Antiquité de l’Homme, p. 132, sq.

19

Mariano de la Barcena, “Fossil Man in Mexico,” in the American Naturalist, Aug., 1885.

20

Florentino Ameghino, La Antiguedad del Hombre en el Plata, passim. (2 vols, Buenos Aires, 1880.)

21

The Descent of Man, p. 155. Dr. Rudolph Hoernes, however, has recently argued that the discovery of such simian forms in the American tertiary as the Anaptomorphus homunculus, Cope, renders it probable that the anthropoid ancestor of man lived in North America. Mittheil der Anthrop. Gesell. in Wien, 1890, § 71. The Anaptomorphus was a lemur rather than a monkey, and had a dentition very human in character.

22

Quoted by G. F. Wright in The Ice Age in America, p. 583.

23

H. Habernicht, Die Recenten Veränderungen der Erdoberfläche, s. 27 (Gotha, 1882). He further shows that at that time both northern Russia and northern Siberia were under water, which would effectually dispose of any assumed migration by way of the latter.

24

J. W. Spencer, in the London Geological Magazine, 1890, p. 208, sqq.

25

James Scroll, Climate and Time, p. 451.

26

G. F. Wright, The Ice Age in North America, pp. 582-3 (New York, 1890). De Mortillet, Le Préhistorique, etc., pp. 186-7. H. Rink, in Proc. of the Amer. Philos. Society, 1885, p. 293.

27

In his excellent work, The Building of the British Isles, (London, 1888), Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne presents in detail the proofs of these statements, and gives two plates (Nos. XII. and XIII.), showing the outlines of this land connection at the period referred to (pp. 252, 257, etc.).

28

Wright, The Ice Age, p. 504.

29

Gilbert, Sixth An. Rep. of the Com. of the N. Y. State Reservation, p. 84 (Albany, 1890).

30

Races and Peoples, chapter III. (David McKay, Philadelphia.)

31

“Palæolithic Man in America” in Popular Science Monthly, Nov., 1888.

32

“No one could live among the Indians of the Upper Amazon without being struck with their constitutional dislike to heat.” “The impression forced itself upon my mind that the Indian lives as a stranger or immigrant in these hot regions.” H. W. Bates, The Naturalist on the Amazon, Vol. II., pp. 200, 201.

33

See E. F. im Thurn, Among the Indians of Guiana, pp. 189, 190, who speaks strongly of the debility of the tropical Indians.

34

See J. Kollmann, Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1884, s. 181 sq. The conclusion of Virchow is “que les caracteres physionomiques des têtes Américaines montrent une divergence si manifeste qu’on doit renoncer definitivement à la construction d’un type universel et commun des Indigènes Américains.” Congrès des Américanistes, 1888, p. 260. This is substantially the conclusion at which Dr. James Aitken Meigs arrived, in his “Observations on the Cranial Forms of the American Aborigines,” in Proc. of the Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila., 1866.

35

Henry Gilman, Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1885, p. 239. Other perforated skulls from similar graves in the same locality showed indices of, 82, 83, 85.

36

D. G. Brinton, Races and Peoples; Lectures on the Science of Ethnography, p. 20. (David McKay, Philadelphia.)

37

Dr. Washington Matthews, in the American Anthropologist, 1889, p. 337.

38

Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Bd. II., s. 195.

39

Cf. Lucien Carr, in the Eleventh Annual Report of the Peabody Museum, p. 367.

40

Lucien Carr, “Notes on the Crania of New England Indians,” in the Anniversary Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, 1880; and compare Topinard, Elements d’Anthropologie Générale, p. 628. (Paris, 1885.)

41

H. Fritsch, in Compte-Rendu du Congrès des Américanistes, 1888, p. 276.

42

For instance, some of the Mixes of Mexico have full beards (Herrera, Decadas de las Indias, Dec. IV., Lib. IX., cap. VII.); the Guarayos of Bolivia wear long straight beards, covering both lips and cheeks (D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, Vol. I., p. 126); and the Cashibos of the upper Ucayali are bearded (Herndon, Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon, p. 209).

43

“Report on the Blackfeet,” in Trans. Brit. Assoc. Adv. of Science, 1885.

44

“Les Indiens de la Province de Mato Grosso,” in the Nouvelles Annales des Voyages, 1862.

45

The Mexican president Benito Juarez was a full-blood Zapotec; Barrios of Guatemala, a full-blood Cakchiquel.

46

Vues des Cordillères, et Monumens des Peuples Indigènes de l’Amérique, Tome I. p. 51.

47

Ancient Society, by Lewis H. Morgan (New York, 1878); Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines, by the same (Washington, 1881); Bandelier, in the Reports of the Peabody Museum; Dr. Gustav Brühl, Die Culturvölker Alt Amerikas (Cincinnati, 1887); D. G. Brinton, The Myths of the New World, 3d Ed. revised, David McKay (Philadelphia, 1896); American-Hero Myths, by the same (Philadelphia, 1882).

48

The word totem is derived from the Algonkin root od or ot and means that which belongs to a person or “his belongings,” in the widest sense, his village, his people, etc.

49

Among the Brazilian hordes, for instance, Martius, Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, Bd. I. s. 116 (Leipzig, 1867).

50

Thus the Heiltsuk and Kwakiutl of the northwest coast, though speaking close dialects of the same stock, differ fundamentally in their social organization. That of the former is matriarchal, of the latter patriarchal. Boas, Fifth Report to the Brit. Assoc. Adv. Science, p. 38.

51

Races and Peoples; Lectures on the Science of Ethnography, p. 55 (David McKay, Philadelphia.)

52

Die Entstehung der Arten durch Räumliche Sonderung (Basel, 1889).

53

J. W. Sanborn, Legends, Customs and Social Life of the Seneca Indians, p. 36 (Gowanda, N. Y., 1878).

54

Father Ragueneau tells us that among the Hurons, when a man was killed, thirty gifts were required to condone the offence, but when a woman was the victim, forty were demanded. Relation des Jesuits, 1635.

55

Dr. W. H. Corbusier, in American Antiquarian, Sept., 1886; Dr. Amedée Moure, Les Indiens de Mato Grosso, p. 9 (Paris, 1862).

56

This opinion is defended by Max Schlosser in the Archiv für Anthropologie, 1889, s. 132.

57

The lama was never ridden, nor attached for draft, though the opposite has been stated. See J. J. von Tschudi, “Das Lama,” in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1885, s. 108.

58

See “The Lineal Measures of the Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico and Central America,” in my Essays of an Americanist, p. 433 (Philadelphia, 1890).

59

The Caribs and some of the Peruvian coast tribes sometimes lifted a large square cloth when running with the wind; but this is not what is meant by a sail.

60

American Hero-Myths (Philadelphia, 1882).

61

Carlos de Gagern, Charakteristik der Indianischen Bevölkerung Mexikos, s. 23 (Wien, 1873.)

62

I have treated this subject at considerable length in opposition to the opinion of Lucien Adam and Friedrich Müller in my Essays of an Americanist, pp. 349-389 (Philadelphia, 1890).

63

Packard, “Notes on the Labrador Eskimo and their former range southward,” in American Naturalist, 1885, p. 471.

64

John Murdoch, in The American Anthropologist, 1888, p. 129; also Dr. Henry Rink, The Eskimo Tribes (London, 1887); Dr. Franz Boas, The Central Eskimo, in the Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology; W. H. Dall, Tribes of the Extreme Northwest (Washington, 1887); Ivan Petroff, in The American Naturalist, 1882, p. 567.

65

Dall is positive that there is no racial distinction between the Innuit and the other American Indians, loc. cit., p. 95. He adds: “The Tartar, Japanese or Chinese origin of these people finds no corroboration in their manners, dress or language.”

66

Commander G. Holm found the East Greenlanders, a pure stock, well marked mesocephalic, with a maximum of 84.2 (Les Grönlandais Orientaux, p. 365, Copenhagen, 1889). Dall gives the range to his measurements of Innuit skulls from 87 to 70 (Contributions to American Ethnology, Vol. I, p. 71).

67

“Unlike the Indian,” writes Mr. F. F. Payne, “the Eskimo is nearly always laughing, and even in times of great distress it is not hard to make them smile.” “The Eskimo at Hudson Strait,” in Proc. Canad. Institute, 1889, p. 128.

68

W. J. Hoffman, “On Indian and Eskimo Pictography,” in Trans. Anthrop. Soc. of Washington, Vol. II, p. 146.

69

See some examples in my Essays of an Americanist, pp. 288-290 (Philadelphia, 1890).

70

G. Holm, Les Grönlandais Orientaux, p. 382 (Copenhagen, 1889).

71

Dr. A. Pfizmaier, Darlegungen Grönländischer Verbalformen (Wien, 1885).

72

On the relative position of the Chukchis, Namollos and Yuit, consult Dall in American Naturalist, 1881, p. 862; J. W. Kelly, in Circular of the U. S. Bureau of Education, No. 2, 1890, p. 8; A. Pfizmaier, Die Sprachen der Aleuten, p. 1 (Vienna, 1884). The Yuits are also known as Tuski. The proper location of the Namollos is on the Arctic Sea, from East Cape to Cape Shelagskoi (Dall).

73

Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, 1883, p. 427. All of Clement G. Markham’s arguments for the Asiatic origin of the Eskimos have been refuted.

74

Either from the river Olutora and some islands near its mouth (Petroff); or from Eleutes, a tribe in Siberia, whom the Russians thought they resembled (Pinart).

75

Ivan Petroff, in Trans. Amer. Anthrop. Soc., Vol. II, p. 90.

76

Comp. H. Winkler, Ural-Altäische Völker und Sprachen, s. 119, and Dall, Contributions to N. Amer. Ethnology, Vol. I, p. 49, who states that their tongue is distinctly connected with the Innuit of Alaska.

77

Dr. A. Pfizmaier, Die Sprache der Aleuten und Fuchsinseln, s. 4 (Vienna, 1884).

78

Dall, loc. cit., p. 47.

79

Ivan Petroff, loc. cit., p. 91.

80

Mr. A. S. Gatschet has compiled the accessible information about the Beothuk language in two articles in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1885 and 1886.

81

J. C. E. Buschmann, Der Athapaskische Sprachstamm, 4to., Berlin, 1856, and Die Verwandtschafts-Verhältnisse der Athapaskischen Sprachen, Berlin, 1863.

82

See Mgr. Henry Faraud, Dix-huit Ans chez les Sauvages, pp. 345, etc. (Paris, 1866.) Petitot, Les Déné Dindjié, p. 32.

83

See George M. Dawson, in An. Rep. of the Geol. Survey of Canada, 1887, p. 191, sq.; Washington Matthews and J. G. Bourke, in Jour. of Amer. Folk-Lore, 1890, p. 89, sq.

84

The best blanket-makers, smiths and other artisans among the Navajos are descendants of captives from the Zuñi and other pueblos. John G. Bourke, Journal of American Folk-Lore, 1890, p. 115.

85

A. F. Bandelier, Indians of the Southwestern United States, pp. 175-6 (Boston, 1890).

86

Dr. Washington Matthews, in Journal of American Folk-Lore, 1890, p. 90.

87

The student of this language finds excellent material in the Dictionnaire de la Langue Déné-Dindjié, par E. Petitot (folio, Paris, 1876), in which three dialects are presented.

88

Stephen Powers, Tribes of California, p. 72, 76 (Washington, 1877).

89

“On voit que leur conformation est à peu près exactement le nôtre.” Quetelet, “Sur les Indiens O-jib-be-was,” in Bull. Acad. Royale de Belgique, Tome XIII.

90

I refer to the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. The numerous measurements of skulls of New England Algonkins by Lucien Carr, show them to be mesocephalic tending to dolichocephaly, orthognathic, mesorhine and megaseme. See his article, “Notes on the Crania of New England Indians,” in the Anniversary Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, 1880.

91

The best work on this subject is Dr. C. C. Abbott’s Primitive Industry (Salem, 1881).

92

The Lenâpé and their Legends; with the Complete Text and Symbols of the Walum Olum, and an Inquiry into its Authenticity. By Daniel G. Brinton, Philadelphia, 1885 (Vol. V. of Brinton’s Library of Aboriginal American Literature).

93

See Horatio Hale, “Report on the Blackfeet,” in Proc. of the Brit. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science, 1885.

94

See Lenâpé-English Dictionary: From an anonymous MS. in the Archives of the Moravian Church at Bethlehem, Pa. Edited with additions by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D., and Rev. Albert Seqaqkind Anthony. Published by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, 1888. Quarto, pp. 236.

95

J. Aitken Meigs, “Cranial Forms of the American Aborigines,” in Proceedings of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, May, 1866.

96

Horatio Hale, The Iroquois Book of Rites, pp. 21, 22. (Philadelphia, 1883. Vol. II. of Brinton’s Library of Aboriginal American Literature.)

97

J. W. Powell, First Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 61. (Washington, 1881.)

98

The Iroquois Book of Rites, referred to above.

99

There are twenty-one skulls alleged to be of Muskoki origin in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, of which fifteen have a cephalic index below 80.

100

Examples given by William Bartram in his MSS. in the Pennsylvania Historical Society.

101

See on this subject an essay on “The Probable Nationality of the Mound-Builders,” in my Essays of an Americanist, p. 67. (Philadelphia, 1890.)

102

D. G. Brinton, “The National legend of the Chahta-Muskoki Tribes,” in The Historical Magazine, February, 1870. (Republished in Vol. IV. of Brinton’s Library of Aboriginal American Literature.)

103

“The Seminole Indians of Florida,” by Clay MacCauley, in Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1883-4.

104

See for the Yuchis, their myths and language, Gatschet in Science, 1885, p. 253.

105

Arte de la Lengua Timuquana compuesto en 1614 per el Pe Francisco Pereja. Reprint by Lucien Adam and Julien Vinson, Paris, 1886. An analytical study of the language has been published by Raoul de la Grasserie in the Compte Rendu du Congrès International des Américanistes, 1888.

106

See “The Curious Hoax of the Taensa Language” in my Essays of an Americanist, p. 452.

107

D. G. Brinton, “The Language of the Natchez,” in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1873.

108

Die Länder am untern Rio Bravo del Norte. S. 120, sqq. (Heidelberg, 1861.) I give the following words from his vocabulary of the Carrizos:

The numbers three, four and five are plainly the Nahuatl yey, nahui, macuilli, borrowed from their Uto-Aztecan neighbors.

109

Bartolomé Garcia, Manuel para administrar los Santos Sacramentos. (Mexico, 1760.) It was written especially for the tribes about the mission of San Antonio in Texas.

110

As chiquat, woman, Nah. cihuatl; baah-ka, to drink, Nah. paitia. The song is given, with several obvious errors, in Pimentel, Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico, Tom. III., p. 564; Orozco y Berra’s lists mentions only the Aratines, Geografia de las Lenguas de Mexico, p. 295.

111

Adolph Uhde, Die Länder am unteru Rio Bravo del Norte, p. 120.

112

The name Pani is not a word of contempt from the Algonkin language, as has often been stated, but is from the tongue of the people itself. Pariki means a horn, in the Arikari dialect uriki, and refers to their peculiar scalp-lock, dressed to stand erect and curve slightly backward, like a horn. From these two words came the English forms Pawnee and Arikaree. (Dunbar.)

113

The authorities on the Panis are John B. Dunbar, in the Magazine of American History, 1888; Hayden, Indian Tribes of the Missouri Valley (Philadelphia, 1862), and various government reports.

114

J. Owen Dorsey, “Migrations of Siouan Tribes,” in the American Naturalist, 1886, p. 111. The numerous and profound studies of this stock by Mr. Dorsey must form the basis of all future investigation of its history and sociology.

115

The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

116

Mrs. Mary Eastman, Dahcotah; or Life and Legends of the Sioux, p. 211. (New York, 1849.)

117

W. P. Clark, Indian Sign Language, p. 229 (Philadelphia, 1885); Whipple, Ewbank and Turner, Report on Indian Tribes, pp. 28, 80. (Washington, 1855.)

118

R. Virchow, Verhand. der Berliner Gesell. für Anthropologie, 1889, s. 400.

119

Dr. Franz Boas, “Fourth Report on the Tribes of the North West Coast,” in Proceed. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Science, 1887.

120

Dr. J. L. Le Conte, “On the Distinctive Characteristics of the Indians of California,” in Trans. of the Amer. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science, 1852, p. 379.

121

Dr. Aurel Krause, Die Tlinkit Indianer. (Jena, 1885.)

122

See the various reports of Dr. Boas to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and the papers of Messrs. Tolmie and Dawson, published by the Canadian government.