Полная версия
Позитивные изменения. Города будущего. Тематический выпуск, 2022 / Positive changes. The cities of the future. Special issue, 2022
The industrialization would alter a medieval city very much. Industrial buildings and new social classes appeared in its center. The period of transition from the medieval to the modern city saw the publication of Thomas More’s Utopia. In it he strongly criticized contemporary industrialization and the negative effects it had on the community: "Your sheep… be become so great devourers, and so wild, that they eat up and swallow down the very men themselves." Here More describes the practice of enclosing farmland as pasture for wool production, which accompanied the creation of the cloth industry in Britain – the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The enclosures damaged the economic well-being of the peasants, their culture and customs.
Thomas More’s Utopia used Plato’s ideas. In contrast to the emerging industrial society, the agrarian family community was taken as the basis of the ideal city – the city included individual households propagating their craft skills. More’s Utopia is known for then-sensational proposal of abolishing private property and achieving complete uniformity, ultimately ending up in having identical clothes and dwellings. The square city is centrally crossed by a river with cultural and public buildings along its banks.
The spatial arrangement in Utopia is in many ways similar to the concepts of the "ideal city" that were prevalent during the Renaissance. The general principles of these projects were: clear geometric forms, symmetry and centricity, defensive buildings on the edges and public spaces in the center (Romanova, 2015). It is noteworthy that the projects of the "ideal city" were literally utopian – that is, they were abstractly spaced and were common in design, i.e. with no regard to the geographical features of the territory.
THE CITY OF THE BOURGEOISIE: WHAT DOES IT WANT TO BE?The medieval city ends with the advent of a new social class, the bourgeoisie. They are no longer peasants who farm the land and belong to the landlord, nor craftsmen who are enslaved through the shop and corporate system.
In particular, it was the urban bourgeoisie who participated in the events of the Great French Revolution: the city dwellers opposed the feudal privileges of the aristocracy and advocated the freedom of private property (Hobsbawm, 1999). A French politician known as Abbot Sieyes, a contemporary of the events, formulated the postulates of the third estate (all citizens except the clergy and nobility) as follows: "What is the third estate? – Everything. What has it been so far politically? – Nothing. What does it want to be? – Something." (Sieyes, 2003). After the revolution, the city became "something": the revolutionaries wanted to reflect the new values in the architecture as much as possible, the city dwellers developed a new approach: the palaces of the nobility were turned into public and trade spaces. The French Revolution gave birth to the city of the future: ideal cities were no longer abstract, but became subject to rational design (Romanova, 2015).
Thomas More’s Utopia used Plato’s ideas. The book is known for then-sensational proposal of abolishing private property and achieving complete uniformity.
More laid the foundations of utopia – a separate genre at the nexus of fiction and journalism. In the 19th century, Enlightenment ideas produced a new class of writers, i.e. utopian socialists, who focused separately on the city and how people’s coexistence could serve the purpose of moral development.
The Industrial Revolution revealed iron as a new construction material: it was used to build exhibition halls, train stations and pavilions, or, in other words, – public spaces (Benjamin, 1996). Covered shopping streets – passages – became a feature of Napoleonic-era Paris. It was in the passages that Charles Fourier saw the Phalanstère. The idea was to create a self-sufficient commune of about a thousand and a half people who would live in one phalanx house. Residential blocks are connected to the central multipurpose block by means of covered passage galleries, and the zoning is vertical: the underground level is allotted for utility rooms, and the upper levels – for living.
Конец ознакомительного фрагмента.
Текст предоставлен ООО «ЛитРес».
Прочитайте эту книгу целиком, купив полную легальную версию на ЛитРес.
Безопасно оплатить книгу можно банковской картой Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, со счета мобильного телефона, с платежного терминала, в салоне МТС или Связной, через PayPal, WebMoney, Яндекс.Деньги, QIWI Кошелек, бонусными картами или другим удобным Вам способом.
Примечания
1
Рыжков, А. (2022). Россия – страна позитивных изменений. Позитивные изменения, 2(2), 5-13.
2
Ryzhkov, A. (2022). Russia – the Country of Positive Changes. Positive Changes, 2(2), 5-13.
3
DESA, U. (2019). World urbanization prospects 2018: highlights (ST/ESA/SER. A/421), New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division, United Nations.
4
Харви, Д. (2022). Состояние постмодерна. Исследование истоков культурных изменений. Режим доступа: https://iq.hse.ru/news/454730955.html. (дата доступа: 31.10.2022).
5
Харви, Д. (2022). Состояние постмодерна. Исследование истоков культурных изменений. Режим доступа: https://iq.hse.ru/news/454730955.html. (дата доступа: 31.10.2022).
6
Ложкин, А. (2013). Поиски будущего в прошлом. Очерки о городской среде.
Режим доступа: https://archi.ru/russia/46873/ocherk-6-poiski-buduschego-v-proshlom. (дата доступа: 31.10.2022).
7
DESA, U. (2019). World urbanization prospects 2018: highlights (ST/ESA/SER. A/421), New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division, United Nations.
