Authors: Aliyev Ibratjon Xatamovich, Mirzamaxmudova Nilufar Tadjibayevna, Karimov Boxodir Xoshimovich, Rumi Rinad Fuadovich, Nematov Islom, Qo'ldoshev Obbozjon Xokimovich, o'g'li Abdullajon Odiljon, Dadajonov To'lanboy, Urinov Shavkatjon, Nematova Robiya, Yuldoshaliyev Dilshod Qo'ldoshaliyevich, Usmonov Yakub Usmonovich, Abdumalikova Zulfiya, qizi Azizaxon Xasanjon, Ismoilova E'zozaxon Musajonovna, Maraimova Muqaddas Vorisovna, o'g'li Mirjalol G'ulomjon, o'g'li Farruh Po'latjon, Boltaboyev Isroiljon Maxammatismoilovich, Daliyev Xojiakbar Sultanovich, Qo'ldoshev G'olibjon Obbozjonovich, Solikova Shodiyaxon Solijonovna, Yunusov Mirzakarim Mirzaxalilovich, qizi Mushtariy Temur, Vavilova Ekaterina Aleksandrovna, Erkaboyev Oybek Muxammadovich, Nomonjonov Baxromjon, Akbarova Zuxro Akmaljonovna, qizi Saodatxon Abdulla, Umarova Gulnozaxon Masxariddinovna, G'ofurov Oqiljon Axmedovich

Editor-in-Chief, CEO of OOO "Electron Laboratory", President of the Electron Scientific School, Editor-in-Chief of the international scientific journal "All Sciences" Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev

Editor, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of "Technological Education" of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Fergana State University, Scientific director of OOO "Electron Laboratory", Academician of the Scientific School "Electron", executive editor for Fergana State University and other unspecified regions, member of the Physics and Technology Department of the Scientific School "Electron" Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov

Editor, Candidate in the field of economic sciences, Director of the Malaysian investor company Clipper Energy Comp. and Clipper Associates Corp., Economic consultant of OOO "Electron Laboratory", Professor of Economics at the "Electron" Scientific School, executive editor for the Malaysian Republic and English-speaking countries, member of the economic department of the "Electron" Scientific School Botirali Rustamovich Jalolov

Editor, Candidate in the field of economic sciences, Economic Head of OOO "Electron Laboratory", Chief Scientific Secretary of the Scientific School "Electron", Executive Editor for the Russian Federation and CIS countries, member of the economic department of the Scientific School "Electron" Farruh Murodjonovich Sharofutdinov

Editor, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Scientific Research Institute "Physics of Semiconductors and Microelectronics" at the National University of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Executive Editor for the city/region of Tashkent, member of the Physics and Technology Department of the Electron Scientific School Obbozjon Xokimovich Qo'ldoshev

Editor, Senior Researcher, Head of the Accelerator Center at the Research Institute "Physics of Semiconductors and Microelectronics" at the National University of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Executive Editor of the Accelerator Center at the Research Institute of Semiconductors and Microelectronics at the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, member of the Department of Nuclear Physics of the Electron Scientific School Rinad Fuadovich Rumi

Editor, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor and Chief Researcher of the "Institute of Nuclear Physics" of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Member of the Department of Nuclear Physics of the Electron Scientific School Sergey Viktorovich Artyomov

Editor, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor and Rector of the Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Member of the Physics and Technology Department of the Electron Scientific School Uktam Raximovich Salomov

Editor, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Department of "Electronics and Instrumentation" of the Faculty of Computer Design Systems of the Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Member of the Physics and Technology Department of the Electron Scientific School Sirojiddin Fayozovich Ergashev

Editor, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor and Head of the Department of "Technological Education" of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Fergana State University, Member of the Physics and Technology Department of the Electron Scientific School Salim Madraximovich Otajonov

Editor, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Senior Researcher at the Laboratory of Materials Science of Electronic Engineering and Microelectronics at the Research Institute of Physics of Semiconductors and Microelectronics at the National University of Uzbekistan, Member of the Physics and Technology Department of the Electron Scientific School Sayfullo Saidovich Nasriddinov

Editor, Doctor of Philosophy in Technical Sciences (PhD), Associate Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Fergana State University, Member of the Physics and Technology Department of the Electron Scientific School Sharof Shuxratovich Shuxratov

Editor, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science of Fergana State University, Member of the Mathematical and Information Department of the Electron Scientific School Islombek Nematov

Editor, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of "Electronics and Instrumentation" of the Faculty of Computer Design Systems of the Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Executive Editor for the Fergana Polytechnic Institute, the Fergana branch of the Tashkent University of Information Technology and the United States of America, Member of the Physics and Technology Department of the Electron Scientific School Sultonali Mukaramovich Abduraxmonov

Editor, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Acting Associate Professor of the Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Member of the Physics and Technology Department of the Electron Scientific School Fozil Oripovich Obidov

Editor, Doctor of Philosophy in Technical Sciences (PhD), Associate Professor of the Department of "Information Security" of the Faculty of Computer Engineering of the Fergana Branch of the Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad Al-Xorazmiy, Member of the Information Department of the Electron Scientific School Farruh Muxammadovich Muxtarov

Editor, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of "Technological Education" of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Fergana State University, Member of the Physics and Technology Department of the Electron Scientific School Yakub Usmonovich Usmonov

Editor, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Fergana State University, Member of the Biological Department of the Electron Scientific School Muzaffar Auliyaxonovich Muxammadiyev

Editor, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of "Information and Educational Technologies" of the Fergana branch of the Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad Al-Xorazmiy, Member of the Pedagogical Department of the Electron Scientific School Inomjon Uktamovich Bilolov

Editor, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Research Institute "Physics of Semiconductors and Microelectronics" at the National University of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Member of the Department of Nuclear Physics of the Electron Scientific School Yakubbay Atabayevich Saydimov

Editor, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Electrical Engineering, Electromechanics and Electro-Technologies of the Faculty of Energy of the Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Member of the Physics and Technology Department of the Electron Scientific School Shukurullo Yulbarsovich Usmonov

Editor, Doctor of Philosophy in Physical and Mathematical Sciences (PhD), Associate Professor and Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Fergana State University, Member of the Physics and Technology Department of the Electron Scientific School Sapura Malikovna Zaynolobidinova

Editor, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of "Physics" of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Fergana State University, Member of the Physics and Technology Department of the Electron Scientific School Dilfuza Aminovna Yusupova

Editor, Lecturer in Physical and Technical Sciences of the Department of "Technological Education" of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Ferghana State University, Member of the Physics and Technology Department of the Electron Scientific School Dilshod Quldoshaliyevich Yuldoshaliyev

Editor, Candidate in Physical and Technical Sciences of the Department of "Technological Education" of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Ferghana State University, Member of the Physics and Technology Department of the Electron Scientific School Sherzod Boxodirovich Karimov

Editor, Candidate in the field of medical sciences, Member of the Medical, Biological and Philosophical Department of the Electron Scientific School Ra'noxon Mukaramovna Aliyeva

Editor, Lecturer in Mathematical and Information Sciences of the Department of "Mathematics" of the Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics of Fergana State University, Member of the Mathematical Department of the Electron Scientific School Sayyora Saidakbarovna Kukiyeva

Editor, Lecturer in Physical and Technical Sciences of the Department of "Physics" of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Fergana State University, Member of the Physics and Technology Department of the Electron Scientific School Axlidiin Mirzoxidovich Qo'chqorov

Moderator, member of the Philosophical Department of the Electron Scientific School, Candidate in the field of philosophical sciences Xolidaxon Tulkinovna Aliyeva

Moderator, member of the Philological Department of the Electron Scientific School, Candidate in the field of philological sciences Gulnoza Masxariddinovna Umarova

Editor, Candidate in the field of philological sciences, Member of the Philological Department of the Electron Scientific School Oqiljon Axmedovich G'ofurov

Illustrator Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev

Illustrator Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov

Illustrator Sultonali Mukaramovich Abdraxmonov

Illustrator Shukurullo Yulbarsovich Usmonov

Cover design Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev

Cover design Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov

Cover design Xolidaxon Tulkinovna Aliyeva

Cover design ra'noxon Mukaramovna Aliyeva

Proofreader Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev

Proofreader Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov

Proofreader Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Vavilova

Proofreader Botirali Rustamovich Jalolov

Proofreader Gulnoza Masxariddinovna Umarova

ISBN 978-5-0059-3250-1 (т. 7)

ISBN 978-5-0059-1753-9

Created with Ridero smart publishing system

DEDICATED TO THE HIGHLY RESPECTED SCIENTIST, PROFESSOR TOSHIBOY MIRZAMAKHMUDOVICH MIRZAMAKHMUDOV

UDC 930.85

Mirzamakhmudov Tojiboy Mirzamakhmudovich (1941—2009)

Mirzamakhmudov Tozhiboy Mirzamakhmudovich was born on February 22, 1941 in the village of Nursukh of the Uzbek district of the Fergana region in a working family of collective farmers. From school, the future outstanding scientist actively studied science, conducted a variety of experiments already at that time, showing a tremendous interest in creation and study. And after a while, he was awarded admission to the Fergana Pedagogical Institute Faculty of Physics back in 1957, where he actively continued his activities while still a student. Even then, many scientists-professors and associate professors predicted a great future for him in the field of science. After graduating with honors from the Fergana Pedagogical Institute in 1962, he began his academic career by being hired as a junior researcher at the Fergana State Pedagogical Institute.

In 1964, he entered postgraduate studies at the Physics and Technology Institute of the Academy of Sciences. While studying in graduate school, he continued to work intensively, more and more forming his own scientific ideology, but time inexorably continued to go on, thereby forming a young graduate student, a future scientist. After graduating from graduate school, he began working as a leading engineer at the Physics and Technology Institute of the Academy of Sciences. In graduate school, under the guidance of Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan Adirovich Emanuel Ilyich, who was known for his strictness and exactingness both to himself and to his students, of whom there were not a few, but also Mirzamakhmudovich, as follows from the above, was honored to be named a student of Adirovich, after which he published more than 10 scientific papers.

During the next 6 years, he actively worked on the creation of his first great scientific work on his own idea – a real PhD thesis in the field of studying abnormally high voltages. So in 1970, Tozhiboy Mirzamakhmudovich defended his PhD thesis on the occurrence of abnormally high photo-voltage on cadmium telluride semiconductor films. So in the same year he was hired as a senior lecturer at the Fergana State Pedagogical Institute until 1976. Even then, he actively began training students – future outstanding scientists, among whom were B. H. Karimov, M.A. Karimov, M. M. Ayubzhonov, M.A. Aliyev and others. And in 1976, the Higher Attestation Commission, taking into account his scientific and pedagogical work, awarded him the academic title of associate professor.

According to the memoirs of the students, it can be noted that he was quite demanding of his students, however, like his mentor, but more often expressed kindness and provided mutual assistance. Even then, he sent his students to develop their scientific careers in leading scientific centers, a vivid example of this is Bokhodir Karimov, with whom he personally left for Moscow to the Institute of Crystallography of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation, where he personally introduced Professor Vladimir Mikhailovich Fridkin. And less than 4 years have passed since his student became a candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, like his mentor.

So since 1976 Mirzamakhmudov Tozhiboy Mirzamakhmudovich has been working as an associate professor of the Department of Physics at the Fergana Polytechnic Institute. At that time, he was actively teaching, but also paid great attention to scientific knowledge and research. The result of his desire for science was that he arrived at Vilnius State University. And already 2 years later, that is, since 1978, he was awarded the position of senior researcher at the same Vilnius State University.

Tozhiboy Mirzamakhmudov among fellow scientists and students

In this scientific center of Vilnius, he actively continued his scientific activities, choosing for himself a very interesting scientific direction. He was interested in the occurrence of abnormally high photovoltage in semiconductor films. For example, on one centimeter of such a semiconductor, it was possible to get as much as 2,000 Volts (!), which was just an amazing result, requiring theoretical justification for itself, as well as a number of proofs.

His works did not remain without a trace and already in 1979, Tozhiboy Mirzamakhmudovich defended his doctoral dissertation at the same Vilnius State University on this burning topic: “The occurrence of abnormally high photovoltage in semiconductor films and new principles for the creation of optoelectronic devices.” It is worth noting that in the subject of the dissertation, not only the justification of the phenomenon itself is derived, but also its practical application for the creation of optoelectronic devices that increase their efficiency is proposed.

But as time went on, the love for the Motherland became stronger and stronger, increasing the desire to once again contemplate such dear lands of Uzbekistan, their relatives, two sons and a daughter, as well as the Fergana Polytechnic Institute (FerPI), which has already become almost native. That is why he returned to Uzbekistan in 1980 to FerPI and since that time his activities have been closely connected with the Polytechnic Institute. There he begins to head the Faculty of Energy.

At the time of 1982, he, being at the very dawn of his strength, at the age of 41, saw the next fruits of his labors – the higher attestation commission awarded the academic title of professor to Also Mirzamakhmudovich. From 1984 to 1987, Tozhiboy Mirzamakhmudovich took the honorary post of vice-rector of the evening correspondence department of the Fergana Polytechnic Institute, actively continuing his scientific activities, but the craving for knowledge, the thirst for creation continued to torment him, which is why from 1987 to 1991 he assumed the post of vice-rector for Research, where he was able to plunge again into the amazing world of science and creation.

Mirzamakhmudov was widely known and recognized for his work in the field of research of photoresistive and photoelectric phenomena in semiconductor film elements. To put it more simply, these film elements transmitted energy when illuminated, but in its absence they did not immediately lose it, but reduced the amount of transmitted current very evenly, up to a certain amount, which they stored like a memory element!

In this field, Mirzamakhmudov and a group of his students conducted a series of studies on the development and study of photo-portrait elements, those very memory cells that arise due to the internal field of p-n transitions. For the first time in the world, photoelectric elements from triple semiconductor compounds were discovered, that is, if single or binary compounds were previously used and their properties were already studied, then triple compounds were discovered here for the first time, surprisingly their properties were much more complex than binary, not to mention single cases. And in 1988, under the leadership of Mirzamakhmudov, a new effect was first revealed – an abnormally high photoelectromagnetic voltage without an external field in two film semiconductor materials, which meant that not only when an electric current passed through the crystals, but also through the film, the Hall effect was observed – a deviation of electron flows in a magnetic field, along with the fact that the current flowed and straight, deviating a little, so even in the film it was possible to separate the charge.

During his long scientific career, which lasted more than 50 years, Mirzamakhmudov published more than 100 scientific papers, two monographs received more than 10 author’s certificates. He is the author of several methodological manuals and the editor of textbooks on theoretical physics. Some of his works have been published in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Japan. At the initiative of Tozhiboy Mirzamakhmudovich, many scientific laboratories studying the most pressing issues and problems of modern science of that time were opened at the Fergana Polytechnic Institute, a postgraduate school and small commercial enterprises were established, and a research laboratory for the study of the physicochemical properties of semiconductor solar cells was established under his direct supervision.

Tozhiboy Mirzamakhmudovich devoted a lot of effort and energy to establishing scientific contacts with leading centers and universities of the country. Mirzamakhmudov had the ability to see a future scientist in a student and a young specialist, to direct his activities in the direction of scientific research. More than twenty PhD theses have been defended under his leadership.

The results of the research of the Institute’s employees who worked under the leadership of Mirzamakhmudov are widely implemented today in the field of physics, mathematics, chemistry and other sciences. And many of his scientific works continue to be published posthumously, honoring his memory, a vivid example of this is the textbook “Electronics Asoslari” published in 2022, co-authored by his student B. Karimov.

The great scientist continued his work, leaving behind a great legacy not only in the face of his numerous works, but also not small students who are now candidates, doctors of sciences, professors, and some have already gone with their teacher to another world.

Tozhiboy Mirzamakhmudovich himself left our world on November 9, 2009, leaving behind the great memory of the great scientist…

Nilufar Tajibayevna MirzamakhmudovaSenior Lecturer of the Department of “Higher Mathematics” of the Faculty of Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering of the Fergana Polytechnic InstituteBokhodir Hashimovich KarimovCandidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Fergana State University

PHYSICAL SCIENCES

THE USE OF NEW NANOSTRUCTURE METHODS ALLOWING TO INCREASE THE MONOCHROMATICITY OF THE BEAM DURING ACCELERATION

UDC 621

Rinat Fuadovich Rumi

Senior Researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Accelerator Technology at the Research Institute “Physics of Semiconductors and Microelectronics” at the National University of Uzbekistan

Laboratory of Accelerator Technology at the Research Institute “Physics of Semiconductors and Microelectronics” at the National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Abstact. The development of accelerator technology has been actively observed after numerous works by Ernest Rutherford, from the discovery of the planetary model and the implementation of the first nuclear reaction to the present day. And it is worth noting that for each time there were quite interesting requirements for charged particle beams, among which the most popular requirement at almost all times was the beam energy, then its current can be noted, but one of the most important among them is the monochromaticity of the charged particle beam.

Keywords: monochromaticity, monoenergetics, charged particle beam, accelerator, nanostructures.

Аннотация. Развитие ускорительной техники наблюдалось активно после многочисленных работ Эрнеста Резерфорда, от открытия планетарной модели и осуществления первой ядерной реакции до сегодняшний дней. И стоит отметить, что для каждого времени существовали довольно интересные требования к пучкам заряженных частиц, среди коих самым популярным требованием почти во все времена являлась энергия пучка, затем можно отметить его ток, но одним из важных среди них является монохромотичность пучка заряженных частиц.

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