The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion (Vol. 1 of 2)

134

F. J. Mone, Geschichte des Heidenthums im nördlichen Europa, i. 188.

135

Biddulph, Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh, p. 96. For other instances of priests or representatives of the deity drinking the warm blood of the victim, cp. Tijdschrift v. Nederlandsch Indië, 1849, p. 395; Oldfield, Sketches from Nipal, ii. 296 sq.; Asiatic Researches, iv. 40, 41, 50, 52 (8vo. ed.); Paul Soleillet, L'Afrique Occidentale, p. 123 sq. To snuff up the savour of the sacrifice was similarly supposed to produce inspiration. Tertullian, Apologet. 23.

136

Biddulph, Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh, p. 97.

137

Lucian, Bis accus., I; Tzetzes, Schol. ad Lycophr., 6.

138

Vambery, Das Türkenvolk, p. 158.

139

Plutarch, De defect. oracul. 46, 49.

140

D. Chwolsohn, Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus, ii. 37; Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, xvi. 230 sq.; Panjab Notes and Queries, iii. No. 721; Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay, i. 103; S. Mateer, The Land of Charity, 216; id., Native Life in Travancore, p. 94; A. C. Lyall, Asiatic Studies, p. 14; Biddulph, Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh, p. 131; Pallas, Reisen in verschiedenen Provinzen des russischen Reiches, i. 91; Vambery, Das Türkenvolk, p. 485; Erman, Archiv für wissenschaftliche Kunde von Russland, i. 377. When the Rao of Kachh sacrifices a buffalo, water is sprinkled between its horns; if it shakes its head, it is unsuitable; if it nods its head, it is sacrificed. Panjab Notes and Queries, i. No. 911. This is probably a modern misinterpretation of the old custom.

141

Moura, Le Royaume du Cambodge, i. 177 sq.

142

Pausanias, x. 32, 6.

143

Vincendon-Dumoulin et Desgraz, Iles Marquises, pp. 226, 240 sq.

144

Moerenhout, Voyages aux Iles du Grand Océan, i. 479; Ellis, Polynesian Researches, iii. 94.

145

Tyerman and Bennet, Journal of Voyages and Travels in the South Sea Islands, China, India, etc., i. 524; cp. p. 529 sq.

146

Tyerman and Bennet, op. cit. i. 529 sq.

147

Ellis, Polynesian Researches, iii. 108.

148

Turner, Samoa, pp. 37, 48, 57, 58, 59, 73.

149

Hazlewood in Erskine's Cruise among the Islands of the Western Pacific, p. 246 sq. Cp. Wilkes's Narrative of the U. S. Exploring Expedition, iii. 87.

150

Kubary, “Die Religion der Pelauer,” in Bastian's Allerlei aus Volks- und Menschenkunde, i. 30 sqq.

151

F. Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indiën, iii. 7 sq.

152

Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, iv. 383.

153

Monier Williams, Religious Life and Thought in India, p. 259.

154

The Laws of Manu, vii. 8, trans. by G. Bühler.

155

Monier Williams, op. cit. p. 259 sq.

156

Marshall, Travels among the Todas, pp. 136, 137; cp. pp. 141, 142; Metz, Tribes of the Neilgherry Hills, p. 19 sqq.

157

Allen and Thomson, Narrative of the Expedition to the River Niger in 1841, i. 288.

158

G. Massaja, I miei trentacinque anni di missione nell' alta Etiopia (Rome and Milan, 1888), v. 53 sq.

159

E. Aymonier, Notes sur le Laos, p. 141 sq.

160

Robinson, Descriptive Account of Assam, p. 342 sq.; Asiatic Researches, xv. 146.

161

Huc, Souvenirs d'un Voyage dans la Tartarie et le Thibet, i. 279 sqq. ed. 12mo.

162

Huc, op. cit. ii. 279, 347 sq.; Meiners, Geschichte der Religionen, i. 335 sq.; Georgi, Beschreibung aller Nationen des Russischen Reichs, p. 415; A. Erman, Travels in Siberia, ii. 303 sqq.; Journal of the Roy. Geogr. Soc., xxxviii. (1868), 168, 169; Proceedings of the Roy. Geogr. Soc. N.S. vii. (1885) 67. In the Journal Roy. Geogr. Soc., l. c., the Lama in question is called the Lama Gûrû; but the context shows that he is the great Lama of Lhasa.

163

Alex. von. Humboldt, Researches concerning the Institutions and Monuments of the Ancient Inhabitants of America, ii. 106 sqq.; Waitz, Anthropologie der Naturvölker, iv. 352 sqq.; J. G. Müller, Geschichte der Amerikanischen Urreligionen, p. 430 sq.; Martius, Zur Ethnographie Amerikas, p. 455; Bastian, Die Culturländer des alten Amerika, ii. 204 sq.

164

R. W. Felkin, “Notes on the Waganda Tribe of Central Africa,” in Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, xiii. 762; C. T. Wilson and R. W. Felkin, Uganda and the Egyptian Soudan, i. 206.

165

“The Strange Adventures of Andrew Battel,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, xvi. 330; Proyart, “History of Loango, Kakongo, and other Kingdoms in Africa,” in Pinkerton, xvi. 577; Dapper, Description de l'Afrique, p. 335.

166

Ogilby, Africa, p. 615; Dapper, op. cit. p. 400.

167

Dos Santos, “History of Eastern Ethiopia,” in Pinkerton, Voyages and Travels, xvi. 682, 687 sq.

168

F. S. Arnot, Garenganze; or, Seven Years' Pioneer Mission Work in Central Africa, London, N.D. (preface dated March 1889), p. 78.

169

MS. notes by E. Beardmore.

170

Waitz, Anthropologie der Naturvölker, ii. 439.

171

Labat, Relation historique de l'Ethiopie Occidentale, ii. 172-176.

172

Schol. on Apollonius Rhod. ii. 1248. καὶ Ἡρόδωρος ξένως περὶ τῶν δεσμῶν τοῦ Προμηθέως ταῦτα. Εἴναι γὰρ αὐτὸν Σκυθῶν βασιλέα φησί; καὶ μὴ δυνάμενον παρέχειν τοῖς ὑπηκόοις τὰ ἐπιτήδεια, διὰ τὸν καλούμενον Ἀετὸν ποταμὸν ἐπικλύζειν τὰ πεδία, δεθῆναι ὑπὸ τῶν Σκυθῶν.

173

H. Hecquard, Reise an der Küste und in das Innere von West Afrika, p. 78.

174

Bastian, Die Deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste, i. 354, ii. 230.

175

J. Leighton Wilson, West Afrika, p. 93 (German translation).

176

Ammianus Marcellinus, xxviii. 5, 14.

177

Snorro Starleson, Chronicle of the Kings of Norway (trans, by S. Laing), saga i. chs. 18, 47. Cp. Liebrecht, Zur Volkskunde, p. 7; Scheffer, Upsalia, p. 137.

178

C. Russwurm, “Aberglaube in Russland,” in Zeitschrift für Deutsche Mythologie und Sittenkunde, iv. 162; Liebrecht, op. cit., p. 15.

179

Turner, Samoa, p. 304 sq.

180

Plutarch, Isis et Osiris, 73.

181

Garcilasso de la Vega, First Part of the Royal Commentaries of the Yncas, bk. ii. chs. 8 and 15 (vol. i. pp. 131, 155, Markham's Trans.)

182

Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States, ii. 146.

183

Dennys, Folk-lore of China, p. 125.

184

Ammianus Marcellinus, xxiii. 6, § 5 and 6.

185

C. P. Tiele, History of the Egyptian Religion, p. 103 sq. On the worship of the kings see also E. Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, i. § 52; A. Erman, Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum, p. 91 sqq.; V. von Strauss und Carnen, Die altägyptischen Götter und Göttersagen, p. 467 sqq.

186

Ammianus Marcellinus, xxviii. 5, 14; Plutarch, Isis et Osiris, 73.

187

V. von Strauss und Carnen, op. cit. p. 470.

188

Tiele, History of the Egyptian Religion, p. 105. The Babylonian and Assyrian kings seem also to have been regarded as gods; at least the oldest names of the kings on the monuments are preceded by a star, the mark for “god.” But there is no trace in Babylon and Assyria of temples and priests for the worship of the kings. See Tiele, Babylonisch-Assyrische Geschichte, p. 492 sq.

189

Bastian, Die Deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste, ii. 230.

190

“Excursion de M. Brun-Rollet dans la région supérieure du Nil,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie, Paris, 1852, pt. ii. p. 421 sqq.

191

W. Munzinger, Ostafrikanische Studien, p. 474 (Schaffhausen, 1864).

192

J. Moura, Le Royaume du Cambodge, i. 432-436; Aymonier, “Notes sur les coutumes et croyances superstitieuses des Cambodgìens,” in Cochinchine Française, Excursions et Reconnaissances, No. 16, p. 172 sq.; id., Notes sur le Laos, p. 60.

193

Caesar, Bell. Gall. vi. 25.

194

Elton, Origins of English History, pp. 3, 106 sq., 224.

195

W. Helbig, Die Italiker in der Poebene, p. 25 sq.

196

H. Nissen, Italische Landeskunde, p. 431 sqq.

197

Neumann und Partsch, Physikalische Geographie von Griechenland, p. 357 sqq.

198

Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 i. 53 sqq.

199

The locus classicus is Pliny, Nat. Hist. xvi. § 249 sqq.

200

Grimm, D. M. i. 56 sqq.

201

Adam of Bremen, Descriptio Insul. Aquil. p. 27.

202

“Prisca antiquorum Prutenorum religio,” in Respublica sive Status Regni Poloniae, Lituaniae, Prussiae, Livoniae, etc. (Elzevir, 1627), p. 321 sq.; Dusburg, Chronicon Prussiae, ed. Hartknoch, p. 79; Hartknoch, Alt- und Neues Preussen, p. 116 sqq.

203

Mathias Michov, “De Sarmatia Asiana atque Europea,” in Novus Orbis regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum (Paris, 1532), pp. 455 sq. 456 [wrongly numbered 445, 446]; Martin Cromer, De origine et rebus gestis Polonorum (Basel, 1568), p. 241.

204

See Bötticher, Der Baumkultus der Hellenen.

205

Pliny, Nat. Hist. xv. § 77; Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 58.

206

Plutarch, Romulus, 20.

207

J. L. Krapf, Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours during an Eighteen Years' Residence in Eastern Africa, p. 198.

208

Loubere, Historical Relation of the Kingdom of Siam, p. 126.

209

Hupe “Over de godsdienst, zeden, enz. der Dajakker's” in Tijdschrift voor Neêrland's Indië, 1846, dl. iii. 158.

210

Merolla, “Voyage to Congo,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, xvi. 236.

211

Monier Williams, Religious Life and Thought in India, p. 334 sq.

212

Sir Henry M. Elliot and J. Beames, Memoirs on the History etc. of the Races of the North Western Provinces of India, i. 233.

213

Die gestriegelte Rockenphilosophie (Chemnitz, 1759), p. 239 sq.; U. Jahn, Die deutsche Opfergebräuche bei Ackerbau und Viehzucht, p. 214 sqq.

214

Van Schmid, “Aanteekeningen, nopens de zeden, gewoonten en gebruiken, etc., der bevolking van de eilanden Saparoea, etc.” in Tijdschrift v. Neêrland's Indië, 1843, dl. ii. 605; Bastian, Indonesien, i. 156.

215

Van Hoëvell, Ambon en meer bepaaldelijk de Oeliasers, p. 62.

216

The Indian Antiquary, i. 170.

217

J. Aubrey, Remaines of Gentilisme, p. 247.

218

Peter Jones's History of the Ojebway Indians, p. 104.

219

A. Peter, Volksthümliches aus Österreichisch-Schlesien, ii. 30.

220

Bastian, Indonesien, i. 154; cp. id., Die Völker des estlichen Asien, ii. 457 sq., iii. 251 sq., iv. 42 sq.

221

Loubere, Siam, p. 126.

222

Turner, Samoa, p. 63.

223

Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 35 sq.

224

Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 280.

225

Blumentritt, “Der Ahnencultus und die religiösen Anschauungen der Malaien des Philippinen-Archipels,” in Mittheilungen der Wiener Geogr. Gesellschaft, 1882, p. 165 sq.

226

Landes, “Contes et légendes annamites,” No. 9, in Cochinchine Française, Excursions et Reconnaissances, No. 20, p. 310.

227

Kubary in Bastian's Allerlei aus Mensch-und Volkenkunde, i. 52.

228

Dalton, Ethnology of Bengal, p. 25; Bastian, Volkerstämme am Brahmaputra, p. 37.

229

Journal R. Asiatic Society, vii. (1843) 29.

230

Bastian, Indonesien, i. 17.

231

Dalton, Ethnology of Bengal, pp. 186, 188; cp. Bastian, Volkerstämme am Brahmaputra, p. 9.

232

Dalton, op. cit. p. 33; Bastian, op. cit. p. 16. Cp. W. Robertson Smith, The Religion of the Semites, i. 125.

233

Van Hasselt, Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra, p. 156.

234

Handbook of Folk-lore, p. 19 (proof).

235

Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 83.

236

Erasmus Stella, “De Borussiae antiquitatibus,” in Novus Orbis regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum, p. 510; Lasiczki (Lasicius), “De diis Samagitarum caeterorumque Sarmatarum,” in Respublica sive Status Regni Poloniae, Lituaniae, Prussiae, Livoniae, etc. (Elzevir, 1627), p. 299 sq. There is a good and cheap reprint of Lasiczki's work by W. Mannhardt in Magazin herausgegeben von der Lettisch-Literarischen Gesellschaft, xiv. 82 sqq. (Mitau, 1868).

237

Simon Grünau, Preussische Chronik, ed. Perlbach (Leipzig 1876), p. 89; “Prisca antiquorum Prutenorum religio,” in Respublica sive Status Regni Poloniae etc., p. 321.

238

B. Hagen, “Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Battareligion,” in Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxviii. 530 note.

239

Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, i. 134.

240

Matthias Michov, in Novus Orbis regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum, p. 457.

241

Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4, i. 497; cp. ii. 540, 541.

242

Max Buch, Die Wotjaken, p. 124.

243

Biddulph, Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh, p. 116.

244

Cato, De agri cultura, 139.

245

Henzen, Acta fratrum arvalium (Berlin, 1874), p. 138.

246

On the representations of Silvanus, the Roman wood-god, see Jordan in Preller's Römische Mythologie,3 i. 393 note; Baumeister, Denkmäler des classischen Altertums, iii. 1665 sq. A good representation of Silvanus bearing a pine branch is given in the Sale Catalogue of H. Hoffmann, Paris, 1888, pt. ii.

247

Aeneas Sylvius, Opera (Bâle, 1571), p. 418 [wrongly numbered 420]; cp. Erasmus Stella, “De Borussiae antiquitatibus,” in Novus Orbis regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum, p. 510.

248

Dalton, Ethnology of Bengal, p. 186.

249

Aymonier in Excursions et Reconnaissances, No. 16, p. 175 sq.

250

See above, pp. 13, 21.

251

Above, p. 16.

252

Mannhardt, B. K. pp. 158, 159, 170, 197, 214, 351, 514.

253

Dalton, Ethnology of Bengal, p. 188.

254

Labat, Voyage du Chevalier des Marchais en Guinée, Isles voisines, et à Cayenne (Paris, 1730), i. 338.

255

L. Lloyd, Peasant Life in Sweden, p. 266.

256

Mannhardt, B. K. p. 190 sqq.

257

Mannhardt, A. W. F. p. 212 sqq.

258

H. Low, Sarawak, p. 274.

259

T. H. Lewin, Wild Races of South-eastern India, p. 270.

260

J. Mackenzie, Ten years north of the Orange River, p. 385.

261

Rev. J. Macdonald, MS. notes.

262

Biddulph, Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh, p. 103 sq.

263

Biddulph, op. cit. p. 106 sq.

264

Mannhardt, B. K. p. 161; E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben, p. 397.; A. Peter, Volksthümliches aus Österreichisch-Schlesien, ii. 286; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalendar aus Böhmen, p. 210.

265

Quoted by Brand, Popular Antiquities, i. 227, Bohn's ed.

266

Mannhardt, B. K. p. 174.

267

Holzmayer, “Osiliana,” Verhandlungen der Estnischen Gesell. zu Dorpat, vii. 10 sq.; Mannhardt, B. K. p. 407 sq.

268

Potocki, Voyage dans les steps d'Astrakhan et du Caucase (Paris, 1829), i. 309.

269

Mannhardt, B. K. p. 163 sqq. To his authorities add, for Sardinia, R. Tennant, Sardinia and its Resources (Rome and London, 1885), p. 185 sq.

270

Radloff, Proben der Volkslitteratur der nördlichen Türkischen Stämme, v. 2.

271

Mannhardt, B. K. p. 51 sq.

272

Merolla, “Voyage to Congo,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, xvi. 236 sq.

273

Bötticher, Der Baumkultus der Hellenen, p. 30 sq.

274

Quoted by Brand, Popular Antiquities, i. 246 (ed. Bohn).

275

Dyer, British Popular Customs, p. 254.

276

Borlase, cited by Brand, op. cit. i. 222.

277

Brand, op. cit. i. 212 sq.

278

Dyer, Popular British Customs, p. 233.

279

Chambers, Book of Days, i. 578; Dyer, op. cit. p. 237 sq.

280

Dyer, op. cit. p. 243.

281

E. Cortet, Fêtes religieuses, p. 167 sqq.

282

Revue des Traditions populaires, ii. 200.

283

Ralston, Songs of the Russian People, p. 234 sq.

284

A. Kuhn, Märkische Sagen und Märchen, p. 315.

285

Mannhardt, B. K. p. 162.

286

L. Lloyd, Peasant Life in Sweden, p. 235.

287

L. Lloyd, op. cit. p. 257 sqq.

288

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalendar aus Böhmen, p. 308 sq.

289

Hone, Every-day Book, i. 547 sqq.; Chambers, Book of Days, i. 571.

290

Quoted by Brand, op. cit. i. 237.

291

Id., op. cit. i. 235.

292

Mannhardt, B. K. p. 169 sq. note.

293

Hone, Every-day Book, ii. 597 sq.

294

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalendar aus Böhmen, p. 217; Mannhardt, B. K. p. 566.

295

Birlinger, Volksthümliches aus Schwaben, ii. 74 sq.; Mannhardt, B. K. p. 566.

296

Aristophanes, Plutus, 1054; Mannhardt, A. W. F. p. 222 sq.

297

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalendar aus Böhmen, p. 86 sqq.; Mannhardt, B. K. p. 156.

298

Chambers, Book of Days, i. 573.

299

Mannhardt, B. K. p. 312.

300

Mannhardt, B. K. p. 313.

301

Ib. p. 314.

302

Bavaria, Landes-und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern, iii. 357; Mannhardt, B. K. p. 312 sq.

303

Mannhardt, B. K. p. 313 sq.

304

Dalton, Ethnology of Bengal, p. 261.

305

Mannhardt, B. K. p. 315 sq.

306

Ralston, Songs of the Russian People, p. 234.

307

Mannhardt, B. K. p. 318.

308

Mannhardt, B. K. p. 318; Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 657.

309

Mannhardt, B. K. p. 320; Witzschel, Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Thüringen, p. 211.

310

Mannhardt, B. K. p. 322; Hone, Every-day Book, i. 583 sqq.; Dyer, British Popular Customs, p. 230 sq.

311

Mannhardt, B. K. p. 323.

312

Ib.

313

Birlinger, Volksthümliches aus Schwaben, ii. 114 sq.; Mannhardt, B. K. p. 325.

314

Mannhardt, B. K. p. 341 sq.

315

Kuhn und Schwartz, Norddeutsche Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche, p. 380.

316

Kuhn und Schwartz, op. cit. p. 384; Mannhardt, B. K. p. 342.

317

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalendar aus Böhmen, p. 260 sq.; Mannhardt, B. K. p. 342 sq.