The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion (Vol. 1 of 2)

510

E. O'Donovan, The Merv Oasis (London, 1882), ii. 58.

511

Emin Pasha in Central Africa, being a Collection of his Letters and Journals (London, 1888), p. 107.

512

Narrative of the Second Arctic Expedition made by Charles F. Hall. Edited by Prof. J. G. Nourse, U.S.N. (Washington, 1879), p. 269 note.

513

J. A. Grant, A Walk across Africa, p. 104 sq.

514

E. Shortland, Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders, p. 103.

515

N. von Miklucho-Maclay, “Ethnologische Bemerkungen über die Papuas der Maclay-Küste in Neu-Guinea,” in Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie, xxxvi. 317 sq.

516

Brough Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, i. 134.

517

Scholiast on Euripides, Phoeniss. 1377. These men were sacred to the war-god (Ares), and were always spared in battle.

518

John Campbell, Travels in South Africa, being a Narrative of a Second Journey in the Interior of that Country, ii. 205.

519

Ladislaus Magyar, Reisen in Süd-Afrika, p. 203.

520

Asiatick Researches, vi. 535 sq. ed. 4to (p. 537 sq. ed. 8vo).

521

C. J. Andersson, Lake Ngami, p. 223.

522

François Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indiën, iii. 16.

523

Turner, Samoa, p. 305 sq.

524

De Plano Carpini, Historia Mongolorum quos nos Tartaros appellamus, ed. D'Avezac (Paris, 1838), cap. iii. § iii. p. 627, cap. ult. § i. x. p. 744, and Appendix, p. 775; “Travels of William de Rubriquis into Tartary and China,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, vii. 82 sq.

525

Paul Pogge, “Bericht über die Station Mukenge,” in Mittheilungen der Afrikanischen Gesellschaft in Deutschland, iv. (1883-1885) 182 sq.

526

J. L. Krapf, Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours during an Eighteen Years' Residence in Eastern Africa, p. 252 sq.

527

Dapper, Description de l'Afrique, p. 391.

528

Proyart, “History of Loango, Kakongo,” etc., in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, xvi. 583; Dapper, op. cit. p. 340; J. Ogilby, Africa (London, 1670), p. 521. Cp. Bastian, Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste, i. 288.

529

Bastian, op. cit. i. 268 sq.

530

J. B. Neumann, “Het Pane-en Bila-Stroomgebied op het eiland Sumatra,” in Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, ii. de Serie, dl. iii., Afdeeling: meer uitgebreide artikelen, No. 2, p. 300.

531

Th. Williams, Fiji and the Fijians, i. 249.

532

J. Richardson, “Tanala Customs, Superstitions and Beliefs,” in The Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine, No. ii. p. 219.

533

Lieut. Cameron, Across Africa, ii. 71 (ed. 1877); id., in Journ. Anthrop. Inst. vi. 173.

534

“Adventures of Andrew Battel,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, xvi. 330; Dapper, Description de l'Afrique, p. 330; Bastian, Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste, i. 262 sq.; R. F. Burton, Abeokuta and the Cameroons Mountains, i. 147.

535

Proyart's “History of Loango, Kakongo,” etc., in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, xvi. 584.

536

J. L. Wilson, West Afrika, p. 148 (German trans.); John Duncan, Travels in Western Africa, i. 222. Cp. W. W. Reade, Savage Africa, p. 543.

537

Paul Pogge, Im Reiche des Muato Jamwo (Berlin, 1880), p. 231.

538

Capt. James Cook, Voyages, v. 374 (ed. 1809).

539

Heraclides Cumanus in Athenaeus, iv. 145 b-d.

540

Mohammed Ibn-Omar el Tounsy, Voyage au Darfour (Paris, 1845), p. 203; Travels of an Arab Merchant [Mohammed Ibn-Omar el Tounsy] in Soudan, abridged from the French (of Perron) by Bayle St. John, p. 91 sq.

541

Mohammed Ibn-Omar el Tounsy, Voyage au Ouadây (Paris, 1851), p. 375.

542

H. Duveyrier, Exploration du Sahara. Les Touareg du Nord, p. 391 sq.; Reclus, Nouvelle Géographie Universelle, xi. 838 sq.; James Richardson, Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara, ii. 208. Amongst the Arabs men sometimes veiled their faces. Wellhausen, Reste Arabischen Heidentumes, p. 146.

543

Turner, Samoa, p. 67 sq.

544

Riedel, “Die Landschaft Dawan oder West-Timor,” in Deutsche Geographische Blatter, x. 230.

545

A. W. Howitt, “On some Australian Ceremonies of Initiation,” in Journ. Anthrop. Inst. xiii. 456.

546

Compare μόνον οὐκ ἐπὶ τοῖς χείλεσι τὰς ψυχὰς ἔχοντας Dio Chrysostomus, Orat. xxxii. i. 417, ed. Dindorf; mihi anima in naso esse, stabam tanquam mortuus, Petronius, Sat. 62; in primis labris animam habere, Seneca, Natur Quaest. iii. praef. 16.

547

See above, p. 112.

548

Bastian, Die Loango-Küste, i. 263. However, a case is recorded in which he marched out to war (ib. i. 268 sq.)

549

S. Crowther and J. C. Taylor, The Gospel on the Banks of the Niger, p. 433. On p. 379 mention is made of the king's “annual appearance to the public,” but this may have taken place within “the precincts of his premises.”

550

Strabo, xvii. 2, 2, σέβονται δ᾽ ὠς θεούς τοὺς βασιλέας, κατακλείστους ὄντας καὶ οἰκουροὺς τὸ πλέον.

551

Strabo, xvi. 4, 19; Diodorus Siculus, iii. 47.

552

Heraclides Cumanus in Athenaeus, 517 b. c.

553

Ch. Dallet, Histoire de l'Église de Corée (Paris, 1874), i. xxiv-xxvi. The king sometimes, though rarely, leaves his palace. When he does so, notice is given beforehand to the people. All doors must be shut and each householder must kneel before his threshold with a broom and a dust-pan in his hand. All windows, especially the upper ones, must be sealed with slips of paper, lest some one should look down upon the king. W. E. Griffis, Corea, the Hermit Nation, p. 222.

554

Richard, “History of Tonquin,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, ix. 746.

555

Shway Yoe, The Burman, i. 308 sq.

556

Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 63; Taplin, “Notes on the mixed races of Australia,” in Journ. Anthrop. Inst. iv. 53.

557

Turner, Samoa, p. 320 sq.

558

Dapper, Description de l'Afrique, p. 330.

559

Bosman's “Guinea,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, xvi. 487.

560

P. N. Wilken, “Bijdragen tot de kennis van de zeden en gewoonten der Alfoeren in de Minahassa,” in Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xi. (1863) 126.

561

Kaempfer's “History of Japan,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, vii. 717.

562

Old New Zealand, by a Pakeha Maori (London, 1884), p. 96 sq.

563

W. Brown, New Zealand and its Aborigines (London, 1845), p. 76. For more examples of the same kind see ib. p. 77 sq.

564

E. Tregear, “The Maoris of New Zealand,” in Journ. Anthrop. Inst. xix. 100.

565

R. Taylor, Te Ika a Maui: or, New Zealand and its Inhabitants,2 p. 164.

566

A. S. Thomson, The Story of New Zealand, i. 101 sqq.; Old New Zealand, by a Pakeha Maori, pp. 94, 104 sqq.

567

Journ. Anthrop. Inst. ix. 458.

568

W. Ridley, “Report on Australian Languages and Traditions,” in Journ. Anthrop. Inst. ii. 268.

569

Alexander Mackenzie, Voyages from Montreal through the Continent of North America, cxxiii.

570

Report of the International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska (Washington, 1885), p. 46.

571

“Customs of the New Caledonian Women,” in Journ. Anthrop. Inst. vii. 206.

572

S. Hearne, A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean, p. 204 sqq.

573

L. Alberti, De Kaffers (Amsterdam, 1810), p. 76 sq.; H. Lichtenstein, Reisen im südlichen Afrika, i. 427.

574

Narrative of the Captivity and Adventures of John Tanner (London, 1830), p. 122.

575

On the nature of taboo, see especially W. Robertson Smith, Religion of the Semites, i. 142 sqq. 427 sqq.

576

Ellis, Polynesian Researches, iii. 102.

577

J. Moura, Le Royaume du Cambodge, i. 226.

578

Ch. Dallet, Histoire de l'Église de Corée, i. xxiv. sq.; Griffis, Corea, the Hermit Nation, p. 219.

579

Macrobius, Sat. v. 19, 13; Servius on Virgil, Aen. i. 448; Joannes Lydus, De mens. i. 31.

580

Acta Fratrum Arvalium, ed. Henzen, pp. 128-135; Marquardt, Römische Staatsverwaltung, iii.2 (Das Sacralwesen), p. 459 sq.

581

Callimachus, referred to by the Old Scholiast on Ovid, Ibis. See Callimachus, ed. Blomfield, p. 216; Lobeck, Aglaophamus, p. 686.

582

Plutarch, Aristides, 21. This passage I owe to Mr. W. Wyse.

583

Theophilus Hahn, Tsuni-Goam, the Supreme Being of the Khoi-Khoi, p. 22.

584

J. G. Bourke, The Snake Dance of the Moquis of Arizona, p. 178 sq.

585

C. F. Gordon Cumming, In the Hebrides (ed. 1883), p. 195.

586

James Logan, The Scottish Gael (ed. Alex. Stewart), ii. 68 sq.

587

C. F. Gordon Cumming, In the Hebrides, p. 226; E. J. Guthrie, Old Scottish Customs, p. 223.

588

1 Kings vi. 7; Exodus xx. 25.

589

Dionysius Halicarn. Antiquit. Roman, iii. 45, v. 24; Plutarch, Numa, 9; Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxxvi. § 100.

590

Acta Fratrum Arvalium, ed. Henzen, p. 132; Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, i. No. 603.

591

Pliny, l. c.

592

Indian Antiquary, x. (1881) 364.

593

Frank Hatton, North Borneo (1886), p. 233.

594

Alexand. Guagninus, “De ducatu Samogitiae,” in Respublica sive Status Regni Poloniae, Lituaniae, Prussiae, Livoniae etc. (Elzevir, 1627), p. 276; Johan. Lasicius, “De diis Samogitarum caeterorumque Sarmatum,” in Respublica, etc. (ut supra), p. 294 (p. 84 ed. Mannhardt, in Magazin herausgeg. von der Lettisch-Literär. Gesellsch. bd. xiv.)

595

E. J. Guthrie, Old Scottish Customs, p. 149; Ch. Rogers, Social Life in Scotland (London, 1886), iii. 218.

596

A. Leared, Morocco and the Moors, p. 273.

597

The reader may observe how closely the taboos laid upon mourners resemble those laid upon kings. From what has gone before the reason of the resemblance is obvious.

598

Panjab Notes and Queries, iii. No. 282.

599

Walter Gregor, The Folk-lore of the North-East of Scotland, p. 206.

600

This is expressly said in Panjab Notes and Queries, iii. No. 846. On iron as a protective charm see also Liebrecht, Gervasius von Tilbury, p. 99 sqq.; id., Zur Volkskunde, p. 311; L. Strackerjan, Aberglaube und Sagen aus dem Herzogthum Oldenburg, § 233; Wattke, Der deutsche Volksaberglaube2, § 414 sq.; Tylor, Primitive Culture, i. 140; Mannhardt, Der Baumkultus, 132 note.

601

Bastian, Die Völker des ostlichen Asien, i. 136.

602

E. Gerard, The Land beyond the Forest, i. 312; W. Schmidt, Das Jahr und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der Romänen Siebenbürgens, p. 40.

603

J. H. Gray, China, i. 288.

604

W. H. Dall, Alaska and its Resources, p. 146; id. in American Naturalist, xii. 7.

605

Jo. Meletius, “De religione et sacrificiis veterum Borussorum,” in De Russorum Muscovitarum et Tartarorum religione, sacrificiis, nuptiarum, funerum ritu (Spires, 1582), p. 263; Hartknoch, Alt und neues Preussen (Frankfort and Leipzig, 1684), p. 187 sq.

606

B. F. Matthes, Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes, p. 136.

607

Tettau und Temme, Die Volkssagen Ostpreussens, Litthauens und Westpreussens, p. 285; Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 iii. 454; cp. id. pp. 441, 469; Grohmann, Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren, p. 198.

608

Plutarch, Quaest. Rom. 110; Aulus Gellius, x. 15, 12.

609

J. Kubary, Die socialen Einrichtungen der Pelauer (Berlin, 1885), p. 126 sq.

610

F. J. Wiedemann, Aus dem inneren und äussern Leben der Ehsten (St. Petersburg, 1876), pp. 448, 478.

611

James Adair, History of the American Indians, pp. 134, 117.

612

E. Petitot, Monographie des Dènè-Dindjié, p. 76.

613

Leviticus xvii. 10-14. The Hebrew word translated “life” in the English version of verse 11 means also “soul” (marginal note in the Revised Version). Cp. Deuteronomy xii. 23-25.

614

Servius on Virgil, Aen. v. 79; cp. id. on Aen. iii. 67.

615

J. Wellhausen, Reste Arabischen Heidentumes, p. 217.

616

A. Goudswaard, De Papoewa's van de Geelvinksbaai (Schiedam, 1863), p. 77.

617

Hamilton's “Account of the East Indies,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, viii. 469. Cp. W. Robertson Smith, Religion of the Semites, i. 349, note 2.

618

De la Loubere, A New Historical Account of the Kingdom of Siam (London, 1693), p. 104 sq.

619

Pallegoix, Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam, i. 271, 365 sq.

620

Marco Polo, trans. by Col. H. Yule (2d ed. 1875), i. 335.

621

Col. H. Yule on Marco Polo, l. c.

622

Baron's “Description of the Kingdom of Tonqueen,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, ix. 691.

623

T. E. Bowdich, Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashantee (London, 1873), p. 207.

624

Sibree, Madagascar and its People, p. 430.

625

C. T. Wilson and R. W. Felkin, Uganda and the Egyptian Soudan, i. 200.

626

Marco Polo, i. 399, Yule's translation, 2d ed.

627

Sir Walter Scott, note 2 to Peveril of the Peak, ch. v.

628

Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 230; E. J. Eyre, Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into Central Australia, ii. 335; Brough Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, i. 75 note.

629

Collins, Account of the English Colony of New South Wales (London, 1798), p. 580.

630

Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 224 sq.; Angas, Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand, i. 110 sq.

631

Above, p. 20.

632

B. F. Matthes, Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes, p. 53.

633

Lieut. Emery, in Journal of the R. Geogr. Soc. iii. 282.

634

Ch. Andersson, Lake Ngami, p. 224.

635

Ch. New, Life, Wanderings, and Labours in Eastern Africa, p. 124; Francis Galton, “Domestication of Animals,” in Transactions of the Ethnolog. Soc. of London, iii. 135. On the original sanctity of domestic animals, see above all W. Robertson Smith, The Religion of the Semites, i. 263 sqq., 277 sqq.

636

L. Linton Palmer, “A Visit to Easter Island,” in Journ. R. Geogr. Soc. xl. (1870) 171.

637

R. Taylor, Te Ika a Maui; or, New Zealand and its Inhabitants,2 p. 164 sq.

638

Plutarch, Quaest. Rom. 112; Aulus Gellius, x. 15, 13.

639

Above, p. 61 sq.

640

Cp. W. Robertson Smith, op. cit. p. 213 sq.

641

Dialis cotidie feriatus est, Aulus Gellius, x. 15, 16.

642

Plutarch, Isis et Osiris, c. 6. A myth apparently akin to this has been preserved in some native Egyptian writings. See Ad. Erman, Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum, p. 364.

643

Bernardino de Sahagun, Histoire générale des choses de la Nouvelle-Espagne, traduite par Jourdanet et Siméon (Paris, 1880), p. 46 sq.

644

See above, p. 34 sq.

645

P. 35.

646

E. M. Curr, The Australian Race (Melbourne and London, 1887), iii. 179.

647

H. B. Guppy, The Solomon Islands and their Natives (London, 1887), p. 41.

648

E. B. Cross, “On the Karens,” in Journal of the American Oriental Society, iv. (1854) 312.

649

Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, iii. 230.

650

For the reason see Shortland, Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders, pp. 112 sq., 292.

651

Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 186.

652

Mrs. James Smith, The Booandik Tribe, p. 5.

653

Riedel, De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua, p. 450.

654

Riedel, op. cit. p. 139; cp. id. p. 209.

655

E. Dannert, “Customs of the Ovaherero at the Birth of a Child.” in (South African) Folk-lore Journal, ii. 63.

656

F. J. Wiedemann, Aus dem innern und äussern Leben der Ehsten, p. 475.

657

E. B. Cross, “On the Karens,” in Journal of the American Oriental Society, iv. 311 sq.

658

Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, ii. 256, iii. 71, 230, 235 sq.

659

Bastian, op. cit. ii. 150; Sangermano, Description of the Burmese Empire (Rangoon, 1885), p. 131; C. F. S. Forbes, British Burma, p. 334; Shway Yoe, The Burman, i. 91.

660

J. Moura, Le Royaume du Cambodge, i. 178, 388.

661

Duarte Barbosa, Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the beginning of the Sixteenth Century (Hakluyt Society, 1866), p. 197.

662

David Porter, Journal of a Cruise made to the Pacific Ocean in the U.S. Frigate Essex (New York, 1822), ii. 65.

663

Vincendon-Dumoulin et Desgraz, Iles Marquises, p. 262.

664

Langsdorff, Reise um die Welt, i. 115 sq.

665

Capt. James Cook, Voyages, v. 427 (ed. 1809).

666

Jules Remy, Ka Mooolelo Hawaii, Histoire de L'Archipel Havaiien (Paris and Leipzig, 1862), p. 159.

667

Ellis, Polynesian Researches, iii. 102.

668

James Wilson, A Missionary Voyage to the Southern Pacific Ocean (London, 1799). p. 354 sq.

669

R. Taylor, Te Ika a Maui: or, New Zealand and its Inhabitants, p. 165.

670

“Customs of the New Caledonian Women,” in Journ. Anthrop. Inst. vii. 206; B. Hawkins, “Sketch of the Creek Country,” in Collections of the Georgia Historical Society, iii. pt. i. (Savannah, 1848), p. 78; A. S. Gatschet, Migration Legend of the Creek Indians, i. 185; Narrative of the Captivity and Adventures of John Tanner (London, 1830), p. 122; Kohl, Kitschi-Gami, ii. 168.

671

R. Taylor, l. c.

672

E. Shortland, The Southern Districts of New Zealand, p. 293; id., Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders, p. 107, sq.

673

J. Dumont D'Urville, Voyage autour du Monde et à la recherche de La Pérouse, exécuté sous son commandement sur la corvette Astrolabe. Histoire du Voyage, ii. 534.

674

R. A. Cruise, Journal of a Ten Months' Residence in New Zealand (London, 1823), p. 187; Dumont D'Urville, op. cit. ii. 533; E. Shortland, The Southern Districts of New Zealand (London, 1851), p. 30.

675

Agathias i. 3; Grimm, Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer, p. 239 sqq.

676

G. M. Dawson, “On the Haida Indians of the Queen Charlotte Islands,” in Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Progress for 1878-79, p. 123 b.

677

P. N. Wilken, “Bijdragen tot de kennis van de zeden en gewoonten der Alfoeren in de Minahassa,” in Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelingvenootschap, vii. (1863) p. 126.

678

Riedel, De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua, p. 137.

679

Riedel, op. cit. p. 292 sq.

680

Diodorus Siculus, i. 18.

681

W. Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia, p. 152 sq.