The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 07 of 12)

875

Ibid. pp. 15 sq.

876

W. Mannhardt, Die Korndämonen, p. 15; id., Mythologische Forschungen, p. 30.

877

W. Mannhardt, Die Korndämonen, p. 1.

878

W. Gregor, “Preliminary Report on Folklore in Galloway, Scotland,” Report of the British Association for 1896, p. 623.

879

Folk-lore Journal, vii. (1889) pp. 47 sq.

880

L. F. Sauvé, Folk-lore des Hautes-Vosges (Paris, 1889), p. 191.

881

W. Mannhardt, Die Korndämonen, p. 3.

882

O. Hartung, “Zur Volkskunde aus Anhalt,” Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde, vii. (1897) p. 154.

883

C. Lemke, Volksthümliches in Ostpreussen (Mohrungen, 1884-1887), i. 24.

884

G. A. Heinrich, Agrarische Sitten und Gebräuche unter den Sachsen Siebenbürgens (Hermannstadt, 1880), p. 21.

885

Above, p. 268.

886

W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen, p. 29.

887

W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen, pp. 29 sq.; id., Die Korndämonen, p. 5.

888

Georgeakis et Pineau, Folk-lore de Lesbos (Paris, 1894), p. 310.

889

W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, pp. 172-174; id., Mythologische Forschungen, p. 30; P. Drechsler, Sitte, Brauch und Volksglaube in Schlesien (Leipsic, 1903-1906), ii. 64, 65.

890

L. F. Sauvé, Le Folk-lore des Hautes-Vosges (Paris, 1889), p. 191.

891

Ch. Beauquier, Les Mois en Franche-Comté (Paris, 1900), p. 102.

892

W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, pp. 155 sq.

893

Ibid. pp. 157 sq.

894

Ibid. p. 159.

895

Ibid. pp. 161 sq.

896

Ibid. p. 162.

897

F. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie (Munich, 1848-1855), ii. pp. 232 sq., § 426; W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, p. 162.

898

F. Panzer, op. cit. ii. pp. 228 sq., § 422; W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, p. 163; Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern, iii. (Munich, 1865) p. 344.

899

W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, p. 163.

900

E. H. Meyer, Badisches Volksleben (Strasburg, 1900), p. 428.

901

W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, p. 164.

902

Ibid. p. 164.

903

E. H. Meyer, Badisches Volksleben (Strasburg, 1900), p. 428.

904

W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, pp. 164 sq.

905

Ibid. p. 165.

906

J. Brand, Popular Antiquities, ii. 24, Bohn's edition, quoting The Gentleman's Magazine for February, 1795, p. 124; W. Mannhardt, op. cit. p. 165.

907

R. C. Maclagan, “Notes on folk-lore objects collected in Argyleshire,” Folk-lore, vi. (1895) p. 151, from information given by Mrs. C. Nicholson.

908

Above, p. 232.

909

W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, p. 165.

910

W. Mannhardt, op. cit. p. 166; id., Mythologische Forschungen, p. 185.

911

W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, p. 166.

912

Above, p. 281.

913

J. B. Holzmayer, “Osiliana,” Verhandlungen der gelehrten Estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat, vii. Heft 2 (Dorpat, 1872), p. 107.

914

G. A. Heinrich, Agrarische Sitten und Gebräuche unter den Sachsen Siebenbürgens (Hermannstadt, 1880), p. 19. Compare W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, pp. 482 sqq.

915

E. L. Meyer, Badisches Volksleben (Strasburg, 1900), p. 436.

916

F. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, ii. pp. 225 sqq., § 421; W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, pp. 167 sq.

917

W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, p. 168.

918

A. John, Sitte, Brauch und Volksglaube im deutschen Westböhmen (Prague, 1905), p. 194.

919

E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben (Stuttgart, 1852), p. 445, § 162; W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, p. 168.

920

W. Mannhardt, op. cit. p. 169.

921

F. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, ii. pp. 224 sq., § 420; W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, p. 169.

922

W. Mannhardt, op. cit. p. 169.

923

Ibid. p. 170.

924

Ibid. p. 170. As to the custom of leaving a little corn on the field for the subsistence of the corn-spirit, see above, pp. 231 sqq.

925

M. Praetorius, Deliciae Prussicae (Berlin, 1871), pp. 23 sq.; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, pp. 394 sq.

926

A. C. Kruijt, “Eenige ethnografische aanteekeningen omtrent de Toboengkoe en de Tomori,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xliv. (1900) p. 241.

927

W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen, p. 58.

928

Ibid.

929

Ibid. p. 62.

930

W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen, p. 59.

931

Above, p. 275.

932

W. Mannhardt, op. cit. p. 59.

933

E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben (Stuttgart, 1852), pp. 440 sq., §§ 151, 152, 153; F. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, ii. p. 234, § 428; W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen, p. 59.

934

F. Panzer, op. cit. ii. p. 233, § 427; W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen, p. 59.

935

W. Mannhardt, op. cit. pp. 59 sq.

936

Ibid. p. 58.

937

W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen, pp. 58 sq.

938

Ibid. p. 60.

939

E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben, pp. 444 sq., § 162; W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen, p. 61.

940

F. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, ii. p. 233, § 427.

941

W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen, pp. 61 sq.

942

Ibid. p. 62.

943

Ibid. p. 62.

944

E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben, pp. 445 sq., § 163.

945

W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen, p. 60.

946

W. Mannhardt, op. cit. p. 62.

947

Above, pp. 150 sq.

948

Laisnel de la Salle, Croyances et Légendes du Centre de la France (Paris, 1875), ii. 135.

949

W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen, p. 62: “Il fait le veau.”

950

Ibid.

951

Ibid. p. 63.

952

Ibid. p. 167.

953

E. H. Meyer, Badisches Volksleben (Strasburg, 1900), p. 428.

954

J. Brand, Popular Antiquities, ii. 24, Bohn's edition.

955

C. F. Burne and G. F. Jackson, Shropshire Folk-lore (London, 1883), pp. 373 sq.

956

W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen, p. 167. We may compare the Scotch custom of giving the last sheaf to a horse or mare to eat. See above, pp. 141, 156, 158, 160 sq., 162.

957

Laisnel de la Salle, Croyances et Légendes du Centre de la France (Paris, 1875), ii. 133; W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen, pp. 167 sq. We have seen (above, p. 267) that in South Pembrokeshire the man who cut the “Neck” used to be “shod,” that is, to have the soles of his feet severely beaten with sods. Perhaps he was thus treated as representing the corn-spirit in the form of a horse.

958

G. A. Heinrich, Agrarische Sitten und Gebräuche unter den Sachsen Siebenbürgens (Hermannstadt, 1880), p. 21.

959

A. Peter, Völksthumliches aus Österreichisch-Schlesien (Troppau, 1865-1867), ii. 268.

960

J. Lecoeur, Esquisses du Bocage Normand (Condé-sur-Noireau, 1883-1887), ii. 240.

961

A. Wuttke, Der deutsche Volks aberglaube2 (Berlin, 1869), p. 189, § 277; Chr. Schneller, Märchen und Sagen aus Wälschtirol (Innsbruck, 1867), p. 238; Rev. Ch. Swainson, The Folk Lore and Provincial Names of British Birds (London, 1886), p. 173.

962

Alfred Newton, Dictionary of Birds, New Edition (London, 1893-1896), p. 755.

963

A. C. Kruijt, “Eenige ethnografische aanteekeningen omtrent de Toboengkoe en de Tomori,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xliv. (1900) pp. 228, 229; id., “De rijstmoeder in den Indischen Archipel,” Verslagen en Mededeelingen van der koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Letterkunde, Vierde Reeks, v., part 3 (Amsterdam, 1903), pp. 374 sq.

964

W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen, p. 109 note 2.

965

L. Pineau, Folk-lore du Poitou (Paris, 1892), pp. 500 sq.

966

W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen, pp. 109 sq., note 2.

967

J. F. L. Woeste, Völksüberlieferungen in der Grafschaft Mark (Iserlohn, 1848), p. 27; W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen, p. 110 note.

968

Lafcadio Hearn, Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan (London, 1894), ii. 312 sqq.; W. G. Aston, Shinto (London, 1905), pp. 162 sq. At the festival of the Roman corn-goddess Ceres, celebrated on the nineteenth of April, foxes were allowed to run about with burning torches tied to their tails, and the custom was explained as a punishment inflicted on foxes because a fox had once in this way burned down the crops (Ovid, Fasti, iv. 679 sqq.). Samson is said to have burned the crops of the Philistines in a similar fashion (Judges xv. 4 sq.). Whether the custom and the tradition are connected with the idea of the fox as an embodiment of the corn-spirit is doubtful. Compare W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen, pp. 108 sq.; W. Warde Fowler, Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic (London, 1899), pp. 77-79.

969

A. Witzschel, Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Thüringen (Vienna, 1878), p. 213, § 4. So at Klepzig, in Anhalt (Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde, vii. (1897) p. 150).

970

J. B. Holzmayer, “Osiliana,” Verhandlungen der gelehrten Estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat, vii. Heft 2 (Dorpat, 1872), p. 107; W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen, p. 187.

971

A. Birlinger, Aus Schwaben (Wiesbaden, 1874), ii. 328.

972

F. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie (Munich, 1848-1855), ii. pp. 223, 224, §§ 417, 419.

973

W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen, p. 112.

974

E. L. Meyer, Badisches Volksleben (Strasburg, 1900), pp. 428, 436.

975

E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebaüche aus Schwaben (Stuttgart, 1852), p. 445, § 162.

976

A. Birlinger, Volksthümliches aus Schwaben (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1861-1862), ii. p. 425, § 379.

977

F. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, ii. pp. 221-224, §§ 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 418.

978

W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen, pp. 186 sq.

979

Above, p. 272; compare 268.

980

Above, p. 298.

981

W. Mannhardt, op. cit. p. 187.

982

W. Mannhardt, op. cit. pp. 187 sq.; A. Witzschel, Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Thüringen, pp. 189, 218; W. Kolbe, Hessische Volks-Sitten und Gebräuche (Marburg, 1888), p. 35.

983

W. Mannhardt, Mythologische Forschungen, p. 188; W. R. S. Ralston, Songs of the Russian People (London, 1872), p. 220.

984

W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, pp. 197 sq.; F. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, ii. 491; J. Jamieson, Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language, New Edition (Paisley, 1879-1882), vol. iii. pp. 206 sq., s. v. “Maiden”; Arv. Aug. Afzelius, Volkssagen und Volkslieder aus Schwedens älterer und neuerer Zeit, übersetzt von F. H. Ungewitter (Leipsic, 1842), i. 9.

985

Above, p. 275.

986

L. Lloyd, Peasant Life in Sweden (London, 1870), pp. 169 sq., 182. On Christmas night children sleep on a bed of the Yule straw (ibid. p. 177).

987

U. Jahn, Die deutschen Opfergebräuche (Breslau, 1884), p. 215. Compare The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, ii. 17, 27 sq.

988

A. A. Afzelius, op. cit. i. 31.

989

A. A. Afzelius, op. cit. i. 9; L. Lloyd, Peasant Life in Sweden, pp. 181, 185.

990

J. B. Holzmayer, “Osiliana,” Verhandlungen der gelehrten Estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat, vii. Heft 2 (Dorpat, 1872), pp. 55 sq.

991

F. J. Wiedemann, Aus dem inneren und äussern Leben der Ehsten (St. Petersburg, 1876), pp. 344, 485.

992

Above, pp. 277 sq., 280, 281, 285, 290, 300, 301. In regard to the hare, the substitution of brandy for hare's blood is probably modern.

993

W. Mannhardt, Die Korndämonen (Berlin, 1868), p. 1.

994

R. Andree, “Die Pleiaden im Mythus und in ihrer Beziehung zum Jahresbeginn und Landbau,” Globus, lxiv. (1893) pp. 362-366.

995

Mr. McKellar, quoted by the Rev. W. Ridley, “Report on Australian Languages and Traditions,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, ii. (1873) p. 279; id., Kamilaroi (Sydney, 1875), p. 138. Mr. McKellar's evidence was given before a Select Committee of the Legislative Council of Victoria in 1858; from which we may perhaps infer that his statement refers especially to the tribes of Victoria or at all events of south-eastern Australia. It seems to be a common belief among the aborigines of central and south-eastern Australia that the Pleiades are women who once lived on earth but afterwards went up into the sky. See W. E. Stanbridge, in Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London, N.S. i. (1861) p. 302; P. Beveridge, “Of the Aborigines inhabiting the great Lacustrine and Riverine Depression of the Lower Murray,” etc., Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, xvii. (Sydney, 1884) p. 61; Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia (London, 1899), p. 566; id., Northern Tribes of Central Australia (London, 1904), p. 628; A. W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia (London, 1904), pp. 429 sq. Some tribes of Victoria believed that the Pleiades were originally a queen and six of her attendants, but that the Crow (Waa) fell in love with the queen and ran away with her, and that since then the Pleiades have been only six in number. See James Dawson, Australian Aborigines (Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide, 1881), p. 100.

996

J. Manning, “Notes on the Aborigines of New Holland,” Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, xvi. (Sydney, 1883) p. 168.

997

James Dawson, Australian Aborigines, p. 75.

998

M. Dobrizhoffer, Historia de Abiponibus (Vienna, 1784), ii. 118.

999

M. Dobrizhoffer, op. cit. ii. 77 sq., 101-105.

1000

Pedro de Angelis, Coleccion de Obras y Documentes relativos a la Historia antigua y moderna de las Provincias del Rio de la Plata (Buenos Ayres, 1836-1837), iv. 15.

1001

P. Lozano, Descripcion chorographico del terreno, rios, arboles, y animales del Gran Chaco (Cordova, 1733). p. 67.

1002

W. Barbrooke Grubb, An Unknown People in an Unknown Land (London, 1911), p. 139.

1003

Pedro de Angelis, op. cit. iv. 14.

1004

Th. Waitz, Anthropologie der Naturvölker, iii. (Leipsic, 1862) p. 418, referring to Marcgrav de Liebstadt, Hist. rerum naturalium Brasil. (Amsterdam, 1648), viii. 5 and 12.

1005

M. Dobrizhoffer, Historia de Abiponibus, ii. 104.

1006

Th. Koch-Grünberg, Zwei Jahre unter den Indianern (Berlin, 1909-1910), ii. 203.

1007

C. F. Phil. v. Martius, Zur Ethnographie Amerika's, zumal Brasiliens (Leipsic, 1867), p. 441.

1008

Carl Teschauer, S.J., “Mythen und alte Volkssagen aus Brasilien,” Anthropos, i. (1906) p. 736.

1009

J. Gumilla, Histoire Naturelle et Civile et Géographique de l'Orenoque (Avignon, 1758), iii. 254 sq.

1010

E. J. Payne, History of the New World called America, i. (Oxford, 1892) p. 492.

1011

P. J. de Arriaga, Extirpacion de la Idolatria del Piru (Lima, 1621), pp. 11, 29 sq. According to Arriaga, the Peruvian name for the Pleiades is Oncoy.

1012

Garcilasso de la Vega, First Part of the Royal Commentaries of the Yncas, translated by (Sir) Clements R. Markham (London, 1869-1871, Hakluyt Society), i. 275. Compare J. de Acosta, Natural and Moral History of the Indies (London, 1880, Hakluyt Society), ii. 304.

1013

E. Seler, Alt-Mexikanische Studien, ii. (Berlin, 1899) pp. 166 sq., referring to Petrus Martyr, De nuper sub D. Carolo repertis insulis (Basileae, 1521), p. 15.

1014

B. de Sahagun, Histoire Générale des choses de la Nouvelle Espagne (Paris, 1880), pp. 288 sq., 489 sqq.; A. de Herrera, General History of the Vast Continent and Islands of America, translated by Capt. J. Stevens (London, 1725-1726), iii. 222; F. S. Clavigero, History of Mexico, translated by C. Cullen (London, 1807), i. 315 sq.; J. G. Müller, Geschichte der amerikanischen Urreligionen (Bâle, 1867), pp. 519 sq.; H. H. Bancroft, The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America (London, 1875-1876), iii. 393-395.

1015

Jean l'Heureux, “Ethnological Notes on the Astronomical Customs and Religious Ideas of the Chokitapia or Blackfeet Indians,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xv. (1886) pp. 301-303.

1016

Walter McClintock, The Old North Trail (London, 1910), p. 490.

1017

J. Walter Fewkes, “The Tusayan New Fire Ceremony,” Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, xxvi. (1895) p. 453.

1018

Rev. W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches, Second Edition (London, 1832-1836), i. 87.

1019

Rev. W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs from the South Pacific (London, 1876), p. 43.

1020

Rev. W. W. Gill, op. cit. p. 317, compare p. 44.

1021

G. Turner, Samoa (London, 1884), p. 279.

1022

E. Shortland, Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders, Second Edition (London, 1856), p. 219.

1023

The United States Exploring Expedition, Ethnography and Philology, by Horatio Hale (Philadelphia, 1846), p. 170; E. Tregear, Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary (Wellington, N.Z., 1891), p. 226.

1024

Rev. R. H. Codrington, The Melanesians (Oxford, 1891), p. 348. In the island of Florida the Pleiades are called togo ni samu, “the company of maidens” (op. cit. p. 349).

1025

H. B. Guppy, The Solomon Islands and their Natives (London, 1887), p. 56.

1026

A. C. Haddon, “Legends from Torres Straits,” Folk-lore, i. (1890) p. 195. We may conjecture that the “new yam time” means the time for planting yams.

1027

R. Neuhauss, Deutsch Neu-Guinea (Berlin, 1911), pp. 159, 431 sq.