Butterflies and Moths (British)

Yellow-lined Quaker (Macilenta)

Genus Anchocelis

Genus Xanthia

Centre-barred Sallow (Xerampelina)

Double Kidney (Retusa)

Genus Polia

Black Rustic (Nigra)

Green-brindled Crescent (Oxyacanthæ)

Marvel-du-jour (Aprilina)

Angle Shades (Meticulosa)

Flame Brocade (Flammea)

Brindled Green (Protea)

Genus Calocampa

Genus Xylina

Herald (Libatrix)

Gold Spot (Festucæ)

Silver Y (Gamma)

Scarce Bordered Straw (Armigera)

Clifden Nonpareil (Fraxini)

Buttoned Snout (Rostralis)

Geometræ.

Bordered Beauty (Apiciaria)

Brimstone (Luteolata)

Genus Eugonia

November (Dilutata)

Autumnal (Filigrammaria)

Juniper Pug (Sobrinata)

Shaded Broad Bar (Variata)

Slender-striped Rufous (Lapidata)

Tissue (Dubitata)

Carpets (Siderata, Miata, Immanata)

Chevron (Testata)

Mallow (Cervinata)

Streak (Spartiata)

OCTOBER

As there is very little winged life this month, and the larvæ have nearly all sought out their winter quarters, special attention may be given to pupæ. The earlier this work is started after the insects have completed their change the better. If left late, many pupæ will have been destroyed by floods, moles, &c., and a prolonged series of frosty days may render digging unproductive if not impossible. Again, it must be remembered that some larvæ are not yet down, and by digging at the roots of the trees on which they are feeding, you are preparing an acceptable bed for the late species, for the pupæ of which you may call again in about a month.

Larvæ may be obtained by beating and searching as before, but this work should be done as early in the month as possible, since but few are feeding after the first week or so.

Butterfly catching is now practically over, only a few of the late species and the hybernators being on the wing, and these only on mild days.

Noctuæ are still attracted by sugar and ivy blossom, and a few may be found at rest. Geometræ and Micros may be taken from palings and tree trunks by day, or caught flying at dusk.

The imagines of October may include the following butterflies:

Brimstone (Rhamni)

Pale Clouded Yellow (Hyale)

Clouded Yellow (Edusa)

Comma (C-Album)

Large Tortoiseshell (Polychloros)

Small Tortoiseshell (Urticæ)

Peacock (Io)

Camberwell Beauty (Antiopa)

Red Admiral (Atalanta)

Painted Lady (Cardui)

Small Copper (Phlœas)

And a few late 'Blues.'

The principal moths of the month are:

Sphinges.

Death's-head Hawk (Atropos)

Bombyces.

Plumed Prominent (Plumigera)

Noctuæ.

Large Wainscot (Lutosa)

Red-lined Quaker (Lota)

Yellow-lined Quaker (Macilenta)

Beaded Chestnut (Pistacina)

Brown-spot Pinion (Litura)

Chestnut (Vaccinii)

Dark Chestnut (Spadicea)

Red-headed Chestnut (Erythrocephala)

Satellite (Satellitia)

Dotted Chestnut (Rubiginea)

Orange Upperwing (Croceago)

Brick (Circellaris)

Brindled Ochre (Templi)

Green Brindled Crescent (Oxyacanthæ)

Marvel-du-jour (Aprilina)

Angle Shades (Meticulosa)

Flame Brocade (Flammea)

Red Sword-grass (Vetusta)

Sword-grass (Exolita)

Genus Xylina

Sprawler (Sphinx)

Silver Y (Gamma)

Geometræ.

Feathered Thorn (Pennaria)

Vestal (Sacraria)

Scarce Umber (Aurantiaria)

Mottled Umber (Defoliaria)

Winter (Brumata)

Northern Winter (Boreata)

November (Dilutata)

Juniper Carpet (Juniperata)

Gem (Fluviata)

Carpets (Siderata, Miata)

Mallow (Cervinata)

Streak (Spartiata)

NOVEMBER

No butterflies are to be seen this month with the exception of the hybernating species, and even these will not venture on the wing unless the weather is mild and bright for the season.

Most of the moths met with are also hybernators, but a few species are to be found only at this season, and these should be looked for on fences and tree trunks. A few Noctuæ may be taken at sugar, and the Geometræ attracted by lights.

The only larvæ now existing are hybernators, and many of these may be met with during your pupa-digging operations; but they are best left alone till the spring, as a rule.

The chief work of the entomologist in November is certainly pupa hunting, and this may be carried on in real earnest whenever the weather is favourable, following the instructions given in Chapter VII.

It will be remembered, also, that many of the Lepidoptera pass the winter in the egg state, and search may be made for ova when time permits.

The November list, besides some of the hybernating species previously mentioned, include:

Bombyces.

December (Populi)

Noctuæ.

Genus Cerastis

Satellite (Satellitia)

Dotted Chestnut (Rubiginea)

Orange Upperwing (Croceago)

Brindled Ochre (Exempli)

Geometræ.

Feathered Thorn (Pennaria)

Scarce Umber (Aurantiaria)

Mottled Umber (Defoliaria)

Winter (Brumata)

Northern Winter (Boreata)

DECEMBER

Outdoor work is now at a minimum. The weather is too severe, as a rule, to allow pupa digging to be carried on with either success or comfort, but favourable opportunities should be seized for this employment as well as for ova collecting.

Now and again we may meet with P. Populi at rest by day, or fluttering round a light at night. Brumata and Defoliaria may also be seen, and the Early Moth (Rupicapraria) may appear on the wing before the new year; but nothing is likely to be met with beyond these save the hybernators, already named in other lists, and some of the Tineæ.

It is a good plan to utilise your spare time during the dreary months of winter by attending to your cabinet. Rearrange your specimens where necessary, and see that all are properly labelled; remove all greasy specimens, and deal with them as recommended on page 127; also renew the supply of camphor or naphthaline in your drawers and store boxes. Time may also be found for the construction of apparatus that is likely to be required next season, and for repairing any that has been damaged during the work of the last.

COLOURED PLATES

Plate I (Frontispiece)

Swallow-tail (Papilio Machaon).

Black-veined White (Aporia Cratægi).

Large White (Pieris Brassicæ). Female.

Small White (Pieris Rapæ). Male.

Green-veined White (Pieris Napi). Under side.

Bath White (Pieris Daplidice). Female.

Orange Tip (Euchloë Cardamines). Male.

Orange Tip (Euchloë Cardamines). Male. Under side.

Plate II

Wood White (Leucophasia Sinapis).

Pale Clouded Yellow (Colias Hyale).

Clouded Yellow (Colias Edusa). Male.

Brimstone (Gonopteryx Rhamni). Male.

Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary (Argynnis Selene).

Pearl-bordered Fritillary (Argynnis Euphrosyne).

Queen of Spain Fritillary (Argynnis Latona).

Dark-green Fritillary (Argynnis Aglaia).

Plate III

High Brown Fritillary (Argynnis Adippe). Under side.

Silver-washed Fritillary (Argynnis Paphia).

Greasy Fritillary (Melitæa Aurinia).

Glanville Fritillary (Melitæa Cinxia).

Heath Fritillary (Melitæa Athalia).

Heath Fritillary (Melitæa Athalia). Under side.

Comma (Vanessa C-Album).

Large Tortoiseshell (Vanessa Polychloros).

Small Tortoiseshell (Vanessa Urticæ).

Plate IV

Peacock (Vanessa Io).

Camberwell Beauty (Vanessa Antiopa).

Red Admiral (Vanessa Atalanta).

Painted Lady (Vanessa Cardui).

White Admiral (Limenitis Sibylla).

Plate V

Purple Emperor (Apatura Iris). Male.

Marbled White (Melanargia Galatea).

Small Ringlet (Erebia Epiphron).

Northern Brown (Erebia Æthiops).

Wood Argus (Pararge Egeria).

Wall Butterfly (Pararge Megæra).

Grayling (Satyrus Semele). Female.

Meadow Brown (Epinephele Ianira). Female.

Large Heath (Epinephele Tithonus). Male.

Ringlet (Epinephele Hyperanthus).

Plate VI

Marsh Ringlet (Cænonympha Typhon).

Small Heath (Cænonympha Pamphilus).

Brown Hairstreak (Thecla Betulæ). Under side.

White-letter Hairstreak (Thecla W-album). Under side.

Dark Hairstreak (Thecla Pruni). Under side.

Purple Hairstreak (Thecla Quercus). Under side.

Green Hairstreak(Thecla Rubi). Under side.

Large Copper (Polyommatus Dispar). Male.

Small Copper (Polyommatus Phlæas).

Tailed Blue (Lycæna Bætica).

Silver-studded Blue (Lycæna Ægon). Male.

Silver-studded Blue (Lycæna Ægon). Female.

Brown Argus (Lycæna Astrarche).

Brown Argus (Lycæna Astrarche). Under side.

Common Blue (Lycæna Icarus). Male.

Common Blue (Lycæna Icarus). Female.

Clifden Blue (Lycæna Bellargus). Male.

Clifden Blue (Lycæna Bellargus). Female.

Plate VII

Chalk-hill Blue (Lycæna Corydon). Male.

Chalk-hill Blue (Lycæna Corydon). Female.

Holly Blue (Lycæna Argiolus). Male.

Holly Blue (Lycæna Argiolus). Female.

Mazarine Blue (Lycæna Semiargus). Male.

Mazarine Blue (Lycæna Semiargus). Female.

Small Blue (Lycæna Minima).

Large Blue (Lycæna Arion).

Duke of Burgundy Fritillary (Nemeobius Lucina).

Duke of Burgundy Fritillary (Nemeobius Lucina). Under side.

Grizzled Skipper (Syrichthus Malvæ).

Dingy Skipper (Nisoniades Tages).

Small Skipper (Hesperia Thaumas).

Lulworth Skipper (Hesperia Actæon). Male.

Large Skipper (Hesperia Sylvanus). Male.

Silver-spotted Skipper (Hesperia Comma).

Chequered Skipper (Carterocephalus Palæmon).

New Small Skipper (Hesperia Lineola).

Plate VIII

Larva of Swallow-tail Butterfly (Papilio Machaon).

Larva of Orange Tip (Euchloë Cardamines).

Larva of Silver-washed Fritillary (Argynnis Paphia).

Larva of Peacock Butterfly (Vanessa Io).

Larva of Purple Emperor (Apatura Iris).

Larva of Duke of Burgundy Fritillary (Nemeobius Lucina).

Pupa of Swallow-tail Butterfly (Papilio Machaon).

Pupa of Orange Tip (Euchloë Cardamines).

Pupa of Silver-washed Fritillary (Argynnis Paphia).

Pupa of Purple Emperor (Apatura Iris).

Pupa of Duke of Burgundy Fritillary (Nemeobius Lucina).

Pupa of Dingy Skipper (Nisoniades Tages).

Plate IX

Privet Hawk Moth (Sphinx Ligustri).

Spurge Hawk (Deilephila Euphorbiæ).

Large Elephant Hawk (Chœrocampa Elpenor).

Eyed Hawk (Smerinthus Ocellatus).

Lime Hawk (Smerinthus Tiliæ).

Humming-bird Hawk (Macroglossa Stellatarum).

Broad-bordered Five-spotted Burnet (Zygæna Trifolii).

Plate X

Cinnabar Moth (Euchelia Jacobææ).

Wood Tiger (Nemeophila Plantaginis).

Tiger (Arctia Caia).

Cream-spot Tiger (Arctia Villica).

Oak Eggar (Bombyx Quercus). Male.

Lappet (Lasiocampa Quercifolia).

Kentish Glory (Endromis Versicolor). Male.

Emperor Moth (Saturnia Pavonia). Male.

Buff Tip (Phalera Bucephala).

Plate XI

Large Yellow Underwing (Triphæna Pronuba).

Marvel-du-jour (Agriopis Aprilina).

Small Angle Shades (Euplexia Lucipara).

Mother Shipton (Euclidia Mi).

Clifden Nonpareil (Catocala Fraxini).

Dark Crimson Underwing (Catocala Sponsa).

Plate XII

Herald (Gonoptera Libatrix).

Swallow-tail Moth (Uropteryx Sambucaria).

Brimstone Moth (Rumia Luteolata).

Scalloped Oak (Crocallis Elinguaria).

Brindled Beauty (Biston Hirtaria).

Waved Umber (Hemerophila Abruptaria).

Maiden's Blush (Zonosoma Punctaria).

Mottled Umber (Hybernia Defoliaria).

Treble Bar (Anaitis Plagiata).

Plate II.

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.

Plate III.

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.

Plate IV.

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.

Plate V.

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.

Plate VI.

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.

Plate VII.

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.

Plate VIII.

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.

Plate IX.

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.

Plate X.

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.

Plate XI.

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.

Plate XII.

Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith.