The History of Antiquity, Vol. 4 (of 6)

429

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 186. Köppen, loc. cit. s. 220.

430

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 167.

431

e. g. Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 487.

432

These are the four sublime truths (aryani satyani) of Buddhism; pain, the creation of pain, the annihilation of pain, and the way which leads to the annihilation of pain.

433

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 410, 430.

434

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 418, 428, 629.

435

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 498, 508.

436

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 459, 462.

437

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 509, 510.

438

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 460.

439

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 418.

440

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 405.

441

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 418, 420.

442

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 251, 327, 460.

443

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 389, 393, 486.

444

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 486 ff.

445

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 460.

446

3 Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 488-509. For further information about the series of the causes of being (nidana), which is not very intelligible, see Köppen, s. 609. My object is merely to indicate the line of argument.

447

Burnouf, "Introduction," p. 73, 83, 589 ff.

448

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 252.

449

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 326.

450

Schlagintweit, "Buddhism in Tibet," p. 91 ff.

451

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 369.

452

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 265.

453

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 271.

454

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 203, 342.

455

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 462, 510.

456

Köppen, s. 223.

457

Köppen, s. 125.

458

Burnouf, "Introduction," p. 254.

459

Burnouf, "Introduction," p. 327.

460

Burnouf, "Introduction," p. 253, 410.

461

Burnouf, "Introduction," p. 429.

462

Burnouf, "Introduction," p. 274.

463

Burnouf, "Introduction," p. 325.

464

Lassen, "Ind. Alterth." 2, 258.

465

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 300.

466

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 299.

467

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 261.

468

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 126, 153. Köppen, s. 224.

469

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 163, 189, 145, 190, 211.

470

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 101.

471

Köppen, s. 111.

472

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 126.

473

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 414.

474

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 195, 274, 381, 382.

475

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 174, 183.

476

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 375, 376.

477

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 198.

478

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 162, 197, 205, 212, 277.

479

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 206.

480

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 205 ff.

481

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 351; Lassen, "Ind. Alterth." 22, 80.

482

Burnouf, "Introduction," p. 351, 372. Lassen, "Ind. Alterth." 2, 80 ff. Köppen, "Rel. d. Buddha," s. 117.

483

Lassen, loc. cit. 22, 86 ff.

484

Lassen, loc. cit. 22, 89.

485

Von Gutschmid, "Beiträge," s. 81.

486

Lassen, loc. cit. 22, 91. n. 1.

487

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 147, 435.

488

Diod. 2, 39. Strabo, p. 702. Arrian, "Ind." 10, 6, 7.

489

Lassen, "Ind. Alterth." 12, 649, 650.

490

Manu, 10, 45.

491

The date follows from the fact that the settlers who are said to have landed in Ceylon in 543 B.C. according to the era of the Singhalese, find the kingdom of the Pandus and the city of Mathura in existence. Lassen, loc. cit. 22, 23 ff; 99 ff; cp. infr. p. 372.

492

Benfey, "Indien," s. 221. Neither the book of the law nor the sutras of the Buddhists mention the Pariahs, often as they speak of the Chandalas.

493

Lassen, "Ind. Alterth." 22, 99 ff., 108 ff.

494

Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 137, n. 4, 22, 99 ff. The island then received from the city of Tamraparni the name which is still in use among the natives; Tamraparni is in Pali, Tambapanni; and from this is formed the Taprobane of the Greeks. Lanka is no doubt the older name, but like Sinhala it is still in use.

495

Westergaard, "Ueber Buddha's Todesjahr," s. 100 ff. Lassen, loc. cit. 22, 100 ff.

496

Ritter, "Geographie," 4, 2, 519-542. Lassen, "Ind. Alterth." 1. 377. These are, no doubt, the Padæans and Calatians of Herodotus (3, 98, ff.). Lassen explains this name by padya, bad, and kala, black.

497

Strabo, p. 72, 690.

498

Arrian, "Ind." 8; Plin. "Hist. Nat." 6, 24.

499

Burnouf, "Introduction," p. 351, 372. Köppen, "Religion des Buddha," s. 117. On the forms of the Sanskrit in which the old sutras were written, Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 106 ff. Lassen, loc. cit. 22, 493.

500

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 217, 232. Lassen, loc. cit. 2, 79, 80. Köppen, loc. cit. s. 143.

501

Lassen, loc. cit. 22, 93. Köppen, loc. cit. s. 149.

502

Lassen, loc. cit. 22, 90.

503

According to the Mahavança, Kalaçoka is succeeded by his ten sons, who are followed by the nine Nandas. But as the commentary only allows twelve rulers between Kalaçoka and Açoka it will suffice to mention the eldest son, and the two last in the list of the brothers, whose names are given by the scholia of the Mahavança, as these correspond to Nandivardhana and Mahanandi among the Brahmans. "Vishnu-Purana," ed. Wilson, p. 466; cf. Von Gutschmid, "Beiträge," s. 71, 77 ff.

504

Lassen, "Ind, Alterth." 22, 97. Von Gutschmid, loc. cit.

505

Diod. 17, 93. Plut. "Alex." 62. Curt. 9, 2.

506

The inscription of Behistun speaks of Harauvatis and Gandara as subjugated; the inscription of Persepolis of Harauvatis, Idhus, and Gandara. Hence Harauvatis and Gandhara belong to the hereditary part of the kingdom; Idhus (Indun in the Balylonian form) was an addition. As Herodotus speaks of Caspapyrus along with Pactyike, and Hecatæus gives Caspapyrus to the Gandarians, the place may be identified with Cabul.

507

Herod. 7, 65, 66, 86.

508

Herod. 8, 113.

509

Herod. 4, 40; 3, 102.

510

Strabo, p. 705, 706. Cf. Arrian, "Anab." 5, 4; Plin. "Hist. Nat." 6, 22; 11, 36.

511

Lassen, "Ind. Alterth." 12, 1020.

512

Above, p. 249. Manu, 10, 43-45.

513

Ritter, "Asien," 2, 653. Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 499, 500.

514

Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 1022.

515

Moorcroft, "Asiatic Researches," 12, 435 ff.

516

Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 769; 22, 151, n. 5.

517

Muir, "Sanskrit Texts," 4, 249.

518

Muir, loc. cit. 3, 350. "Mahavança," p. 47.

519

"Anab." 3, 8. Strabo, p. 678.

520

A. Weber, "Vorles." s. 1472.

521

Lassen, loc. cit. 2, 522 ff.

522

Burnouf, "Introduction," p. 408. "Mahavança," ed. Turnour, p. 39 ff.

523

Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 861; cf. 22, 163.

524

A. Weber, "Vorlesungen," 742, 852.

525

Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 794; 22, 181.

526

Lassen, "De Pentapotamia Indica," p. 22, 63: "Alterthumskunde," 1, 822.

527

Arrian, "Anab." 5, 22; Curt. 8, 12, 13.

528

Droysen, "Alexander," s. 302.

529

The Kophaios of the Greeks is obviously the prince who reigns at Kophen, i. e. at Cabul.

530

Droysen explains this name, no doubt correctly, from the name of the river Astacenus; loc. cit. s. 374.

531

Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 502.

532

Aristobulus in Strabo, p. 691, tells us that the army wintered in the mountain land of the Hippasians and the Assacanus (so we must read here for Μουσικανός). The Guræans must be considered a tribe of the Açvakas.

533

Arrian, "Anab." 4, 24.

534

Arrian, "Anab." 4, 25.

535

Curt. 8, 10; Justin, 12, 7; Arrian, "Anab." 4, 27.

536

Cunningham, "Survey," 2, 103 ff. The accompanying sketch gives a clear idea of the gorge over which Alexander laid the dam, in order to reach the walls of the citadel.

537

The Abissareans of Arrian ("Ind." 4, 12), from whose mountains the Soanas flows into the Indus, can only be the inhabitants of the district called Abhisara, which comprises the ranges of the Himalayas in the region of the sources of the Vitasta; Ritter, "Erdkunde," 3, 1085 ff. According to Droysen ("Alexander," s. 373), Lassen ("Alterth." 22, 163), and the statements of Onesicritus (in Strabo, p. 598) on the serpents of Abisares, we must assume that Abhisara belonged to Cashmere, and was at that time the seat of the king of Cashmere, and the Greeks took the name of the prince from the name of the land.

538

Arrian, "Anab." 4, 22, 30. Strabo, p. 691, 698.

539

Diod. 17, 86.

540

Cunningham, "Geogr." p. 111, considers the ruins near the modern Shahderi to mark the site of the ancient Takshaçila.

541

Diod. 17, 86.

542

Arrian. "Anab." 5, 8. Strabo, p. 698.

543

Onesicritus in Strabo, p. 715

544

Arrian, "Anab." 7, 2.

545

Aristobulus in Strabo, p. 714.

546

In Arrian ("Anab." 7, 2) and Plutarch ("Alex." 65) Dandamis.

547

Onesicritus in Strabo, p. 715.

548

Arrian, "Anab." 7, 2.

549

Plutarch, "De Fluviis," 1. Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 721; 22, 154.

550

Droysen, loc. cit. s. 388.

551

Arrian, "Anab." 5, 18.

552

Droysen, loc. cit. s. 400.

553

Arrian, "Anab." 5, 21

554

Lassen, 12, 127; 782, 22, 167.

555

Arrian, "Anab." 5, 21.

556

Arrian, "Anab." 6, 2. According to Plutarch ("Alex." 60) there were 15 nations and 5000 cities.

557

Diod. 17, 92. "Ramayana," 2, 70, 21.

558

Lassen, loc. cit. 22, 175.

559

Arrian, "Ind." 5, 12. Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 792.

560

Diod. 17, 98. Curt. 9, 4.

561

Arrian, "Anab." 6, 7.

562

Arrian, "Anab." 6, 9, 10; Droysen, loc. cit. s. 438 ff.

563

Droysen, loc. cit. s. 445.

564

"Brahma-Vasatya" in the Mahabharata; Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 973.

565

Diod. 17, 102.

566

Praesti; Curt. 9, 8. Lassen, loc. cit. 22, 187.

567

Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 125.

568

Droysen, loc. cit. 464, 469.

569

Arrian, "Ind." 7. Plin. "Hist. Nat." 6, 22, 23.

570

Μεθορὰ τε καὶ Κλεισόβορα. Arrian, "Ind." 8, 5.

571

Παζάλαι in Arrian, "Ind." 4, 5. Ptolem. 7, 1. Passalæ in Plin. "Hist. Nat." 6, 22.

572

Plin. "Hist. Nat." 6, 22, "gentes montanæ inter oppidum Potala et Jomanem." Lassen, "Alterthum." 1, 657, n.2.

573

Lassen, loc cit. Pliny, loc. cit.

574

Megasthenes in Pliny, "Hist. Nat." 6, 22, 23. Arrian, "Ind." 8. Lassen, loc. cit. 1, 156, 618; 2, 111.

575

Strabo, p. 710, 718.

576

Curtius, 8, 9; 9, 1.

577

Strabo, p. 717.

578

Strabo, p. 710. Curtius, 8, 9.

579

Strabo, p. 710. Cf. Curt. 8, 9.

580

Strabo, p. 688.

581

Megasthenes in Strabo, p. 703.

582

Strabo, p. 710, 718.

583

Supra, p. 216, etc. Burnouf, "Introduction," p. 417.

584

Lassen, "Alterth." 2, 227.

585

Strabo, p. 710. Diod. 2, 42.

586

Megasthenes, fragm. 37, ed. Schwanbeck.

587

Arrian, "Ind." 12, 1-5. Strabo, p. 707-709. Diod. 2, 41.

588

Strabo, p. 704.

589

Diod. 2, 36, 40. Arrian, "Ind." 11, 10.

590

Arrian, "Ind." 11, 11. Diod. 2, 40. Strabo, p. 704.

591

Like the warriors among the Vrijis, Glaukas, Khattias, Malavas Kshudrakas, etc. cf. supra, p. 401 ff.

592

Manu, 7, 154; supra, p. 210.

593

Supra, p. 219, 228. "Ramayana," ed. Schlegel, 1, 7.

594

The following are the castes who ought to hunt wild animals according to the book of the law: the Medas, Andhras, Chunchus, Kshattars, Ugras, and Pukkasas. Manu, 10, 48-50; cf. supra, p. 247.

595

Strabo, p. 703. Arrian, "Ind." 11. Diod. 2, 40.

596

Strabo, p. 712-716. Arrian, "Ind." 11, 7, 8; 15, 11, 12.

597

Strabo, p. 714.

598

Strabo, p. 716. Diod. 2, 40.

599

In Strabo, p. 712 (cf. 718, 719), as in Clem. Alex. "Strom." p. 305, we must obviously read Σαρμᾶναι for Γαρμᾶναι. The third sect is called by Strabo Πράμναι; perhaps with Lassen we ought to explain it by pramana, i. e. logicians.

600

Megasthenis fragm. ed. Schwanbeck, p. 46; cf. Manu, 1, 75. Strabo, p. 713.

601

Strabo, p. 712, 713, 716, 718. Arrian, "Anab." 7, 23.

602

Strabo, p. 707. Arrian, "Ind." 12, 8, 9. Curt. 8, 9.

603

E. g. Burnouf, "Introd." p. 379.

604

Arrian, "Ind." 7; Diod. 2, 38, 39; Polyæn. "Strateg." 1, 1; supra, p. 73.

605

Arrian, "Ind." 8, 4, 7, 8; 9, 1-9.

606

Arrian, "Ind." loc. cit. The remark in Pliny that among the Pandas (in Guzerat) women ruled, owing to the daughter of Heracles, obviously refers to this story: "Hist. Nat." 6, 22.

607

Megasthenes in Strabo, p. 712. But others derived even the Oxydrakes from Dionysus, simply for the reason that wine was produced in this district; Strabo, p. 687, 688.

608

Arrian, "Ind." 8, 5.

609

Strabo, p. 688. Curtius, 9, 4. Arrian, "Ind." 5, 12. Diod. 17, 96.

610

Strabo, p. 718.

611

Strabo, p. 687, 711. Plin, "H. N." 6, 23. If Strabo observes that wine is never brought to maturity in this district (i. e. North Cabulistan) the observation only holds good for the more elevated valleys.

612

Arrian, "Anab." 5, 1; Curt. 8, 10; Plut. "Alex." c. 58; Diod. 3, 62, 64. Here Diodorus also mentions the names of the Indian kings whom Dionysus has conquered, Myrrhanus and Desiades, while in 2, 38 he has stated that the Indians before Dionysus had no kings at all.

613

"Il." 2, 508; 6, 133. Homeric hymn in Diod. 1, 15; 4, 2. Cf. Strabo, p. 405; Herod. 5, 7; Diod. 3, 63, 64; Herod. 2, 146; 3, 97, and Steph. Byz. Νῦσα. Euripides is the first to speak of Dionysus' march to Persia and Bactria. Strabo, p. 687.

614

Lassen, as already remarked, opposes Nishada and Parapanishada as the upper and lower mountain range. Nearly in the same region, but apparently in the range between Cashmere and the kingdom of Paurava (supra, p. 391), i. e. to the east of the Indus, legend speaks of the Utsavasanketa, who, as their name implies, passed their lives in feasting and conviviality (utsava, festival; sanketa, meeting). Lassen, 2, 135; Wilson, Vishnu-Purana, p. 167 ff.; and the places in the Mahabharata, in Lassen, loc. cit. Modern travellers maintain that some tribes in the Hindu Kush are very partial to the wine which is produced abundantly in the mountains, and lead a life of joviality. Ritter, "Asien," Th. 4. Bd. 1, 450, 451.

615

Strabo, p. 689. Arrian, "Ind." 5, 9.

616

Strabo, p. 688, 699, 710.

617

Muir, "Sanskrit Texts," 4, 195. "Vishnu-Purana," ed. Wilson, p. 591.

618

Infra, chap. viii.

619

Lassen, loc. cit. 2, 110.

620

Ctesias, "Ind. ecl." 8.

621

Strabo, p. 709. Arrian, "Ind." 17, 4.

622

Strabo, p. 709.

623

Megasthenes in Athen. p. 153, ed. Schweigh.

624

Arrian, "Ind." 16, 1-5.

625

Strabo, p. 688, 699, 709, 710, 712. Arrian, "Ind." 7, 9.

626

Arrian, loc. cit. 17, 1, 2.

627

Burnouf, "Introd." p. 238.

628

"Ramayana," ed. Schlegel, 1, 6.

629

"Ramayana," ed. Schlegel, 2, 47.

630

Burnouf, "Introd." p. 240.

631

It is clear that this statement cannot refer to the inhabitants of Takshaçila, for Aristobulus rather ascribes to them the custom of the Iranians, who exposed corpses for vultures to eat them. Aristobulus in Strabo, p. 714.

632

Strabo, p. 709. Arrian, "Ind." 10. Manu, 3, 232.

633

Ctes. "Ind. ecl." 4. Ritter, "Erdkunde," 3, 2, 1187. Humboldt, "Kosmos," 2, 417.

634

Ctesias, loc. cit. "ecl." 19-21. Aelian, "Hist. Anim." 4, 46.

635

Ctesias, loc. cit. "ecl." 28. Lassen, loc. cit. 2, 560.

636

Strabo. p. 717. Arrian, "Ind." 16, 6; supra, p. 404.

637

Arrian, "Ind." 16, 11. Strabo, p. 717. Aelian, "Hist. Anim." 3, 16.

638

Strabo, p. 709.

639

Strabo, p. 714, 708. Arrian, "Ind." 7, 9. Curtius, 8, 14, supra, p. 89.

640

Arrian, "Anab." 6, 27.

641

Diod. 18, 3. Justin, 13, 4; supra, p. 407.

642

Diod. 18, 39. Arrian, "Succ. Alex." 36; cf. "Ind." 5, 3.

643

Diod. 19, 14.

644

Von Gutschmid has rightly shown that Nandrus must be read for Alexander in Justin (15, 4); "Rhein. Mus." 12, 261.

645

Justin, 15, 4.

646

"Alex." c. 62.

647

Droysen, "Hellenismus," 1, 319.

648

"Mahavanaça," ed. Turnour, p. 39 ff. Westergaard, "Buddha's Todesjahr," s. 113.

649

We can hardly make any use of the description in the drama of Mudra-Rakshasa, which was composed after 1000 A.D. (in Lassen, "Ind. Alterth." 22, 211), for the history of Chandragupta.

650

Pliny ("Hist. Nat." 6, 27) gives 600,000 foot soldiers, 30,000 horse, and 9000 elephants.

651

Megasthenes in Strabo, p. 707.

652

Strabo, p. 69, 689, 690.

653

Manu, 9, 282; supra, p. 387.