The History of Antiquity, Vol. 4 (of 6)

Benfey, "Indien," s. 221. Neither the book of the law nor the sutras of the Buddhists mention the Pariahs, often as they speak of the Chandalas.

493

Lassen, "Ind. Alterth." 22, 99 ff., 108 ff.

494

Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 137, n. 4, 22, 99 ff. The island then received from the city of Tamraparni the name which is still in use among the natives; Tamraparni is in Pali, Tambapanni; and from this is formed the Taprobane of the Greeks. Lanka is no doubt the older name, but like Sinhala it is still in use.

495

Westergaard, "Ueber Buddha's Todesjahr," s. 100 ff. Lassen, loc. cit. 22, 100 ff.

496

Ritter, "Geographie," 4, 2, 519-542. Lassen, "Ind. Alterth." 1. 377. These are, no doubt, the Padæans and Calatians of Herodotus (3, 98, ff.). Lassen explains this name by padya, bad, and kala, black.

497

Strabo, p. 72, 690.

498

Arrian, "Ind." 8; Plin. "Hist. Nat." 6, 24.

499

Burnouf, "Introduction," p. 351, 372. Köppen, "Religion des Buddha," s. 117. On the forms of the Sanskrit in which the old sutras were written, Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 106 ff. Lassen, loc. cit. 22, 493.

500

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 217, 232. Lassen, loc. cit. 2, 79, 80. Köppen, loc. cit. s. 143.

501

Lassen, loc. cit. 22, 93. Köppen, loc. cit. s. 149.

502

Lassen, loc. cit. 22, 90.

503

According to the Mahavança, Kalaçoka is succeeded by his ten sons, who are followed by the nine Nandas. But as the commentary only allows twelve rulers between Kalaçoka and Açoka it will suffice to mention the eldest son, and the two last in the list of the brothers, whose names are given by the scholia of the Mahavança, as these correspond to Nandivardhana and Mahanandi among the Brahmans. "Vishnu-Purana," ed. Wilson, p. 466; cf. Von Gutschmid, "Beiträge," s. 71, 77 ff.

504

Lassen, "Ind, Alterth." 22, 97. Von Gutschmid, loc. cit.

505

Diod. 17, 93. Plut. "Alex." 62. Curt. 9, 2.

506

The inscription of Behistun speaks of Harauvatis and Gandara as subjugated; the inscription of Persepolis of Harauvatis, Idhus, and Gandara. Hence Harauvatis and Gandhara belong to the hereditary part of the kingdom; Idhus (Indun in the Balylonian form) was an addition. As Herodotus speaks of Caspapyrus along with Pactyike, and Hecatæus gives Caspapyrus to the Gandarians, the place may be identified with Cabul.

507

Herod. 7, 65, 66, 86.

508

Herod. 8, 113.

509

Herod. 4, 40; 3, 102.

510

Strabo, p. 705, 706. Cf. Arrian, "Anab." 5, 4; Plin. "Hist. Nat." 6, 22; 11, 36.

511

Lassen, "Ind. Alterth." 12, 1020.

512

Above, p. 249. Manu, 10, 43-45.

513

Ritter, "Asien," 2, 653. Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 499, 500.

514

Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 1022.

515

Moorcroft, "Asiatic Researches," 12, 435 ff.

516

Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 769; 22, 151, n. 5.

517

Muir, "Sanskrit Texts," 4, 249.

518

Muir, loc. cit. 3, 350. "Mahavança," p. 47.

519

"Anab." 3, 8. Strabo, p. 678.

520

A. Weber, "Vorles." s. 1472.

521

Lassen, loc. cit. 2, 522 ff.

522

Burnouf, "Introduction," p. 408. "Mahavança," ed. Turnour, p. 39 ff.

523

Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 861; cf. 22, 163.

524

A. Weber, "Vorlesungen," 742, 852.

525

Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 794; 22, 181.

526

Lassen, "De Pentapotamia Indica," p. 22, 63: "Alterthumskunde," 1, 822.

527

Arrian, "Anab." 5, 22; Curt. 8, 12, 13.

528

Droysen, "Alexander," s. 302.

529

The Kophaios of the Greeks is obviously the prince who reigns at Kophen, i. e. at Cabul.

530

Droysen explains this name, no doubt correctly, from the name of the river Astacenus; loc. cit. s. 374.

531

Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 502.

532

Aristobulus in Strabo, p. 691, tells us that the army wintered in the mountain land of the Hippasians and the Assacanus (so we must read here for Μουσικανός). The Guræans must be considered a tribe of the Açvakas.

533

Arrian, "Anab." 4, 24.

534

Arrian, "Anab." 4, 25.

535

Curt. 8, 10; Justin, 12, 7; Arrian, "Anab." 4, 27.

536

Cunningham, "Survey," 2, 103 ff. The accompanying sketch gives a clear idea of the gorge over which Alexander laid the dam, in order to reach the walls of the citadel.

537

The Abissareans of Arrian ("Ind." 4, 12), from whose mountains the Soanas flows into the Indus, can only be the inhabitants of the district called Abhisara, which comprises the ranges of the Himalayas in the region of the sources of the Vitasta; Ritter, "Erdkunde," 3, 1085 ff. According to Droysen ("Alexander," s. 373), Lassen ("Alterth." 22, 163), and the statements of Onesicritus (in Strabo, p. 598) on the serpents of Abisares, we must assume that Abhisara belonged to Cashmere, and was at that time the seat of the king of Cashmere, and the Greeks took the name of the prince from the name of the land.

538

Arrian, "Anab." 4, 22, 30. Strabo, p. 691, 698.

539

Diod. 17, 86.

540

Cunningham, "Geogr." p. 111, considers the ruins near the modern Shahderi to mark the site of the ancient Takshaçila.

541

Diod. 17, 86.

542

Arrian. "Anab." 5, 8. Strabo, p. 698.

543

Onesicritus in Strabo, p. 715

544

Arrian, "Anab." 7, 2.

545

Aristobulus in Strabo, p. 714.

546

In Arrian ("Anab." 7, 2) and Plutarch ("Alex." 65) Dandamis.

547

Onesicritus in Strabo, p. 715.

548

Arrian, "Anab." 7, 2.

549

Plutarch, "De Fluviis," 1. Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 721; 22, 154.

550

Droysen, loc. cit. s. 388.

551

Arrian, "Anab." 5, 18.

552

Droysen, loc. cit. s. 400.

553

Arrian, "Anab." 5, 21

554

Lassen, 12, 127; 782, 22, 167.

555

Arrian, "Anab." 5, 21.

556

Arrian, "Anab." 6, 2. According to Plutarch ("Alex." 60) there were 15 nations and 5000 cities.

557

Diod. 17, 92. "Ramayana," 2, 70, 21.

558

Lassen, loc. cit. 22, 175.

559

Arrian, "Ind." 5, 12. Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 792.

560

Diod. 17, 98. Curt. 9, 4.

561

Arrian, "Anab." 6, 7.

562

Arrian, "Anab." 6, 9, 10; Droysen, loc. cit. s. 438 ff.

563

Droysen, loc. cit. s. 445.

564

"Brahma-Vasatya" in the Mahabharata; Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 973.

565

Diod. 17, 102.

566

Praesti; Curt. 9, 8. Lassen, loc. cit. 22, 187.

567

Lassen, loc. cit. 12, 125.

568

Droysen, loc. cit. 464, 469.

569

Arrian, "Ind." 7. Plin. "Hist. Nat." 6, 22, 23.

570

Μεθορὰ τε καὶ Κλεισόβορα. Arrian, "Ind." 8, 5.

571

Παζάλαι in Arrian, "Ind." 4, 5. Ptolem. 7, 1. Passalæ in Plin. "Hist. Nat." 6, 22.

572

Plin. "Hist. Nat." 6, 22, "gentes montanæ inter oppidum Potala et Jomanem." Lassen, "Alterthum." 1, 657, n.2.

573

Lassen, loc cit. Pliny, loc. cit.

574

Megasthenes in Pliny, "Hist. Nat." 6, 22, 23. Arrian, "Ind." 8. Lassen, loc. cit. 1, 156, 618; 2, 111.

575

Strabo, p. 710, 718.

576

Curtius, 8, 9; 9, 1.

577

Strabo, p. 717.

578

Strabo, p. 710. Curtius, 8, 9.

579

Strabo, p. 710. Cf. Curt. 8, 9.

580

Strabo, p. 688.

581

Megasthenes in Strabo, p. 703.

582

Strabo, p. 710, 718.

583

Supra, p. 216, etc. Burnouf, "Introduction," p. 417.

584

Lassen, "Alterth." 2, 227.

585

Strabo, p. 710. Diod. 2, 42.

586

Megasthenes, fragm. 37, ed. Schwanbeck.

587

Arrian, "Ind." 12, 1-5. Strabo, p. 707-709. Diod. 2, 41.

588

Strabo, p. 704.

589

Diod. 2, 36, 40. Arrian, "Ind." 11, 10.

590

Arrian, "Ind." 11, 11. Diod. 2, 40. Strabo, p. 704.

591

Like the warriors among the Vrijis, Glaukas, Khattias, Malavas Kshudrakas, etc. cf. supra, p. 401 ff.

592

Manu, 7, 154; supra, p. 210.

593

Supra, p. 219, 228. "Ramayana," ed. Schlegel, 1, 7.

594

The following are the castes who ought to hunt wild animals according to the book of the law: the Medas, Andhras, Chunchus, Kshattars, Ugras, and Pukkasas. Manu, 10, 48-50; cf. supra, p. 247.

595

Strabo, p. 703. Arrian, "Ind." 11. Diod. 2, 40.

596

Strabo, p. 712-716. Arrian, "Ind." 11, 7, 8; 15, 11, 12.

597

Strabo, p. 714.

598

Strabo, p. 716. Diod. 2, 40.

599

In Strabo, p. 712 (cf. 718, 719), as in Clem. Alex. "Strom." p. 305, we must obviously read Σαρμᾶναι for Γαρμᾶναι. The third sect is called by Strabo Πράμναι; perhaps with Lassen we ought to explain it by pramana, i. e. logicians.

600

Megasthenis fragm. ed. Schwanbeck, p. 46; cf. Manu, 1, 75. Strabo, p. 713.

601

Strabo, p. 712, 713, 716, 718. Arrian, "Anab." 7, 23.

602

Strabo, p. 707. Arrian, "Ind." 12, 8, 9. Curt. 8, 9.

603

E. g. Burnouf, "Introd." p. 379.

604

Arrian, "Ind." 7; Diod. 2, 38, 39; Polyæn. "Strateg." 1, 1; supra, p. 73.

605

Arrian, "Ind." 8, 4, 7, 8; 9, 1-9.

606

Arrian, "Ind." loc. cit. The remark in Pliny that among the Pandas (in Guzerat) women ruled, owing to the daughter of Heracles, obviously refers to this story: "Hist. Nat." 6, 22.

607

Megasthenes in Strabo, p. 712. But others derived even the Oxydrakes from Dionysus, simply for the reason that wine was produced in this district; Strabo, p. 687, 688.

608

Arrian, "Ind." 8, 5.

609

Strabo, p. 688. Curtius, 9, 4. Arrian, "Ind." 5, 12. Diod. 17, 96.

610

Strabo, p. 718.

611

Strabo, p. 687, 711. Plin, "H. N." 6, 23. If Strabo observes that wine is never brought to maturity in this district (i. e. North Cabulistan) the observation only holds good for the more elevated valleys.

612

Arrian, "Anab." 5, 1; Curt. 8, 10; Plut. "Alex." c. 58; Diod. 3, 62, 64. Here Diodorus also mentions the names of the Indian kings whom Dionysus has conquered, Myrrhanus and Desiades, while in 2, 38 he has stated that the Indians before Dionysus had no kings at all.

613

"Il." 2, 508; 6, 133. Homeric hymn in Diod. 1, 15; 4, 2. Cf. Strabo, p. 405; Herod. 5, 7; Diod. 3, 63, 64; Herod. 2, 146; 3, 97, and Steph. Byz. Νῦσα. Euripides is the first to speak of Dionysus' march to Persia and Bactria. Strabo, p. 687.

614

Lassen, as already remarked, opposes Nishada and Parapanishada as the upper and lower mountain range. Nearly in the same region, but apparently in the range between Cashmere and the kingdom of Paurava (supra, p. 391), i. e. to the east of the Indus, legend speaks of the Utsavasanketa, who, as their name implies, passed their lives in feasting and conviviality (utsava, festival; sanketa, meeting). Lassen, 2, 135; Wilson, Vishnu-Purana, p. 167 ff.; and the places in the Mahabharata, in Lassen, loc. cit. Modern travellers maintain that some tribes in the Hindu Kush are very partial to the wine which is produced abundantly in the mountains, and lead a life of joviality. Ritter, "Asien," Th. 4. Bd. 1, 450, 451.

615

Strabo, p. 689. Arrian, "Ind." 5, 9.

616

Strabo, p. 688, 699, 710.

617

Muir, "Sanskrit Texts," 4, 195. "Vishnu-Purana," ed. Wilson, p. 591.

618

Infra, chap. viii.

619

Lassen, loc. cit. 2, 110.

620

Ctesias, "Ind. ecl." 8.

621

Strabo, p. 709. Arrian, "Ind." 17, 4.

622

Strabo, p. 709.

623

Megasthenes in Athen. p. 153, ed. Schweigh.

624

Arrian, "Ind." 16, 1-5.

625

Strabo, p. 688, 699, 709, 710, 712. Arrian, "Ind." 7, 9.

626

Arrian, loc. cit. 17, 1, 2.

627

Burnouf, "Introd." p. 238.

628

"Ramayana," ed. Schlegel, 1, 6.

629

"Ramayana," ed. Schlegel, 2, 47.

630

Burnouf, "Introd." p. 240.

631

It is clear that this statement cannot refer to the inhabitants of Takshaçila, for Aristobulus rather ascribes to them the custom of the Iranians, who exposed corpses for vultures to eat them. Aristobulus in Strabo, p. 714.

632

Strabo, p. 709. Arrian, "Ind." 10. Manu, 3, 232.

633

Ctes. "Ind. ecl." 4. Ritter, "Erdkunde," 3, 2, 1187. Humboldt, "Kosmos," 2, 417.

634

Ctesias, loc. cit. "ecl." 19-21. Aelian, "Hist. Anim." 4, 46.

635

Ctesias, loc. cit. "ecl." 28. Lassen, loc. cit. 2, 560.

636

Strabo. p. 717. Arrian, "Ind." 16, 6; supra, p. 404.

637

Arrian, "Ind." 16, 11. Strabo, p. 717. Aelian, "Hist. Anim." 3, 16.

638

Strabo, p. 709.

639

Strabo, p. 714, 708. Arrian, "Ind." 7, 9. Curtius, 8, 14, supra, p. 89.

640

Arrian, "Anab." 6, 27.

641

Diod. 18, 3. Justin, 13, 4; supra, p. 407.

642

Diod. 18, 39. Arrian, "Succ. Alex." 36; cf. "Ind." 5, 3.

643

Diod. 19, 14.

644

Von Gutschmid has rightly shown that Nandrus must be read for Alexander in Justin (15, 4); "Rhein. Mus." 12, 261.

645

Justin, 15, 4.

646

"Alex." c. 62.

647

Droysen, "Hellenismus," 1, 319.

648

"Mahavanaça," ed. Turnour, p. 39 ff. Westergaard, "Buddha's Todesjahr," s. 113.

649

We can hardly make any use of the description in the drama of Mudra-Rakshasa, which was composed after 1000 A.D. (in Lassen, "Ind. Alterth." 22, 211), for the history of Chandragupta.

650

Pliny ("Hist. Nat." 6, 27) gives 600,000 foot soldiers, 30,000 horse, and 9000 elephants.

651

Megasthenes in Strabo, p. 707.

652

Strabo, p. 69, 689, 690.

653

Manu, 9, 282; supra, p. 387.

654

Strabo, p. 708.

655

Manu, 8, 39, 128, 156, 398, 409; 9, 280, 329-332.

656

Burnouf, "Introd." p. 432.

657

Arrian, "Anab." 7, 4. Droysen, "Alex." s. 396.

658

The date of the campaign of Seleucus can only be fixed so far that it must be placed between 310 and 302 B.C., and as the subjugation of Eastern Iran must have taken up some time, the campaign to India may be placed nearer the year 302 B.C.; we are also compelled to do this by Justin's words (15, 4); cum Sandracotto facta pactione compositisque in oriente rebus, in bellum Antigoni descendit, i. e. to the battle of Ipsus.

659

Justin, 15, 4. Appian, "De reb. Syr." c. 55. Strabo, p. 689, 724. Pliny, "Hist. Nat." 6, 21. Athenæus, p. 18.

660

Diod. Exc. Vat. p. 42. Plut. "Demetr." c. 29.

661

"Açoka-avadana," in Burnouf, "Introd." p. 362.

662

Strabo, p. 70. Athenæeus, p. 653. Pliny, "Hist. Nat." 6, 21.

663

"Dhammapadam," translated by A. Weber, v. 394.

664

Köppen, "Religion des Buddha," s. 294.

665

"Dhammapadam," v. 277.

666

Supra, p. 348. "Dhammapadam," v. 418. Köppen, loc. cit. 289 ff.

667

Burnouf, "Introd." p. 170.

668

Köppen, "Religion des Buddha," s. 131.

669

"Dhammapadam," v. 395.

670

Köppen, "Rel. des Buddha," s. 336.

671

Köppen, loc. cit. s. 338.

672

"Dhammapadam," v. 211.

673

"Dhammapadam," v. 373.

674

Köppen, loc. cit. s. 343.

675

"Dhammapadam," v. 284.

676

"Dhammapadam," v. 315.

677

"Dhammapadam," v. 327.

678

"Dhammapadam," v. 149, 154.

679

"Dhammapadam," v. 343.

680

"Dhammapadam," v. 103, 274, 334.

681

"Dhammapadam," v. 15.

682

"Dhammapadam," v. 308, 312.

683

"Dhammapadam," v. 141.

684

Burnouf, "Introd." p. 274.

685

There are 227 commands and prohibitions among the Singhalese at the present day, and 253 among the Tibetans.

686

Köppen, loc. cit. s. 367 ff.

687

"Dhammapadam," v. 260.

688

"Dhammapadam," v. 270.

689

Schlagintweit, "Buddhism in Tibet," p. 191 ff.

690

"Dhammapadam," v. 20, 94, 181, 412. Cf. v. 267.

691

Köppen, "Relig. des Buddha," s. 411. The supernatural powers of the Arhats are mentioned in the inscriptions of Açoka, and the ordination service of the Çramanas forbade them to boast falsely of supernatural powers. Köppen, loc. cit. s. 413.

692

Köppen, loc. cit. s. 358 ff.

693

"Dhammapadam," v. 300.

694

Supra, p. 339, 357. Köppen, loc. cit. s. 63-118.

695

Burnouf, "Introduction," p. 381. Köppen is undoubtedly right in regarding the worship of relics as older than the worship of images. The worship of relics and pilgrimages was in vogue when Açoka became a convert to Buddhism, but nothing is there said of the worship of images. I do not think it a certain fact that there were no images in the grottoes of Buddhagaya which date from Açoka and his grandson Daçaratha; sockets and niches for images are found there (Cunningham, "Survey," 1, 46), and the images may have been removed later; it is more decisive that in the transference of Buddhism to Ceylon, nothing is said of the transportation of images, though we do hear of relics. Rajendralala Mitra ("Antiq. of Orissa," p. 152), concludes from Panini, who as we have seen lived, according to M. Müller and Lassen, in the second half of the fourth century B.C., that at that time there were little idols of Vasadeva, Vishnu, Çiva, and the Adityas. We may assume that the worship of images came into vogue towards the end of the third century, and afterwards rose rapidly.

696

Burnouf, "Introd." p. 170.

697

Burnouf, "Introd." p. 180, 195, 262.

698

This date would be fixed if the passage in Clement of Alexandria: "The Indians who follow the doctrines of Butta, whom they regard with the greatest reverence as a god," certainly came from Megasthenes. Megasth. fragm. 44, ed. Müller.

699

Burnouf, loc. cit. p. 132, 139.

700

This is the Mahastupa of king Dushatagamani of Ceylon. Lassen, loc. cit. 2, 426, 454.

701

Köppen, "Relig. des Buddha," s. 402, 430.

702

"Dhammapadam," v. 44, 235, 237.

703

"Dhammapadam," v. 105.

704

Köppen, loc. cit. 235 ff.

705

"Dhammapadam," v. 392.

706

Köppen, loc. cit. s. 554 ff.

707

"Dhammapadam," v. 230.

708

"Dhammapadam," v. 141.

709

Köppen, loc. cit. s. 320, 489 ff.

710

"Dhammapadam," v. 251, 202.

711

"Dhammapadam," v. 186, 199.

712

"Dhammapadam," v. 134, 320, 197.

713

"Dhammapadam," v. 106, and at the beginning.

714

"Dhammapadam," v. 70; supra, p. 170 f.

715

"Dhammapadam," v. 177, 306, 224.

716

"Dhammapadam," v. 161, 173, 223.

717

"Dhammapadam," v. 332. Köppen, loc. cit. s. 472.

718

Muir, "Sanskrit Texts," 4, 495 ff.

719

"Mahabharata Çantiparvan," in Muir, loc. cit. 4, 263 ff.

720

Muir, loc. cit. 4, 271 ff.

721

W. von Humboldt, "Bhagavad-gita," s. 41, 57.

722

Rajendralala Mitra, "Antiq. of Orissa," p. 153.

723

Bhagavad-gita, 4, 7, 8.

724

Muir, loc. cit. 4, 151 ff.

725

Muir, loc. cit. 4, 156.

726

Muir, loc. cit. 4, 172 ff.

727

Muir, loc. cit. 4, 495 ff.

728

Muir, loc. cit. 4, 165 ff.

729

"Ramayana," ed. Schlegel, 1, 27.