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Not Paul, But Jesus
A circumstance – not altogether clear, nor worth taking much trouble in the endeavour to render it so, is – on the occasion of this dialogue, the change made, of the supernatural vehicle, from a vision into a "trance." Whatsoever, if any, is the difference, – they agree in the one essential point: namely, that it is in the power, of any man, at any time, to have had as many of them as he pleases: hearing and seeing, moreover, in every one of them, whatsoever things it suits his convenience to have heard or seen. – "I saw a vision: " or, "I was in a trance": either postulate granted, everything whatsoever follows.
This trance, it may be observed, is of a much more substantial nature than any of the visions. By Paul in his road vision, – vision as it was, – neither person nor thing, with the exception of a quantity of light, was seen: only a voice, said to be the Lord's, heard. In this trance, the Lord is not only heard, but seen. In those visions, that which is said to have been heard, amounts to nothing: on the present occasion, what is said to have been heard, is material to the purpose, and perfectly intelligible. Not that there could be any use in Paul's actually hearing of it: for what it informed him of, was nothing more than that which, at the very time, he was in full experience of. But, in a situation such as his, it was really of use to him, to be thought to have heard it: and therefore it is, that, in the speech ascribed to him, he is represented as saying that he heard it.
CHAPTER V
SECTION 1.
AT ANTIOCH, AGABUS HAVING PREDICTED A DEARTH, MONEY IS COLLECTED FOR THE JERUSALEM SAINTS
At his own house it was, that we last left our self-declared Apostle: at his own birthplace – Tarsus: what we have next to see is – what drew him from thence.
All this while there were other disciples that had not been idle. To the new religion, already was Antioch, Antioch in Syria, become a new Jerusalem.
Upon the dispersion of the Jerusalem Christians, occasioned by the judicial murder of the sainted trustee of the poor's fund – Stephen, – some of them, among whom were some natives of Cyprus, – in which island was situated the property of the son of consolation, Barnabas, – had betaken themselves to that same island, others to that same city of Antioch in Syria.
ACTS xi. 19-2419. Now they which were scattered abroad upon the persecution that arose about Stephen, travelled as far as Phenice and Cyprus, and Antioch, preaching the word to none but unto the Jews only. – And some of them were men of Cyprus and Cyrene, which, when they were come to Antioch, spake unto the Grecians, preaching the Lord Jesus. – And the hand of the Lord was with them; and a great number believed, and turned unto the Lord. – Then tidings of these things came unto the ears of the church which was in Jerusalem: and they sent forth Barnabas, that he should go as far as Antioch. – Who, when he came and had seen the grace of God, was glad; and exhorted them all, that with purpose of heart they would cleave unto the Lord. – For he was a good man, full of the Holy Ghost and of faith: and much people was added unto the Lord.
Of these, some addressed themselves exclusively to the Jews: others ventured so far, as to make an experiment upon the Grecians. Unfortunately, these terms are, neither of them, wholly free from ambiguity. By the word Jews, may have been meant either Jews by birth and abode, or Jews by religion: by the word Grecians, either Jews who, born or dwelling within the field of quondam Grecian dominion, used the Greek as their native language, – or Greeks, who were such, not only by language, but by religion. In this latter case, their lot was among the Gentiles, and much more extraordinary and conspicuous was the importance of the success.
"They which preach the Gospel, should live of the Gospel." Such, in his own words, 1 Cor. 9:14, is the maxim laid down by Paul, for the edification of his Corinthian disciples. To save doubts and disputation, he prefaces it with the assurance – "even so hath the Lord ordained." No great need of support from revelation, seems to attach upon a maxim so natural, and so reasonable: from the time of the first planting of the Gospel, it appears to have been, as indeed it could not fail to be, universally acted upon; saving such few exceptions as a happy union of zeal, with sufficient pecuniary means, might render possible.
How, under the Apostolical aristocracy, it had been acted upon in Jerusalem, has been seen already. The time was now come, – for its being established, and acted upon in Antioch.
At Jerusalem, under the spiritual dominion of the Apostles, lived a man of the name of Agabus. Among the endowments, – of which, in the character of qualifications, a demand was by some understood to be created, by the business of propagating the new religion, – qualifications, a list of which, according to his conception of it, Paul, 1 Cor. 12:10, has given us, – was one, which, among these endowments, was called the "gift of prophecy": – a gift, under which, as under that of speech in general, particularly when applied to occasions of importance, the faculty of prediction– of forming correct judgments respecting future contingencies – would, if not necessarily, very frequently at least, come to be included.
In the instance of the prophecy here in question, this same prospective faculty, it should seem, was actually included.
The fact, for the purpose of predicting, or giving information of which, this useful emissary was, on the present occasion, sent from Jerusalem to Antioch, – was – that of signifying, that there should be a great dearth: an inference deduced from it, was – that, at this same Antioch, for the relief of the brethren at Jerusalem, contributions should be collected, and sent to Jerusalem.
ACTS xi. 27-3027. And in these days came prophets from Jerusalem unto Antioch. – And there stood up one of them named Agabus, and signified by the spirit that there should be a great dearth throughout all the world; which came to pass in the days of Claudius Caesar. – Then the disciples, every man according to his ability, determined to send relief unto the brethren which dwelt in Judea: – Which also they did, and sent it to the elders by the hands of Barnabas and Saul.
In the calamity of dearth may be seen one of those events, of which – especially if the time of it be not predesignated with too rigid an exactness – a prediction may be hazarded, – and even by any man, – without much risk of falling under the disgrace attached to the appellation of a false prophet. Of this observation, an exemplification seems to have been afforded, in the present instance. With not unaccustomed prudence, – "the spirit," by which, on this occasion, the calamity was "signified," forbore, as we see, from the fixation of any particular year – either for the prophecy, or for the accomplishment of it. "The days of Claudius Caesar" are mentioned as the time of the accomplishment. By agreement of all chronologists, – the duration of his reign is stated as occupying not less than thirteen years. Whether this same reign had then already commenced, – is not, on this occasion, mentioned: from the manner in which it is mentioned, the negative seems not improbable; if so, then to find the time which the prophecy had for finding its accomplishment to the definite term of thirteen years, we must add another, and that an indefinite one.
According to the situation, of the individuals by whom the word is employed, —worlds vary in their sizes. Of the dearth in question, the whole world, "all the world," is, by the author of the Acts, stated as having been the afflicted theatre: "great dearth throughout all the world." Acts 11:28. As to the rest of the world, we may leave it to itself. For the purpose then and now in question, it was and is sufficient – that two cities, Jerusalem and Antioch, were included in it. The calamity being thus universal, – no reason of the ordinary kind is given, or seems discoverable – why, of any such contribution as should come to be raised, the course should be – from Antioch to Jerusalem, rather than from Jerusalem to Antioch. Inquired for, however, on religious ground, – a reason presents itself, without much difficulty. What Rome became afterwards, Jerusalem was then – the capital of that world, which now, for the first time, received the name of Christian. According to one of the sayings of Jesus – if Paul, his self-appointed Apostle, is to be trusted to – of them it was pronounced "more blessed to give than to receive":30 but in the eyes of the successors of St. Peter at all times, – and at this time, as it should seem, in his own – it was more blessed to receive than give.
SECTION 2.
BARNABAS AND PAUL DISPATCHED WITH THE MONEY TO JERUSALEM
Of the amount of the eleemosynary harvest, no intimation is to be found. As to the consequence of it, Barnabas, we see, is the man stated as having, with obvious propriety, been chosen for the important trust: Barnabas – of whose opulence, trustworthiness, steadiness, and zeal, such ample proofs, not to speak of those subsequent ones, which will be seen in their place, had already manifested themselves. In consequence of the information, already received by the Mother Church in Jerusalem, of the prosperity of the Daughter Church, Acts 11:20, 21, planted, as above, in the capital of Syria, – this most active of all Christian citizens had been sent to give increase to it.
But, of the talents and activity of Paul, his indefatigable supporter and powerful patron had had full occasion to be apprized. Accordingly, without the aid of this his not less indefatigable helper, still was the strength of the rising church, in the eyes of the patron, incomplete. "A prophet," says a not ill-grounded proverb, "has no honor in his own country." In his native city, among the witnesses of his youth, Paul had indeed found safety: but, as the nature of the case manifests, in a circle, from which respect stood excluded by familiarity, safety had not been accompanied with influence: and, in eyes such as those of Paul, safety without influence was valueless. Under these circumstances, – the patron, going to Tarsus in person in quest of his protegé, could not naturally find much difficulty in regaining possession of him, and bringing with him the so highly-valued prize, on his return to Antioch. "Then," says the Acts, 11:25, 26, "departed Barnabas to Tarsus, for to seek Saul: And when he had found him, he brought him unto Antioch."
At this place, with their united powers, they had been carrying on their operations for the space of a twelvemonth, when the petition for pecuniary assistance was received there.
As for Paul, – from the moment of his conversion, notwithstanding the ill success of his first attempt, – the prime object of his ambition – the situation of President of the Christian Commonwealth – had never quitted its hold on his concupiscence. Occasions, for renewing the enterprise, were still watched for with unabated anxiety: – a more favourable one than the one herein question, could not have presented itself to his fondest wishes. The entire produce, of the filial bounty of the Daughter Church, was now to be poured into the bosom of the necessitous Mother. For the self-destined head of that rising Church, two more acceptable occupations, than those which one and the same occasion brought to him, could not have been found: – First, the collection of the contributions; – and then the conveying of them, to the place of their destination. Of the labours of such agents, in such circumstances, the success, we are told, they found, was a natural result. "Then," says the Acts 11:29, 30, "Then the disciples, every one according to his ability, determined to send relief unto the brethren which dwelt in Judea: – Which also they did; and sent it to the elders by the hands of Barnabas and Saul." Thus much as to the public purpose. Very different was the lot of Paul's personal project. What the elders could not have any objection to the receipt of, was – the money. But, what they had an insuperable objection to, was – the receipt of the yoke of this their outwardly-converted, but once already rejected, persecutor. This second enterprise, – though still under the same powerful leader, and produced by such flattering prospects, – succeeded no better than the first. Five-and-twenty verses after, we are told of the termination of this their second Jerusalem visit; and this is all we hear of it: "And Barnabas and Saul," says the Acts 12:25, "returned from Jerusalem, when they had fulfilled their ministry, and took with them John, whose surname was Mark." This same John Mark they got by their expedition: and this, for anything that appears, was all they got by it.
Between the mention of their arrival at Jerusalem, and the mention of their departure from thence, – comes the episode about Peter: – his incarceration and liberation under Herod; and the extraordinary death of the royal prosecutor, – of which, in its place. As to the interval, – what the length of it was, and in what manner, by Paul, under the wing of the Son of Consolation, it was occupied, – are points, on which we are left altogether in the dark: as also, whether the time of these adventures of Peter, the mention of which stands inserted between the mention of the two occurrences in the history of Paul, was comprised in that same interval.
CHAPTER VI
SECTION 1.
OCCASION OF THIS VISIT
We come now to the transaction, on the occasion of which, the grand object of Paul's ambition received, in part, its accomplishment: namely, that, by which, – though without any such popular election as, in the instance of Matthias, had been necessary to constitute a man an associate to the Apostles, – he was, in some sort, taken by them into fellowship, and admitted, with their consent, into a participation of their labours.
This occasion was – the dispute, which, in the Syrian Antioch, took place, according to the author of the Acts, on the question – whether, under the religion of Jesus, circumcision was necessary to salvation: a question, in which, – whether explicitly or no, – was implicitly, it should seem, and perhaps inextricably, understood to be involved, the so much wider question – whether, under that same new religion, the old ceremonial law should, in any part of it, be regarded as necessary.
On this same occasion, two important subjects present themselves to view at the same time: the one, a question of doctrine relative to circumcision, as above; the other, a question about jurisdiction, as between Paul on the one part, and Peter, with or without the rest of the Apostles.
As to what concerns the debate about circumcision, we have no other evidence than the statement of the author of the Acts.
As to what concerns the jurisdiction question, we have the evidence of Paul himself, as contained in his letter to the Galatian converts: and an original letter, howsoever dubious the correctness of the author in respect of matters of fact, is more trustworthy than a multitude of anonymous narratives.31
In respect of the progress made by the religion of Jesus, – Antioch, it has already been observed – the Syrian Antioch – had become a second Jerusalem; and, so far as concerned the Gentiles at large, its maritime situation gave to it a convenience, that was not shared with it by that inland city.
At the time here in question, – the Gentiles had received more or less of instruction, from three different sets of teachers: – 1. from the disciples who had been driven from Jerusalem by the tragical death of Saint Stephen; 2. from Saint Peter, principally on the occasion of the excursion made by him to Lydda, Saron, Joppa, and Cæsarea; and 3. from Paul and Barnabas, on the occasion, and by the means, of the long tour, made by them for that special purpose, as above.
At this maritime metropolis of the faith, the new religion was spreading itself, – and, as far at least as depended on exemption from all disturbance from without, in a state of peace and tranquility; – when, by a set of nameless men from Judea, – if to the author of the Acts credit is to be given on this point, for by him no mention is made of any one of their names, – the harmony of the Church was disturbed.
Converts as they were to the religion of Jesus, yet, – in their view of the matter, if the author of the Acts is to be believed, without circumcision, no salvation was to be had.
By Paul it is said, "they came from James," Gal. 2:12, which is as much as to say that they were sent by James: and accordingly, when James's speech is seen, by him will these scruples of theirs be seen advocated.
If the Gospel history, as delivered by the Evangelists, is to be believed, – nothing could be more inconsistent, on many occasions with the practice, and at length with the direct precepts, of Jesus, than this deference to the Mosaic law: if human prudence is to be regarded, – nothing could be more impolitic – nothing more likely to narrow, instead of extending, the dominion of the Church. On this principle, no man who was not born a Jew, could be a Christian without first becoming a Jew, without embracing the Mosaic law; and thus loading himself with two different, and mutually inconsistent, sets of obligations.
From Paul, this conceit, – as was natural, – experienced a strenuous resistance. No recognition as yet had Paul received, from the body of the Apostles. In Jerusalem, for anything that appears, – though this was at least seventeen years after the death of Jesus – they remained alive – all of them: – at any rate the two chiefs of them, if Paul is to be believed, who, Gal. i. 19, says he saw them, namely, Saint Peter "and James, the Lord's brother": which two, he says, he saw, out of a number, the rest of whom, he studiously assures his Galatians that he did not see: though by his historiographer, Acts 15:4, by his all-comprehensive expression, "the Apostles," we are desired to believe, that he saw all of them.32 Whichever be the truth, – at Jerusalem, the metropolis of Judaism, no employment could, under these circumstances, be reasonably expected for Paul: whereas, out of Judea, – wherever the language of Greece was the mother tongue, or familiarly spoken, – the advantage, which, in every address to the Gentiles, he would have over those unlearned Jews, was universally manifest.
Such, however, were the impressions, made by these unnamed manufacturers and disseminators of scruples, who, if Paul is to be believed, came from James the brother of our Lord – that, by the whole Church, as it is called, of Antioch, a determination was taken – to send to Jerusalem, to the Apostles and the Elders that were associated with them, a numerous mission, headed by Paul and Barnabas, who are the only two persons named. Accordingly, out they set, "after having been brought on their way," says the author of the Acts, 15:3, "by the Church," which is as much as to say, by the whole fraternity of Christians there established.
SECTION 2.
THE DELEGATES HOW RECEIVED. – COUNCIL OF APOSTLES AND ELDERS
Against the pretensions of a man thus supported, vain, on the part of the original and real Apostles, would have been any attempt, to resist the pretensions of this their self-constituted rival: they, Barnabas and Paul, were received, says the author of the Acts, of the Church and of the Apostles and Elders.33
Arrived at Jerusalem, Paul and Barnabas told their own story – related their adventures and experiences – declared, to use the language of the Acts 15:4, all things that God had done unto them.
Notwithstanding the utmost exertion of Paul's ever-ready eloquence, – some, it is stated, there were, who, believers as, in a certain sort, they were in the religion of Jesus, – were not to be persuaded, to give up so much as a single tittle of the Mosaic law: these were, as it was natural they should be, of the sect of Pharisees. "There rose up," says the Acts 15:5, "certain of the sect of the Pharisees which believed, saying that it was needful to circumcise them (the Gentiles), and to command them to keep the law of Moses."
Of these private discussions, the result was – the convocation of an assembly of the managing body, in which, associated with the Apostles, we find others – under the name of Elders.
How, on an occasion, on which the proposed subject of determination was a question of such cardinal importance to the religion of Jesus; – how it should have come to pass, that the Apostles, to whom alone, and by whom alone, the whole tenor of the acts and sayings of Jesus had been made known – made known by an uninterrupted habit of exclusive intimacy, and especially during the short but momentous interval between his resurrection and ascension; – how it should have happened, that, to the Apostles, any other persons not possessed of these first of all titles to credence and influence, should have come to be associated, – is not mentioned. Upon no other authority than that of this author, are we to believe it to be true? On the supposition of its being true, – there seems to be, humanly speaking, but one way to account for it. That which the Apostles, and they alone, could contribute to the cause, was – the authority and the evidence resulting from that peculiar intimacy: what they could not contribute was – money and influence derived from ordinary and external sources: to the exclusive possession of these latter titles to regard, will, therefore, it should seem, be to be ascribed, supposing it credited, the circumstance of an incorporation otherwise so incongruous.
"Received," say the Acts 15:4, they were. – But by whom received? – By the Church, by the Apostles, by the Elders, says that same history in that same place. By the Apostles: to wit – so as any one would conclude – by all the Apostles – by the whole fellowship of Apostles.
Whether in any, and, if so, in what degree that conclusion is correct, we have no determinate means of knowing.
If, however, it was so to the utmost, – nothing appears in favor of the notion, that between Paul on the one part, and the Apostles and their disciples on the other, there existed at this time any real harmony. For, in what character was it that he made his appearance? In that of a commissioned envoy, from the whole body of the Church, established in that station, which was next in importance to Jerusalem, to which he was sent. And who was it that, at that time, as on both the former times, he, Paul, had in his company? Still his constant patron and associate Barnabas – the munificent friend and patron of that church which he was visiting – the indefatigable Barnabas.
By Paul himself, in his Epistle to the Galatians, 2:9, 10, 11, the idea of any such extensive cordiality, – say rather of cordiality to any the smallest extent, – is pretty plainly negatived.34 On that occasion, it was that of the Partition Treaty, what his interest required was – that, on the part of the Apostles and their disciples, the concurrence given to it, should appear as extensive as possible. If then they had all of them, really and personally concurred in it, – or even if the contrary had not been notorious, this is the conception which he would have been forward to convey and inculcate. No such notion, however, does he venture to convey. When speaking of them in general terms – of no affection on either side, more kindly than that of ill humor, does he give any intimation. Gal. 2:6. "Of those who seemed to be somewhat, whatsoever they were, it maketh no matter to me: God accepted no man's person: for they who seemed to be somewhat in conference added nothing to me."