Seed Dispersal

Causes of Forest Rotation. By JOHN T. CAMPBELL. Am. Nat. Vol. xx, p. 521. 1886.

Seeds of the Violet and Other Plants as Projectiles. By MOSES N. ELROD, M.D. Am. Nat. Vol. xiii, p. 93. 1879.

The Natural History of Plants. By KERNER and OLIVER. Henry Holt & Co., New York. 1895.

Flowers, Fruits, and Leaves. By SIR JOHN LUBBOCK. Macmillan & Co., New York.

Origin of Cultivated Plants. By ALPHONSE DE CANDOLLE. D. Appleton & Co., New York.

Distribution of Weed Seeds by Winter Winds. By H. L. BOLLEY. Bulletin No. 17. Fargo, North Dakota.

Weeds of California. By E. W. HILGARD. Report of the Experiment Station, pp. 238-266. 1890.

Migration of Weeds. By L. H. DEWEY. Yearbook of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, pp. 263-286. 1896. Washington, D. C.

Squirrels Carrying Nuts. Nature. Vol. xv, p. 117. Macmillan & Co., New York.

Natural History of Plants. By KERNER and OLIVER. Distribution of Species. Vol. ii, pp. 790-885. Henry Holt & Co., New York. 1895.

1

C. D. Lippincott believes that this is a provision of nature to dispose of the now unnecessary branchlets without leaving a knot. Plant World, Vol. I, p. 96.

2

The brittle branches of salix were noticed by the author in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, Vol. IX (1883), p. 89.

3

In the fall of 1897, Prof. C. F. Wheeler saw a blue jay fly from a white oak tree with an acorn in its mouth. The bird went to the ground four or five rods distant and crowded the acorn into the soil as far as it could, covering the spot with a few leaves. A member of my family saw a blue jay leave half of a black walnut in the forks of several small branches.

4

It should be noted that the blackbird here mentioned is not the same as either of our blackbirds, but a thrush much like our robin; that the robin mentioned is a ground warbler nearly related to our bluebird. It should also be noted that jackdaws, ravens, thrushes, and probably many others eject thousands of seeds by the mouth for one which passes through the intestines.

5

Flowers, Fruits, and Leaves, by Sir John Lubbock, p. 96.

6

Fertilization of Orchids, p. 351.