The Political History of England – Vol XI

Cornwallis, Correspondence, iii., 382-487.

4

In a letter to Charles Carey, dated October 22, Fox went the length of expressing extreme pleasure in the triumph of the French government over the English (Memorials of C. J. Fox, iii., 349).

5

Malmesbury, Diaries, iv., 60, 62.

6

Lecky, History Of Ireland, v., 465.

7

Lanfrey, Napoleon I. (English edition), ii., 202; Pellew, Life of Sidmouth, ii., 164.

8

Browning, England and Napoleon in 1803, pp. 1-6.

9

Browning, ibid., pp. 6-10.

10

See especially Hawkesbury's despatch in Browning, ibid., pp. 65-68, and Whitworth's despatches, ibid., pp. 73-75, 78-85.

11

Whitworth's despatch of March 14, in Browning, England and Napoleon, p. 116.

12

Browning, England and Napoleon, p. 218.

13

Buckingham, Court and Cabinets, iii., 242; Lewis, Administrations of Great Britain, p. 225.

14

Buckingham, Court and Cabinets, iii., 282-90; Pellew, Life of Sidmouth, ii., 113-31; Stanhope, Life of Pitt, iv., 20-39.

15

See vol. x., p. 399.

16

Pellew, Life of Sidmouth, ii., 145-47; Stanhope, Life of Pitt, iv., 88-93.

17

For a list of Canning's squibs, belonging to this period, see Lewis, Administrations, p. 249, note.

18

It was not fair to hold Addington entirely responsible for the promotion of his brother, who had been a junior lord of the treasury under Pitt. The taunt came with a particularly bad grace from Canning, who had himself been paymaster-general in the last administration.

19

Pellew, Life of Sidmouth, ii., 250.

20

Annual Register, xlvi. (1804), p. 34.

21

Stanhope, Life of Pitt, iv., 135-44.

22

See the letter in Stanhope, Life of Pitt, iv., appendix, pp. i. – iii.

23

There is preserved a sketch in Pitt's handwriting of a combined administration with Melville, Fox, and Fitzwilliam as secretaries of state, and Grenville as lord president.

24

Stanhope, Life of Pitt, iv., appendix, pp. xi., xii.

25

The best account of Pitt's return to power is to be found in Stanhope, Life of Pitt, iv., 113-95; appendix, pp. i. – xiii. The story is told in a very spirited manner by Lord Rosebery, Pitt, pp. 238-44.

26

Rose, Life of Napoleon I., i., 450-53.

27

Napoleon actually crowned himself, although he had originally intended to be crowned by the pope.

28

Malmesbury, Diaries, iv., 338.

29

Nelson's tactics at Trafalgar are explained in a series of remarkable articles in The Times of September 16, 19, 22, 26, 28, 30, and October 19, 1905. For incidents of the battle see Mahan, Life of Nelson, ii., 363 sqq.

30

Rose, Life of Napoleon I., ii., 53-57, 63-65.

31

Colchester, Diary (Feb. 4, 1806), ii., 35, 36.

32

Holland, Memoirs of the Whig Party, ii., 91-94.

33

Holland, Memoirs of the Whig Party, ii., 173-205, 270-320; Colchester, Diary, ii., 92-115; Malmesbury, Diaries, iv., 357-72; Walpole, Life of Perceval, i., 223-33; Buckingham, Courts and Cabinets, iv., 117-50. Holland accuses the king of treachery and duplicity, and Lewis (Administrations of Great Britain, p. 294) repeats this charge in milder terms. But the documents quoted do not prove any want of straightforwardness, and the king's conduct was the logical consequence of his action in 1801.

34

In the following year Napoleon consented to evacuate all the Prussian fortresses except three, on condition that the Prussian army should not exceed a total of 40,000 men.

35

Annual Register, xlix. (1807), 249-70, 731-38; Rose, in English Historical Review, xi. (1896), 82-92.

36

Captain Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, ii., 272-357, shows that the policy of the orders in council was essential to British safety.

37

The course of this war is related continuously in chap. v.

38

Rose, Life of Napoleon I., ii., 190, note.

39

The best account of the quarrel, especially in its relation to the composition of the cabinet, is to be found in Walpole's Life of Perceval, vol. i., chap. ix., and vol. ii., chap. i. Lewis, Administrations, pp. 314-15, finds a double ground for Canning's resignation in his failure to obtain the removal of Castlereagh from the war office and in the refusal of the king and cabinet to allow him to succeed Portland as prime minister. It is quite clear, however, that at the time of Canning's resignation no decision had been come to about a successor to Portland. Some correspondence had passed between Canning and Perceval, in which each had refused to serve under the other, but that this correspondence was unknown to the cabinet as a whole is proved by Mulgrave's letters to Lord Lonsdale of September 11 and 15 (Phipps, Memoir of Ward, pp. 210-17); in the former of these he discusses Canning's probable conduct without referring to this correspondence, while in the latter he only knows of such negotiations as subsequent to the resignations of September 6 and 8. So, too, Eldon's letter to his wife of September 11 (Twiss, Life of Eldon, ii., 88-90), places the whole correspondence between Canning and Perceval after Portland's resignation on September 6. The king was not informed of Canning's views as to a successor to Portland till September 13, and the cabinet minute of September 18, advising co-operation with Grenville and Grey, mentions the selection of Canning as prime minister as a course open to the king.

40

This is the date commonly given. The Annual Register, li. (1809), 239, gives the 22nd, while Perceval refers to the result of the duel in a letter dated the 20th (Colchester, Diary, ii., 209). It is clear, however, that Canning did not receive Castlereagh's challenge till the morning of the 20th (see his letter in Annual Register, loc. cit., 505, also his detailed statement to Camden, ibid., 525), and therefore the duel cannot have taken place till the 21st. Lord Folkestone in a letter dated the 21st refers to the duel as having been fought at "7 o'clock this morning" (Creevey Papers, i., 96).

41

For the whole crisis see Walpole, Life of Perceval, ii., 157-96, and for Sheridan's share in the transactions, Moore, Life of Sheridan, ii., 382-409.

42

Napier, Peninsular War (3rd edition), i., 123.

43

For Moore's campaign see Napier, Peninsular War, i., pp. xxi. – xxv., lvii. – lxxvi., 330-44, 431-542, and Oman, Peninsular War, i., 486-602; and compare Moore's Diary, edited by Maurice, ii., 272-398. Sir F. Maurice has not completely answered Professor Oman's criticisms.

44

Wellington, Dispatches, iv., 261-63 (March 7, 1809).

45

For the exact figures see Oman, Peninsular War, ii., 645-48.

46

Wellington, Dispatches, iv., 536 (July 29, 1809).

47

For Masséna's lines of march see T. J. Andrews in English Historical Review, xvi. (1901), 474-92.

48

The battle is picturesquely described by Napier, Peninsular War, iii., 536-66. See also ibid., pp. xxxv. – li.

49

Wellington, Supplementary Dispatches, vii., 318-19.

50

Napier, Peninsular War (first edition), v., 513.

51

Wellington, Dispatches, x., 473 (June 29, 1813).

52

Ibid., x., 519 (July 9, 1813).