Notes on the Bibliography of Yucatan and Central America

Lorenzo de Zavala. Report on Uxmal, published in Vol. I. of "Antiquités Méxicaines."

John L. Stephens. "Travels in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan." N. York, 1841.

"Incidents of travel in Yucatan." N. York, 1843.

F. Catherwood. "Views of Ancient Monuments in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatan." N. York, 1844.

B. M. Norman. "Rambles in Yucatan." N. York, 1843.

Charles St. John Fancourt. "The History of Yucatan." London, 1854. – Not of great value.

Emmanuel Von Friedrichsthal. Letter of 21 April, 1841, in "Registro Yucateco," Vol. II., and "Diccionario Universal," Vol. X. – "Les Monuments de l'Yucatan," in "Nouvelles Annales des Voyages," 1841, Vol. 92. – These papers are not very valuable.

Juan Galindo. Report on the antiquities of Lake Peten. "Antiquités Méxicaines," Vol. I.

Modesto Mendez. Report on Tikal. "Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde," Vol. I.; 1853; also in Siver's "Mittelamerika" and other places. He is, as yet, the only authority on Tikal.

Julius Froebel. "Aus Amerika, Erfahrungen, Reisen, und Studien." Leipzig. – English translation: "Seven years travel in Central America." London, 1861.

Carl Bartholomâus Heller. "Reisen in Mexico." Leipzig, 1853. – Rather fair and moderate.

Désiré Charnay, and Viollet le Duc. "Cités et Ruines américaines." Paris, 1863. – Invaluable for its photographs.

Arthur Morelet. "Voyage dans l'Amérique centrale, l'Ile de Cuba, et la Yucatan." Paris, 1857. English translation by Mrs. E. G. Squier. "Itza, or the unexplored regions of Central America." London, 1871. – A very attractive and valuable work.

Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg. "Histoire des Nations Civilisées du Méxique et de l'Amérique centrale." Paris, 1857-9. "Rapport sur les Ruines de Mayapan et d'Uxmal," in "Archives de la Cômission scientifique du Méxique," Vol. II.

"Relation des choses de Yucatan." Paris, 1864. (See Landa and Lizana).

"Quatre Lettres sur le Méxique." Paris, 1868.

"Manuscrit Troano." Paris, 1869-1870.

The late Abbé Brasseur was certainly the greatest of all modern travellers in Mexico and Central America, as far as extent of travel and long duration of stay are concerned. He knew those countries better, and had easier access to the natives, than any other similar traveller of this century. His works are therefore, actual mines of wealth so far as old documents are concerned: he has collected and brought to light more manuscripts than any other student. But his honest zeal and unrestrained enthusiasm have led him into paths on which he has wandered lamentably astray. His works are indispensable, though very little of his own conclusions can be believed.

Juan Pio Perez. "Cronología antigua de Yucatan," in "Relation des choses de Yucatan." 1864. Diccionario de la Lengua haya. Mérida, 1877.

Manuel Orozco Y Berra. "Geografia de las Lenguas y Carta etnogrática de México." México, 1864.

American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass. Proceedings No. 44. Oct. 1865, page 63. Report of S. F. Haven, LL.D.

Proceedings No. 55. Oct. 1870, page 42. Report of S. F. Haven, LL.D.

Proceedings No. 56. April, 1871, page 7. Report of S. F. Haven, LL.D.

Proceedings No. 66. April, 1876, page 16. "The Mayas," by Stephen Salisbury, jr.

Proceedings No. 69. April. 1877, page 70. "Dr. Le Plongeon in Yucatan," by Stephen Salisbury, jr.

Proceedings No. 70. Oct. 1877, page 89. Report of S. F. Haven, LL.D.

Proceedings No. 71. April, 1878, page 71. "Terra Cotta Figure from Isla Mujeres," by Stephen Salisbury, jr. Page 91, "The Mexican Calendar Stone," by Philipp J. J. Valentini, Ph.D.

Proceedings No. 72. Oct. 1878, page 65. "Archæological Communication on Yucatan," by Augustus Le Plongeon, M.D. Page 77, "Notes on Yucatan," by Mrs. Alice D. Le Plongeon.

Proceedings No. 73. April, 1879, page 81. "Mexican Copper Tools," by Philipp J. J. Valentini, Ph.D. Page 113, "Letter from Dr. Augustus Le Plongeon."

Proceedings No. 74. Oct. 1879, page 71. "The Katunes of Maya History," by Philipp J. J. Valentini, Ph.D.

Proceedings No. 75. April, 1880, page 59. "The Landa Alphabet," by Philipp J. J. Valentini, Ph.D.

Proceedings No. 76. Oct. 1880, page 58. "Mexican Paper," by Philipp J. J. Valentini, Ph.D. Page 82, "Notes on the Bibliography of Yucatan and Central America," by Ad. F. Bandelier.

Philipp J. J. Valentini. "A new, and an old Map of Yucatan," in "Magazine of American History," 1879.

Albert Gallatin. "Notes on the semi-civilized nations of Mexico, Yucatan, and Central America," in Vol. I. of "Transactions of the American Ethnological Society." N. York, 1845.

A. Aubin. "Mémoire sur la peinture didactique et l'écriture figurative des anciens méxicaines." Paris, 1859-1861. (4 papers, published also in the "Revue américaine et Orientale." 1st Series, Vols. III., IV. and V.)

Léon de Rosny. "Les écritures figuratives et hiéroglyphiques des peuples anciens et modernes." Paris, 1860.

"Mèmoire sur la Numération dans la Langue et dans l'écriture sacrée des anciens Mayas." (Compte-Rendu du "Congrés international des américanistes." 1875, Vol. II.)

"Essai sur le déchiffrement de l'écriture hiératique de l'Amérique Centrale." Paris, 1876. – Still continued.

Francisco Pimentel. "Cuadro descriptivo y comparativo de las Lenguas Indígenas de México." México, 1862.

German translation, by Isidor Epstein. N. York, 1877.

Hyacinthe de Charency. "Recherches sur le Codex Troano." Paris, 1876.

D. Geronimo Castillo. "Diccionario Historico, Biografico y Monumental de Yucatan." Mérida, 1866. 2 vols.

Serapio Baqueiro. "Ensayo Historico sobre las Revoluciones de Yucatan, 1840 – 1864." Mérida, 1870. 2 vols.

Gustav Klemm. "Allgemeine Culturgeschichte der Menschheit." 10 vols. Leipzig, 1843-1852.

Heinrich Wüttke. "Die Enstehung der Schrift."

Edward King, Lord Kingsborough. "Antiquities of Mexico." 1831-1848, London, 9 vols. folio. Special value of plates.

De Larenandiere. "Méxique et Guatemala," in "Univers pittoresque." Paris, 1843.

Wm. H. Prescott. "History of the Conquest of Mexico." (Too well known to need any remarks).

Lewis H. Morgan. "Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family." 1871.

(No. 218 of "Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.")

"American aboriginal Architecture." Johnson's Encyclopedia, Vol. I.

"Ancient Society." New York, 1877.

Hubert Howe Bancroft. "The Native Races of the Pacific States." 5 vols. N. York, 1875.

John D. Baldwin. "Ancient America." New York, 1872.

José M. Melgar Y Serrano. "Exámen comparativo entre los Signos simbólicos, &c." Vera Cruz, 1872.

Gustav Brühl. "Die Culturvölker Alt-Amerika's." New York, Cincinnati, and St. Louis, 1876, 1877, and 1878.

Adolph Bastian. "Die Culturlaender des alten America's." Berlin, 1878. 2 vols.

John T. Short. "The North Americans of Antiquity." New York, 1879.

I further refer to papers in

"Nouvelles Annales Des Voyages." 1843. By H. Ternaux-Compans.

"Registro Yucateco." Vols. I. and II.

And to the publications of

Crescencio Carrillo, Licenciado. (I have but glanced at one of his works).

Eligio Ancona. "Historia de Yucatan." Mérida, 1875. 4 vols.

Manuel Larrainzar. "Estudios sobre la Historia de América, sus Ruinas y Antigüedades." México, 1875. 5 vols.

On most of the works like those of Prescott, Bancroft, Baldwin, and others, I need not comment, having already expressed my opinion in "Art of War and Mode of Warfare of the Ancient Mexicans," and "Tenure and Distribution of Lands, and Customs with respect to Inheritance among the Ancient Mexicans." – (10th and 11th Reports of the Peabody Museum). In regard to Yucatecan paintings and carvings, I have expressed my convictions in "Sources for aboriginal history of Spanish America," Vol. 27 of the "Proceedings of the American Association for advancement of Science." 1878.

I repeat it, this attempt at a bibliography on Yucatecan antiquities is far from being complete, – many works of greater or less importance having probably been overlooked.

CHIAPAS

This district or State contains the well known ruins of Palenque and Ocosingo. Still, but very few of the works hereafter mentioned relate to these places. It is therefore a bibliography of Chiapas and of its aborigines: – Zendal, Zoques, Zotzil, Chiapanecos, &c., and not a special bibliography of Palenque, &c., which I intend to present, – convinced that our lack of knowledge on the aborigines of Chiapas in general is a chief cause of our ignorance about the past history of these remains.

A large number of authors treating of Chiapas have already been noticed in regard to Yucatan, and in such cases I merely give the author's name, without the title or any other reference to his works, except when there are special reasons for it.

Writers of the Sixteenth Century

Diego de Godoy. "Relacion á Hernando Cortez, en que trata del Descubrimiento de diversas Ciudades i Provincias, i Guerra que tuvo con los Indios, &c., de la Provincia de Chamula." – First incorporated in the "Historia general" of Oviedo y Valdés, again in Barcia's "Historiadores primitivos de Indias," and in "Historiadores primitivos de Indias" of Vedia. – French translation by Ternaux-Compans, in 1st, "Recueil de pièces concernant la Méxique, &c." – Also Italian in "Ramusio," Vol. III.

Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo Y Valdés.

Hernan Cortéz. – "Carta quinta."

Francisco Lopez de Gomara.

Bernal Diez Del Castillo. (Eye-witness of the conquest of Chiapa.)

Bartolomé de Las Casas. (Especially the "Apologética historia.")

Gerónimo de Mendieta. (Incidental mention.)

In the 2d "Recueil de piecés concernant le Méxique," of Ternaux-Compans, there is a complaint or letter of an anonymous author against Las Casas, dated Chiapas. – I also refer to "Cartas de Indias," Vol. I., containing several letters of Las Casas himself.

There is, in fact, but very little published about the antiquities of Chiapas, during the 16th century. I do not even mention any of the general collections which have an occasional reference to the name. But few vocabularies are noticed. Still we are informed of the following works, which may yet be in existence, or which at all events have existed once, and were written during the 16th century.

Fray Tomás Torre. "Historia de los principios de la Provincia de Chiapas y Guatemala, del Orden de Santo Domingo."

Fray Domingo Vico. "Historia de los Indios, sus fábulas, supersticiones, costumbres, &c., &c."

The library of the "Museo Nacional" of the City of Guatemala, contains a number of fragments of a "Historia de la Provincia de San Vicente Ferrer de Chiapas y Guatemala," the third book of which is superscribed: "Isagoge histórico apologético general de todas las Indias." – There is no date nor name of author, but it can be conjectured that it was written in the 16th century. – Gregorio García also quotes: Fray Estévan de Salazar. "Discurs. Symb. apost." who in turn is said to refer to a book entitled "Historia, i Relacion de la Teología de los Indios Mexicanos," said book being lost in a shipwreck, 1564.

Writers of the Seventeenth Century

Gregorio Garcia.

Antonio de Herrera.

Juan de Torquemada.

Antonio de Remesal.

Augustin de Vetancourt.

Gil Gonzalez Dávila.

Juan Diaz de la Calle.

Augustin Dávila-padilla. "Historia de la Fundacion y Discurso de la Provincia de Santiago de México." 1st edition, Madrid, 1596; 2d edition, Brussels, 1625. – Mentions Chiapas only in connection with the biography of Las Casas. – The first edition has almost disappeared, so that it is practically a book of the 17th century.

Augustin Cano. "Historia de la Provincia de Predicadores de San-Vicente de Chiapas y Guatemala." – Fragment of a MS. at the "Museo Nacional" of Guatemala.

The following books are known to have existed once:

Fray Juan Zapata Y Sandoval. "Cartas al Conde de Gomera … sobre los Indios de Chiapas."

"Cartas al Rey sobre el Estado Dulce Diócesis de Chiapas."

I make no mention of the compilations and general collections containing references to Chiapas. They are not numerous. – Gregorio García in his book, "Origen de los Indios," has probably the earliest mention of the ruins of Ocosingo, and even perhaps, some indication about those of Palenque. – Cortez who, accompanied by Bernal Diez, passed very near Palenque in 1525, did not take any notice of the pueblo, – which at that time was certainly not inhabited.

Writers of the Eighteenth Century

Nuñez de la Vega. "Constituciones diocesanas del Obispado de Chiapas." Rome, 1702.

Important for its reports on the idolatrous rites and the traditions of the aborigines.

Lorenzo Boturini Bernaducci. "Idea de una Nueva Historia General de la America Septentrional." Madrid, 1746.

Valuable for his mention of the Calendar of Chiapas.

Mariano Fernandez de Veytia Y Echeverria. "Historia del Origen de las gentes que poblaron la America Septentrional que llaman la Nueva-España, con noticia de los primeros que establecieron la monarquía que en ella floreció de la nacion Tolteca." – This work has been published as lately as 1836, at Mexico, by C. F. Ortega, under the title of "Historia antigua de México." – It contains notices of the calendar of Chiapas.

F. X. Clavigero. S. J. (Abbate.)

Antonio de Alcedo.

Joseph Antonio de Villa-Señor Y Sanchez.

Francisco Ximenez. "Crónica de la Provincia de Chiapas y Guatemala," – of which part of the 7th book is at the "Museo Nacional" of Guatemala.

"Historia de la Provincia de predicadores de San Vicente de Chiapas y Guatemala." Written about 1720, – and possibly the same work as the above. – According to Brasseur de Bourbourg, 3 volumes which did not suit or fit together and were the remnants of two MSS. copies of the original, existed at the University of Guatemala in 1855.

Toribio Cosio. "Relacion histórica de la Sublevacion y Pacificacion de la Provincia de los Tzendales." (May still exist at Mexico.)

Francisco Vasquez. "Crónica de la Provincia del Ill'mo Nombre de Jesús, del Orden de San Francisco de Guatemala." – Guatemala, 1714 and 1716, 2 vols. – The library of Guatemala ("Museo Nacional") still contains an anonymous MS. of 13 Leaves, "Notas y Advertencias" to the above work. – Whether the "Crónica" itself is at Guatemala, I am unable to say. The book is very scarce. Mr. Squier owned the first volume only.

Anonymous. "Relacion de la Sublevacion de los Zendales, en el año de 1712." MS. Perhaps still at the city of Guatemala.

Ramon de Ordoñez y Aguiar. "Historia de la Creacion del Cielo y de la Tierra, conforme al sistema de la gentilidad americana." MS. at the "Museo Nacional" of the city of Mexico. – Very important for the traditions of Chiapas.

"Memoria relativa á las ruinas de Nachán, en las inmediaciones del pueblo de Santo Domingo del Palenque." MS. formerly belonged to Brasseur de Bourbourg. It was written about 1784, and is the first authentic report on the celebrated ruins.

D. Náxera. "Vida portentosa del V. P. Fr. Antonio Margil de Jesús." México, 1753.

H. Vilaplana. "Vida portentosa del americano septentrional apóstol Antonio Margil de Jesús…" México, 1763. (Margil was one of the earliest missionaries in Chiapas.)

Documents relative to the explorations of Palenque.

Besides the "Memoria" of Ordoñez already quoted, which first directed attention to the ruined pueblo, there exist the following documents:

José de Estacheria. "Expediente sobre el descubrimiento de una gran Ciudad en la provincia de Chiapas, distrito de Guatemala." 28 Nov. 1784. (Archives of the royal Academy, at Madrid). – It is directed to the lieutenant "Alcalde mayor" of Chiapas, at Sto Domingo del Palenque, directing him to survey the ruins.

Josef Antonio Calderon. "Informe, fecho en 15 de Diciembre de 1784." Description of the ruins. MSS. translated and published by Brasseur in "Ruines de Palenque," 1866.

Antonio Bernasconi. Other reports on the ruins, accompanied by plans and drawings. MS. in Spain. Date, 13 June, 1578.

Juan Bautista Muñoz. Letter to the Marquis de Sonora, written 1786. Translated by Brasseur: "Ruines de Palenque." 1866.

Antonio del Rio. "Descripcion del terreno y poblacion antigua nuevamente descubierta en las inmediaciones del pueblo del Palenque." – I have already referred to it under "Yucatan." Whether the plates of the English edition are genuine, is yet doubtful.

I must add here, that until about 1820, the state of Chiapas pertained, not to Mexico, but to the captain-generalcy of Guatemala, and consequently all the authorities treating of the latter country may be supposed to contain information about Chiapas also.

Writers of the Nineteenth Century(Explorations of Palenque.)

Juan Garrido. Said to have written about Palenque in 1805.

Guillermo Dupaix and Luciano Castañeda. "Relacion hecha al Rey, sobre tres expediciones, &c." in 1805, 1806, and 1807. They visited Palenque late in 1807. – Their reports and drawings were first published in 1831, in Vols. IV. and V. of Lord Kingsborough's "Antiquities of Mexico," and an English translation in Vol. VI. – A French and Spanish version, together with all the plates, is contained in "Antiquités mexicaines." Paris, 1834. – The drawings of Castañeda are by far the most complete which we have, although they disagree with many of those of other travellers. This disagreement will be referred to hereafter.

Juan Galindo. "Palenque et autres lieux circonvoisins." Letter dated 27 April, 1831, in "Antiquités méxicaines," Vol. I. – English translation in the "Literary Gazette," No. 769, London, 1831. – Col. Galindo visited Palenque himself, but he is so enthusiastic that all his statements and even measurements should be taken with many allowances.

Friedrich von Waldeck. "Description des ruines de Palenque," with 56 large plates, in "Monuments anciens du Méxique." Paris, 1866. – M. de Waldeck had spent two years at Palenque (1832-1834,) – his plates are magnificent, but they restore far too much.

John L. Stephens. "Travels in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan." N. York, 1841.

"Incidents of Travel in Yucatan." 1843.

F. Catherwood. (See Yucatan.)

Arthur Morelet. (See Yucatan.) Visited P. in 1846.

Désiré Charnay. (See Yucatan.) In 1858.

Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg. "Ruines de Palenque," in "Monuments anciens du Méxique," 1866, Paris. – Valuable for the historical introductions and for the numerous references to authorities. The historical essay is a confused and disorderly jumble, barely readable. – The Abbé visited Palenque subsequently – in 1871.

To these reports I finally add:

Charles Rau. "The Palenque tablet in the United States National Museum," Washington, D. C., 1879. (No. 331 of "Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.")

Aside from the numberless historical, archæological, and ethnological works, several of which I have already noticed under "Yucatan," I beg to refer to some specifically Central-American and Mexican sources treating of Chiapas in general, with some occasional mention of Palenque and of Ocosingo, or even without any particular reference to them.

Domingo Juarros. "Compendio de la Historia de Guatemala," 1808 – 1818. – English translation by J. Bailly, London, 1823.

Francisco de Paula Garcia l'elaez. "Memorias para la Historia del antiguo Reyno de Guatemala." 3 vols. Guatemala, 1851. – An excellent work, full of valuable and reliable information.

Hyacinthe de Charency. "Le Mythe de Votan." Alençon, 1871. – Ingenious speculations.

Félix Cabrera. "Teatro crítico-americano." – Published with the different editions of Del Rio. – Abstract from Nuñez de la Vega, with more or less hypothetical speculations about the origin, life, and doings of "Votan" in Chiapas.

Mariano Robles Dominguez de Mazariegos. "Memoria histórica de la provincia de Chiapas…" Cadiz, 1813.

Emilio Pineda. "Descripcion Geógráfica del Departamento de Chiapas y Soconusco." In the "Boletin de la Sociedad de geografia y Estadística de México." Vol. III. Also, México, 1845.

José de Garay. "Reconocimiento del Istmo de Tehuantepec." México, 1844.

Francisco Pimentel. "Cuadro descriptivo de las Lenguas indígenas, &c." (See Yucatan.)

Manuel Orozco y Berra. "Geografia de las Lenguas." (See Yucatan.)

In the imperfect list herewith submitted I have frequently included works of which nothing is known save that they once existed. This is done for the purpose of calling attention to them, should any one of them be found in the hands of book owners and collectors here or abroad. Libraries like those of Mr. Lenox or of Mr. John Carter-Brown should be searched for such writings, and copies at least should be secured. The plan of Palenque, made by Bernasconi, in 1785, should also be copied without delay. A copy can be obtained from Madrid, by application to the Royal Academy of Spain.

GUATEMALA. (Copan and Chiapas included.)

Writers of the Sixteenth Century

Hernan Cortés. (4th and 5th letter. Casual mention.)

Pedro de Alvarado. Seventeen letters to Hernan Cortés, the first of which is dated: Utlatlan, 11 April, 1524. Only two of those letters were printed, the remaining fifteen are yet in MSS. Mr. E. G. Squier owned MS. copies of the whole, but whither they went at his sale I do not know. The two which were published (11 April and 28 July), appeared in the following works: "Delle navigationi et viaggi, &c." by Gian Battista Ramusio. Venice, Italian version. The "due lettere de Pietro d' Alvarado," are contained in the 3d volume, editions of 1556, 1565, and 1606.

Oviedó. "Historia y natural de las Indias." Vol. III. Written between 1535 and 1557, but printed only 1853. Madrid.

Andrés Gonzalez Barcia. "Historiadores primitivos de Indias." Madrid, 1749, Vol. I.

H. Ternaux-Compans. "Premier recueil de piéces relatives à la conquéte du Méxique." Paris, 1838. – French translation.

Enrique de Vedia. "Historiadores primitivos de Indias." Madrid, 1852. (Vol. I.)

These letters, from the conqueror of Guatemala, are very important, and the 15 unpublished ones should be printed at the earliest possible moment.

Francisco Lopez de Gomara. (Quite full, and mentions the earliest author giving the etymology – or rather, an etymology – of the word "Cuauhtemallan" – This is the earliest printed notice about it.)

Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdés. (Has other information besides Alvarado's letters.)

Bartolomé de las Casas. (Very important, particularly on the interior provinces pertaining or adjacent to his bishopric of Chiapas.)

Girolamo Benzoni. (Visited Guatemala himself, and although brief, he still is valuable.)

Petrus Martyr, ab Angleria. (Brief notice, in connection with the movements of Alvarado, in the last decade, Cap's V. and X. – earliest reports on Guatemala in general, received in Europe.)

Fray Toribio de Paredes, surnamed Motolinia. (Not only the "Historia de las Indias de Nueva-España," contains incidental reference to Guatemala, – but there is a trace of a "Viaje á Guatemala." – Yet the latter is still in doubt.)

Fray Gêronimo de Mendieta.

Bernal Diez del Castillo. (Although a citizen of Spanish Guatemala, his reports are not very full.)

"Requeto de plusieurs chefs d'Atitlan." Addressed, under date of 1 Feb'y, 1571, to Philip II. Published in French, by H. Ternaux-Compans, in 1st "Recueil de piecés concernant le Méxique," 1838. – It is valuable.

Pascual de Andagoya. "Relacion de los sucesos de Pedrarias Dávila en las provincias de Tierra firme ó Castilla del oro, y de lo ocurrido en el descubrimiento de la mar del Sur y costas del Perú y Nicaragua." About 1545. – Original at Sevilla, printed for the first time by Don Martin Fernandez de Navarrete, in 1829. Vol. III. of "Coleccion de los Viajes y Descubrimientos, &c." – English translation, by C. R. Markham, published under the title of "The Narrative of Pascual de Andagoya," by the Hackluyt Society, Vol. 34, 1865. – Slight mention is made of Guatemala.

Alonzo de Zurita. (Çorita?) "Breve y Sumaria Relacion de los Señores, y maneras y diferencias que habia de ellos en la Nueva-España…" – This important official document, written about 1560, has been published but once in Spanish, – in Vol. II. of "Coleccion de Documentos Inéditos relativos al Descubrimiento, Conquista y Colonizacion de las Posesiones Españolas en América y Oceanía," 1865. – The text is, however, imperfect. – A better original had been used by Ternaux-Compans for his French translation: "Rapport sur les diffirentes classes de la Nouvelle-Espagne." – Zurita is very important on the organization of the Quiché tribes of Guatemala, and he has been almost verbally copied by Herrera.